This document summarizes a research paper that proposes three new PWM control strategies for multilevel inverters based on carrier redistribution techniques. The strategies are called Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD), Phase Opposition Disposition (POD), and Phase Disposition (PD). They utilize the control freedom degree of vertical offsets among carriers. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed PWM techniques and demonstrate their effectiveness in reducing total harmonic distortion compared to existing control schemes.
WIND POWER GENERATION SCHEMES are Constant speed - Constant frequency systems (CSCF)
Variable speed - Constant frequency systems (VSCF)
Variable speed - Variable frequency systems (VSVF)
WIND POWER GENERATION SCHEMES are Constant speed - Constant frequency systems (CSCF)
Variable speed - Constant frequency systems (VSCF)
Variable speed - Variable frequency systems (VSVF)
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
These slides explain about MPPT control and different approaches for wind generation system. Later I will show the comparative results with MATLAB simulation.
These slides provide an elementary description of Power Electronics and its application domains. It also shows the different power devices and converters.
Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines. The paper study demonstrates the power quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with the grid. In this proposed scheme STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power source under fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. The development of the grid co-ordination rule and the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as per IEC-standard on the grid has been presented.
INDUCTION HEATING BY HIGH FREQUENCY RESONANT INVERTERSUday Kumar Adha
Induction heating which is an efficient process of heating metals to improve their mechanical properties like ductility,tensile strength etc.,is now improved by means of connecting a frequency supply using resonant inverters. This process makes use of impedance matching inductor,dc blocking capacitor,bi-directional switches(MOSFET's) and a resonating tank circuit. THe working proncple involved here is same as that of transformer i.e., "MUTUAL INDUCTANCE".
A VFD can be used to control both the speed and torque of a standard induction AC electric motor.
It varies both the frequency and voltage of the AC waveform being delivered to the motor saving money in electricity.
A Prototype model of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Based Nine Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter is to be designed and Implemented to produce AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency.
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
These slides explain about MPPT control and different approaches for wind generation system. Later I will show the comparative results with MATLAB simulation.
These slides provide an elementary description of Power Electronics and its application domains. It also shows the different power devices and converters.
Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines. The paper study demonstrates the power quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with the grid. In this proposed scheme STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power source under fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. The development of the grid co-ordination rule and the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as per IEC-standard on the grid has been presented.
INDUCTION HEATING BY HIGH FREQUENCY RESONANT INVERTERSUday Kumar Adha
Induction heating which is an efficient process of heating metals to improve their mechanical properties like ductility,tensile strength etc.,is now improved by means of connecting a frequency supply using resonant inverters. This process makes use of impedance matching inductor,dc blocking capacitor,bi-directional switches(MOSFET's) and a resonating tank circuit. THe working proncple involved here is same as that of transformer i.e., "MUTUAL INDUCTANCE".
A VFD can be used to control both the speed and torque of a standard induction AC electric motor.
It varies both the frequency and voltage of the AC waveform being delivered to the motor saving money in electricity.
A Prototype model of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Based Nine Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter is to be designed and Implemented to produce AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency.
Closed Loop Analysis of Multilevel Inverter Fed Drives IJPEDS-IAES
This paper deals with the simulation and implementation of multilevel inverter for drives application. Here the focuses will be onimproving the efficiency of the multilevel inverter and quality of output voltage waveform. The circuit is developed towards high efficiency, high performance, and low cost, simple control scheme. Harmonics Elimination was implemented to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) value which is achieved by selecting appropriate switching angles. In this paper to determine the performance of rectifier, steady state analysis is done. Furthermore, the merits of multilevel inverter topology are inherited.Closed loop control is done to analysis the stability of the system.
Multi Carrier based Multilevel Inverter with Minimal Harmonic DistortionIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents performance features of Asymmetric Cascaded
Multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverters are commonly modulated by using
multicarrier pulse width modulation (MCPWM) techniques such as phaseshifted
multicarrier modulation and level-shifted multicarrier modulation.
