Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) measure how well the lungs take in and release air and transfer oxygen to blood. PFTs include spirometry, lung volumes, gas exchange tests, and exercise tests. Spirometry specifically measures volumes of air inhaled and exhaled over time through forced maneuvers, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). PFTs are used to screen and diagnose obstructive and restrictive lung diseases, evaluate patients prior to surgery or weaning from ventilators, and monitor response to treatment.
a detailed study on pulmonary function testmartinshaji
this study details about all the aspects of pulmonary function test, lung volumes& capacities , tests such as spirometry , carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, chest x ray, body plethesmography , nitrogen washout etc
please comment
thank u
Pulmonary function tests (PFT) are series of tests that measure lung function and aid in the management of patients with respiratory disease.
They are performed using standardized equipment and can be used for diagnosis, prognostication, management and follow-up of patients with pulmonary pathology.
Although PFT may not identify the exact pathology, it broadly classifies respiratory disorders as either obstructive or restrictive. In this session , the role of PFT in the measurement of lung mechanics and diagnosis of various diseases will be discussed in detail.
a detailed study on pulmonary function testmartinshaji
this study details about all the aspects of pulmonary function test, lung volumes& capacities , tests such as spirometry , carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, chest x ray, body plethesmography , nitrogen washout etc
please comment
thank u
Pulmonary function tests (PFT) are series of tests that measure lung function and aid in the management of patients with respiratory disease.
They are performed using standardized equipment and can be used for diagnosis, prognostication, management and follow-up of patients with pulmonary pathology.
Although PFT may not identify the exact pathology, it broadly classifies respiratory disorders as either obstructive or restrictive. In this session , the role of PFT in the measurement of lung mechanics and diagnosis of various diseases will be discussed in detail.
Romilast is the only medicine of its kind for COPD and works differently from steroids. It belongs to a group of medications called PDE4 (phosphodiesterase-4) inhibitors. Romilast is a prescription medicine used in adults with severe COPD to decrease the number of flare-ups or the worsening of COPD symptoms (exacerbations). Romilast is not a bronchodilator and should not be used for treating sudden breathing problems. If you have severe COPD, flare-ups are not completely avoidable, but you may be able to decrease how often you have them. With Romilast, you may be able to help protect yourself from the risk of future flare-ups.
What are the pulmonary function tests used?
What are the indications?
What are the contraindications?
How to perform each and prepare patients?
How to interpret and reach a diagnosis?
How to clean and calibrate devices?
A plethysmograph is an instrument for measuring changes in volume within an organ or whole body. The word is derived from the Greek "plethysmos", and "graphos"
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are noninvasive tests that show how well the lungs are working. The tests measure lung volume, capacity, rates of flow, and gas exchange. This information can help your healthcare provider diagnose and decide the treatment of certain lung disorders.
Romilast is the only medicine of its kind for COPD and works differently from steroids. It belongs to a group of medications called PDE4 (phosphodiesterase-4) inhibitors. Romilast is a prescription medicine used in adults with severe COPD to decrease the number of flare-ups or the worsening of COPD symptoms (exacerbations). Romilast is not a bronchodilator and should not be used for treating sudden breathing problems. If you have severe COPD, flare-ups are not completely avoidable, but you may be able to decrease how often you have them. With Romilast, you may be able to help protect yourself from the risk of future flare-ups.
What are the pulmonary function tests used?
What are the indications?
What are the contraindications?
How to perform each and prepare patients?
How to interpret and reach a diagnosis?
How to clean and calibrate devices?
A plethysmograph is an instrument for measuring changes in volume within an organ or whole body. The word is derived from the Greek "plethysmos", and "graphos"
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are noninvasive tests that show how well the lungs are working. The tests measure lung volume, capacity, rates of flow, and gas exchange. This information can help your healthcare provider diagnose and decide the treatment of certain lung disorders.
PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS - LAB DATA INTERPRETATIONLincyAsha
PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
LAB DATA INTERPRETATION
CLINICAL PHARMACY PRACTICE
M.PHARMACY
PHARMACY PRACTICE
1ST YEAR
Pulmonary function tests are a series of tests performed to examine a patient’s respiratory system and identify the severity of pulmonary impairment.
These tests are performed to measure a patient’s lung volume, capacity, flow rate and gas exchange.
This allows medical professionals to obtain an accurate diagnosis and determine the best course of medical intervention for the patient.
In general there are two types of lung disorders that these tests can be used to assess
Obstructive lung diseases
Restrictive lung diseases
1.OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES
It include conditions that make it difficult to exhale air out of the lungs
This results in shortness of breath that occurs from narrowing and constriction of the airways and causes the patient to have decreased flow rates. Eg. COPD, Asthma
2.RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASES
It include conditions that make it difficult to fully fill the lungs with air during inhalation.
When the lungs aren’t fully able to expand it causes the patient to have decreased lung volumes. Eg. Pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease
Pulmonary function tests would be indicated for the following:
On healthy patients as part of a routine physical exam
Evaluate signs and symptoms of lung disease
Diagnosis of certain medical conditions
Measure current stage of disease and evaluate its progress
Assess how a patient is responding to different treatments
Determine patient’s condition before surgery to assess the risk of respiratory complications
Screen people who are at risk of pulmonary disease
Determine how much a patient’s airways have narrowed due to disorders
In certain types of work environments to assess the health of employees.
Additionally PFTs may be indicated for the following
Chronic lung conditions
Restrictive airway problems
Asthma
COPD
Shortness of breath
Impairment or disability
Early morning wheezing
Chest muscle weakness
Lung cancer
Respiratory infections
STATIC LUNG VOLUMES
Lung volume is the amount of air breathed by an individual under a specific condition.
1.Tidal Volume (TV)
It is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing at rest.
2.Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
It is the volume of air inspired with maximum effort over and above the normal tidal volume.
3.Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
It is the volume of air expired forcefully after a normal respiration.
4.Residual Volume (RV)
It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration
STATIC LUNG CAPACITIES
1.Inspiratory capacity (IC)
It is the amount of air a person can inspire forcefully after a normal respiration.
IC = TV+IRV
2.Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
It is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal respiration.
FRC = ERV+RV
3.Vital Capacity (VC)
It is the maximum volume of air exhaled forcefully from the lungs after a maximum inspiration.
4.Total Lung Capacity
This is an amazing article giving brief clinical application of PFT.
Bedside PFT are best explained here.
Bedside PFT references most of times are incomplete and inadequate
COURTSEY -DEPARTMENT OF ANESTHESIA, MAMC and LOK NAYAK HOSPITAL, NEW DELHI
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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2. What is pulmonary function
(tests?(PFTs
Pulmonary function tests are a group of test that
measure how well the lungs take in and release
air and how well they move oxygen into the
(blood.(it is a non invasive
3. Pulmonary Function Tests are used for
the following reasons :
• Screening for the presence of obstructive and
restrictive diseases
4. • Evaluating the patient prior to surgery – for
patients who :
a. are older than 60-65 years of age
b. are known to have pulmonary disease
c. are obese (as in pathologically obesity)
d. have a history of smoking, cough or wheezing
e. will be under anesthesia