Amongst these, level-shifted multicarrier modulation technique produces the
best harmonic performance. This work studies about multilevel inverter with
unequal DC sources using level shifting MCPWM technique. The
Performances indices like Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), number of
switches and DC Sources are considered. A procedure to achieve an
appropriate level shifting is also presented is this paper.
Investigation of TTMC-SVPWM Strategies for Diode Clamped and Cascaded H-bridg...ijeei-iaes
This paper presents a concept of two types multilevel inverters such as diode clamped and cascaded H-bridge for harmonic reduction on high power applications. Normally, multilevel inverters can be used to reduce the harmonic problems in electrical distribution systems. This paer focused on the performance and analysis of a three phase seven level inverter including diode clamped and cascaded H-bridge based on new tripizodal triangular space vector PWM technique approaches. TTMC based modified Space vector Pulse width modulation technique so called tripizodal triangular Space vector Pulse width modulation (TTMC-SVPWM) technique. In this paper the reference sine wave generated as in case of conventional off set injected SVPWM technique. It is observed that the TTMC-Space vector pulse width modulation ensures excellent, close to optimized pulse distribution results and THD is compared to seven level, diode clamped and cascaded multi level inverters. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
A Comparison Analysis of Unipolar and Bipolar Switching modulated Cascade H-B...IJERA Editor
This paper discusses controlling of cascaded H-bridge multi inverter with sinusoidal modulation based PWM methods. Multi-level inverters are used to reduce the THD in the output wave form without reduction in power output of inverter. Increase in voltage level in the output voltage of an inverter increases numbers of components to be used in inverter configuration. This in turn increases the switching loss. But results in good harmonic distortion and provide better quality fundamental wave. Carrier based PWM schemes are used for control of switching operation of multi-level inverters. Many kinds of PWM schemes are available to control inverter switches. In this paper uniploar carrier based PWM, bipolar carrier based PWM schemes are considered for generation of carrier signals. The carrier signals thus generated are compared with sinusoidal and third harmonic based sinusoidal modulating signals for production of switching Pulses. Switching schemes are designed for a 3 Phase 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 Level inverters. The proposed switching schemes are applied to Cascaded H-Bridge Multi Level inverters. The circuit is simulated with MATLAB Simulink environment for verification of total harmonic distortion.
Analysis and Implementation of Unipolar PWM Strategies for Three Phase Cascad...IJAAS Team
This paper presents unipolar pulse width modulation technique with sinusoidal sampling pulse width modulation are analyzed for three-phase five-level, seven-level, nine-level and eleven-level cascaded multi-level inverter. The unipolar PWM method offers a good opportunity for the realization of the Three-phase inverter control, it is better to use the unipolar PWM method with single carrier wave compared to two reference waves. In such case the motor harmonic losses will be considerably lower.The necessary calculations for generation of unipolar pulse width modulation strategies have presented in detail. The unipolar SPWM voltage switching scheme is selected in this paper because this method offers the advantages of effectively doubling the switching frequency of the inverter voltage. The cascaded multi level inverter fed induction motor is simulated and compared the total harmonic distroction for all level (five-level, seven-level, nine-level and elevel-level)of the inverter. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Performance Evaluation of Two-Level Photovoltaic Voltage Source Inverter Cons...IJERA Editor
The switching control schemesincluding sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) and space vector modulation (SVM) are very important for the efficiency and accuracyof the voltage source inverter (VSI). Therefore, this paper presents a performance evaluation of a two-level VSI for the photovoltaic (PV) system based on adopted switching controllers namely, SPWM and SVM switching methods. The evaluation procedure and accuracy are demonstrated and investigated using simulations conducted for a 1.5 kW inverter in a MATLAB/Simulink environment. Two types of loads are utilized to assess the performance of the VSI which are resistive (R) load and resistive and inductive (RL) load. Total harmonic distortion (THD) is used for the comparison of the SPWM and the SVM. Results show that the SVM performs better compared with the SPWM in terms of THD rate. The THDs for SVM based system are found to be 0.02% and 0.08% for the R and RL, respectively; whereas the THDsfor SPWM controller are found to be 0.43% and 0.51% for the R and RL, respectively. Furthermore, mean square error (MSE) is also consideredas a statistical indicator. The MSE indicates that the SVM switching controller technique have superior outcomes compared with the SPWM switching controller technique and thus increases the efficiency of the whole system
Comparative Analysis of PWM Techniques for Three Level Diode Clamped Voltage ...IAES-IJPEDS
Multilevel inverters are increasingly being used in high-power medium voltage industrial drive applications due to their superior performance compared to conventional two-level inverters. Thre are a number of Pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques applied in recent years. The most widely applied PWM techniques are Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM). SPWM is the most simple modulation technique that can realize easily in analog circuit. However, it has some drawbacks such as higher total harmonic distortion (THD), lower effective DC utilization and lower switching frequency. Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is widely used because of their easier digital realization and better DC bus utilization and lower THD. The complexity is due to the difficulty in determining the reference vector location, on times calculation, and switching states selection. This paper presents a simple SVPWM algorithm for diode clamped three level inverters based on standard two-level SVPWM which can easily determine the location of reference vector, calculate the on-times, the selection of switching states. Three level diode clamped inverter (3LDCI) using space vector modulation technique has been modeled and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and Origin 6.1 with a passive R-L load that can be extended to any level. Simulation results are presented to verify the proposed SVPWM control in terms of THD. The results arecompared with conventional sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) where SVPWM shows better performance than SPWM in terms of THD.
Single Phase Thirteen Level Inverter using BI Directional Switches and reduce...Editor IJMTER
Renewable energies have advantages of zero fuel cost and reduced environmental
impacts. This paper proposes an Asymmetrical Thirteen level H-Bridge inverter circuit. Two inputs
from solar PV panels are given to the converter and maximum power is extracted by using maximum
power point tracking method. Integrated converter is DC to DC Boost converter. The output is given
to H- inverter which converts dc to ac and the thirteen level output voltage is applied to the load.
Operational analysis and simulation results are given for the proposed circuit.
The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. Multilevel inverter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal voltage from several levels of dc voltages. In order to maintain the different voltage levels at appropriate intervals, the conduction time intervals of MOSFETS have been maintained by controlling the pulse width of gating pulses. In this paper single phase to three phase power conversion using PWM technique. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment which demonstrate the feasibility of proposed scheme.
Investigation of THD for Cascaded Multi-Level Inverter Using Multicarrier Mod...IJERA Editor
A novelty kind of Multilevel converters are used in high voltage and high power application of industry field, can able to produce near sinusoidal voltage/currents with only operating at fundamental frequency switching. This paper presents a initial level of 5-level up to its giant level 13-level cascaded multilevel converter. In now a days multilevel inverters has become very popular for motor drive applications of industry. Multicarrier pulse width modulation techniques is an effective solution for increases the number of levels of the output wave form and thereby dramatically reduced the harmonics and total harmonic distortion(THD). The output waveform has 5,7,9,11 and 13 levels. In this paper three multicarrier pulse width modulation techniques such as phase shifted, level shifted and the wave level shifted Multi-carrier modulation PWM techniques are discussed. These methods are modeled for all level CMC by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK and the THD of the these methods are compared.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
The dynamic performance of an asynchronous machine when operated with cascaded Voltage Source Inverter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique is presented in this paper. A classical model of Induction Motor Drive based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) method is considered which displays
appreciable run-time operation with very simple hysteresis control scheme. Direct control of the torque and flux variables is achieved by choosing suitable inverter voltage space vector from a lookup table. Under varying torque conditions the performance of the drive system is verified using MATLAB/Simulink software tool. The ripple content in the torque parameter is significant when traditional PI controller and Fuzzy approach are configured in the proposed system. Finally, by replacing the PI-Fuzzy controller with Hybrid Controller the torque ripple minimization can be achieved during no-load and loaded conditions.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
A Survey: Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) in 3φ Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) IJECEIAES
Since last decades, the pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques have been an intensive research subject. Also, different kinds of methodologies have been presented on inverter switching losses, inverter output current/ voltage total harmonic distortion (THD), inverter maximum output of DC bus voltage. The Sinusoidal PWM is generally used to control the inverter output voltage and it helps to maintains drive performance. The recent years have seen digital modulation mechanisms based on theory of space vector i.e. Space vector PWM (SVPWM). The SVPWM mechanism offers the enhanced amplitude modulation indexes (MI) than sinusoidal PWM along with the reduction in the harmonics of inverter output voltage and reduced communication losses. Currently, the digital control mechanisms have got more attention than the analog counterparts, as the performance and reliability of microprocessors has increased. Most of the SVPWM mechanisms are performed by using the analog or digital circuits like microcontrollers and DSPs. From the recent study, analysis gives that use of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) can offer more efficient and faster solutions. This paper discusses the numerous existing research aspects of FPGA realization for voltage source inverter (VSI) along with the future line of research.
Study and Simulation of Seven Level - Ten Switch Inverter TopologyMohd Esa
Compared to conventional two-level inverter, multilevel inverter
performance is high because of their reduced harmonic distortion, less
electromagnetic interference, reduced common mode voltage and higher dc link
voltages. However complex pulse width modulation control, balancing of
capacitor voltages & increased number of switches are main drawbacks of
multilevel inverter.This paper focuses on study and simulation of single phase
seven level inverter topology using only ten switches. This paper also presents
two different control techniques for seven level-ten switch inverter topology.Rload
is connected to inverter and simulation is performed using
MATLAB/Simulink Software.
In recent research, there has been an extensive increase in interest to multilevel power
conversion. The introduction of new inverter topologies & unique modulation
techniques was involved in recent research studies. However, the most commonly
used multi-level inverter topologies are multi-cell inverter [1], diode clamped inverter
[2]-[5] and capacitor clamped inverter [6]. Some applications for these inverters
include industrial drives, flexible ac transmission systems [7], traction applications in
the transport industry and grid integration of non-conventional energy sources.
The seven level-ten switch topology is a symmetrical topology since the values of
all voltage sources are the same. However, there are several asymmetrical topologies
that need voltage sources of different values. This asymmetry results in the need of dc
voltage sources having a specific relation between them and also the difference in
rating of the semiconductor switches. This paper, presents study and simulation of a
new multilevel inverter topology named reversing voltage (RV) [8]. This topology
requires less number of components compared to conventional topologies. It is also
more efficient since the inverter has a component which operates the switching power
devices at line frequency. Therefore, there is no need for all switches to work in high
frequency which leads to simpler and more reliable control of the inverter. Two
different control techniques are used in this paper to drive the inverter .The simulation
results of the seven level-ten switch inverter topology are presented.
Similar to Pwm control strategies for multilevel inverters based on carrier redistribution technique (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
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👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
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https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
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Bob Boule
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
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UI automation Sample
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Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
wave form with less amount of ripple content, they require high switching frequency. In high- power
and high-voltage applications these two level inverters, however, have some limitations in operating
at high frequency mainly due to switching losses and constraints of device ratings. These limitations
can be overcome using multilevel inverters. The multilevel inverters have drawn tremendous interest
in power industry. It may be easier to produce a high-power, high-voltage inverter with multi level
structure because of the way in which the voltage stresses are controlled in the structure.
120
The unique structure of multilevel voltage source inverters allows them to reach high
voltages with low harmonics without use of transformers or series connected synchronized-switching
devices. As the number of voltage levels increases, the harmonic content of the output voltage wave
form decreases significantly. In general multilevel inverter can be viewed as voltage synthesizers, in
which the high output voltage is synthesized from many discrete smaller voltage levels. The main
advantages of this approach are summarized as follows:
They can generate output voltages with extremely low distortion and lower (dv/dt).
They can operate with a lower switching frequency.
Their efficiency is high (98%) because of the minimum switching frequency.
They are suitable for medium to high power applications.
The selection of the best multilevel topology for each application is often not clear and is
subject to various engineering tradeoffs. Multilevel inversion is a power conversion strategy in which
the output voltage is obtained in steps thus bringing the output closer to a sine wave and reduces the
total harmonic distortion (THD). In general MLI’s are three types they are named as diode clamped,
flying capacitor and cascaded inverters. In this paper diode clamped MLI is considered based on
their own advantages [1].
This paper presents a PWM control strategies for a seven level inverter Diode Clamped
inverter based on carrier redistribution technique. Simulation results are included to verify the
operating principle of the proposed multilevel inverters.
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Fig .1: Multilevel concept for (a) two level (b) three level and (c) n- level
Multilevel inverter structures have been developed to overcome shortcomings in solid-state
switching device ratings so they can be applied to higher voltage systems. The multilevel voltage
source inverters [2] unique structure allows them to reach high voltages with low harmonics without
the use of transformers. The general function of the multilevel inverter is to synthesize a desired ac
voltage from several levels of dc voltages as shown in Fig.1.
Table.1 compares the power component requirement per phase leg among the three
multilevel voltage source inverters mentioned above. The table shows that the number of main
switches and main diodes needed by the inverters to achieve the number of voltage levels.
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Table.1: Component requirements per phase of m-level multilevel inverters
Devices
Diode clamped
MLI
Flying Capacitor
MLI
Cascaded H-Bridge
MLI
Main switching Devices 2(m-1) 2(m-1) 2(m-1)
Main diodes 2(m-1) 0 2(m-1)
Clamping diodes (m-1)* (m-2) (m-1)*(m-2) 0
Dc Balancing
Capacitors
m-1 m-1 (m-1)/2
Balancing Capacitors 0 2(m-1) 0
III. 7-LEVEL DIODE CLAMPED INVERTER
Fig. 2: Configuration of Three-phase Diode Clamped Seven Level Inverter (DC7LI)
Fig. 2 shows a seven-level diode-clamped inverter in which the dc bus consists of six
capacitors, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6. For dc-bus voltage Vdc, the voltage across each capacitor is
Vdc and each device voltage stress will be limited to one capacitor voltage level through clamping
diodes.
To explain how the staircase voltage is synthesized, the neutral point n is considered as the
output phase voltage reference point. There are seven switch combinations to synthesize seven level
output as shown in Table2.
Table.2: Switching sequence for single phase 7 level diode clamped inverter
Output
voltage
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S11
S21
S31
S41
S51
S61
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Vdc 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
2Vdc 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
3Vdc 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
-Vdc 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
-2vdc 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
-3vdc 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
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IV. PWM CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR MLI’s
122
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques for two level inverters have been studied
extensively during the past decades. Many different PWM methods have been developed to achieve
the following aims; wide linear modulation range, reduced switching loss, lesser total harmonic
distortion in the spectrum of switching waveform, easy implementation, less memory space and
computation time on implementing in digital processors for the proposed work. A number of
modulation strategies are used in multilevel power conversion applications. They can generally be
classified into modulating signals and carrier redistribution signal.
4.1 Modulating Signal
Modulating signals can be classified into Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM), Third Harmonic
injection PWM (THPWM) and Modified Space Vector PWM (MSVPWM). These modulation
techniques are extensively studied and compared for the performance parameters with seven level
inverters.
4.1.1 Sinusoidal PWM
Fig. 3: Sinusoidal modulating signal control technique
Sinusoidal PWM is the most widely accepted PWM technique, where a triangular wave is
compared with a sinusoidal reference known as the modulating signal, shown in Fig. 3.
4.1.2 Third Harmonic injection PWM
A method to improve the gain of the pulse width modulator in a multilevel inverter is to
inject a third harmonic. This technique is derived from conventional sinusoidal PWM with the
addition of a 17% third harmonic component to the sine reference waveform as shown in Fig.4.
Fig. 4: Third Harmonic Injection modulating signal control technique
4.1.3 Modified Space Vector PWM
In the SPWM scheme for two-level inverters, each reference phase voltage is compared with
the triangular carrier and the individual pole voltages are generated, independent of each other [5, 6].
To obtain the maximum possible peak amplitude of the fundamental phase voltage, in linear
5. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
modulation, a common mode voltage, Voffset1, is added to the reference phase voltages [9, 1],
where the magnitude of Voffset1 is given by
( ) max min
123
2
1
V V
Voffset
− +
= Equation - (1)
In (1), Vmax is the maximum magnitude of the three sampled reference phase voltages, while
Vmin is the minimum magnitude of the three sampled reference phase voltages, in a sampling
interval. The addition of the common mode voltage, Voffset1, results in the active inverter switching
vectors being centered in a sampling interval, making the SPWM technique equivalent to the
modified reference PWM technique [9].The modulating signal of modified space vector is shown in
fig. 5.
Fig. 5: Modified Space vector modulating signal control technique
4.2 Multicarrier PWM Techniques
The implementation of the various carrier PWM techniques is possible for multi-level
inverters. This paper uses multi-level triangular waves generation as derived in [5]. It can be a useful
solution for pulse generation for this topology. This technique in [13] is called carrier redistribution
(CR) technique. This technique is derived from the triangular carrier and has individually the lowest
switching frequency among the multi-level PWM methods [14].
4.2.1 Alterative Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD)
This technique requires each of the (m – 1) carrier waveforms, for an m-level phase
waveform, to be phase displaced from each other by 1800 alternately as shown in Figures 6,7, and 8
for various modulating signals. The most significant harmonics are centered as sidebands around the
carrier frequency fc and therefore no harmonics occur at fc.
Fig.6: Sinusoidal reference with triangular carriers for a 3-phase seven-level PWM scheme using
APOD
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Fig.7: Third Harmonic Injection reference with triangular carriers for a 3-phase seven-level
PWM scheme using APOD
Fig.8: Modified Space vector reference with triangular carriers for a 3-phase seven-level PWM
scheme using APOD
4.2.2 Phase Opposition Disposition (POD)
The carrier waveforms are all in phase above and below the zero reference value however,
there is 1800 phase shift between the ones above and below zero respectively as shown in Figures 9,
10 and 11 for various modulating signals. The significant harmonics, once again, are located around
the carrier frequency fc for both the phase and line voltage waveforms.
Fig.9: Sinusoidal reference with triangular carriers for a 3-phase seven-level PWM scheme using
POD
Fig.10: Third Harmonic Injection reference with triangular carriers for a 3-phase seven-level
PWM scheme using POD
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Fig.11: Modified Space vector reference with triangular carriers for a 3-phase seven-level
PWM scheme using POD
4.2.3 Phase Disposition (PD)
In this technique all the carrier waveforms are in same phase. Fig.11, 12 and 13 demonstrates
the various modulating signals for a seven-level inverter.
Fig.12: Sinusoidal reference with triangular carriers for a 3-phase seven-level PWM scheme
using PD
Fig.13: Third Harmonic Injection reference with triangular carriers for a 3-phase seven-level
PWM scheme using PD
Fig.14: Modified Space vector reference with triangular carriers for a 3-phase seven-level
PWM scheme using PD
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V. SIMULATION RESULTS
A detailed circuit simulation was conducted to verify the operating principles of the three
phase seven level Diode clamped using SPWM, THPWM and Modified SVPWM strategies based on
Carrier Redistribution Techniques.
Seven Level Diode Clamped MLI for 3–
5.1 Sinusoidal PWM
Fig.15: Line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using SPWM
Fig.16: FFT analysis of line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using APOD
Fig.17: FFT analysis of line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using POD
Fig.18: FFT analysis of line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using PD
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5.2 Third Harmonic injection PWM
Fig.19: Line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using THPWM
Fig.20: FFT analysis of line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using APOD
Fig.21: FFT analysis of line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using POD
Fig.22: FFT analysis of line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using PD
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5.3 Modified Space Vector PWM
Fig.23: Line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using Modified SVPWM
Fig.24: FFT analysis of line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using APOD
Fig.25: FFT analysis of line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using POD
Fig.26: FFT analysis of line voltage of 3– seven level DC MLI using PD
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The simulated AC output voltage of the seven level Diode Clamped inverter using SPWM,
THPWM and Modified SVPWM based on Carrier Redistribution Techniques for 3– and its
corresponding FFT analysis are shown in above figures. These waveforms confirm the principle of
operation of 7-level Diode Clamped inverter using SPWM, THPWM and modified SVPWM with
resistive load.
VI. COMPARISON OF RESULTS
Input Voltage = 400 Volts
Switching Frequency = 10 KHz
Modulation Index = 0.866
Table.3: % THD for various PWM Techniques for Seven Level Diode Clamped Inverter
PWM
Technique
SPWM THPWM
Modified
SVPWM
APOD 18.8 16.75 13.18
POD 21.58 20.36 18.97
PD 13.1 11.24 10.72
Table.4: Fundamental Output Voltage (Vrms ) for various PWM Techniques for Seven Level Diode
Clamped Inverter
PWM
Technique
SPWM THPWM
Modified
SVPWM
APOD 293 296.7 335.8
POD 291.6 327.8 333.3
PD 294. 331.6 337.1
Fig. 27: % Graphical representation of % THD for various PWM Techniques for Seven Level Diode
Clamped Inverter
The Diode Clamped Three Phase Seven Level Inverter is simulated for various PWM
strategies based on carrier redistribution technique. The simulation results with harmonic spectrum
are presented and the corresponding results are shown in table 3 and table 4. In addition to this
graphical representation is also shown in fig. 26. In this presentation it is concluded that modified
SVPWM scheme with PD carrier redistribution technique has given good harmonic spectrum with
fundamental THD when compared with SPWM and THPWM techniques.
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VII. CONCLUSION
The diode clamped 3-phase seven level inverter is simulated for sinusoidal PWM, Third
Harmonic PWM technique and modified space vector PWM technique with APOD, POD and PD
PWM strategies. The simulation results with harmonic spectrum are presented, and in this paper it is
concluded that modified reference SVPWM using PD technique has given good harmonic spectrum
with fundamental (335.8) and THD (10.78%) when compared with other techniques.
One application area in the low-power range (• 100 kW) for Diode clamped inverter is in
permanent-magnet (PM) motor drives employing a PM motor of very low inductance. The DCMLI
can utilize the fast-switching low-cost low voltage MOSFETs and the IGBT’s in the single-phase
bridges to dramatically reduce current and torque ripples and to improve motor efficiency by
reducing the associated copper and iron losses resulting from the current ripple. These configurations
may also be applied in distributed power generation involving fuel cells and photovoltaic cells.
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AUTHOR’S DETAIL
S.Nagaraja Rao was born in kadapa, India. He received the B.Tech (Electrical and
Electronics Engineering) degree from the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad in 2006; M.Tech (Power Electronics) from the same university in 2008.
He is currently pursuing his Ph.D under JNTUK, Kakinada. He has published several
National and International Journals and Conferences. His area of interest power
electronics and Electric Drives.
Dr. D. V. Ashok Kumar, was born in Nandyal, India in 1975. He received the B.E
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering) degree from Gulbarga University and the
M.Tech (Electrical Power Systems) from J.N.T.U.C.E, Anantapur and Ph.D in Solar
Energy from same University. Currently he is working as Pricipal in Syamaldevi
Institute of Technology for women, Nandyal, He has published/presented technical
research papers in national and international Journals/conferences. His field of interest
includes Electrical Machines, Power electronics, Power systems and Solar Energy.
Ch. Sai Babu received the B.E from Andhra University (Electrical Electronics
Engineering), M.Tech in Electrical Machines and Industrial Drives from REC,
Warangal and Ph.D in Reliability Studies of HVDC Converters from JNTU,
Hyderabad. Currently he is working as a Professor in Dept. of EEE in JNTUK,
Kakinada. He has published several National and International Journals and
Conferences. His area of interest is Power Electronics and Drives, Power System
Reliability, HVDC Converter Reliability, Optimization of Electrical Systems and Real Time Energy
Management.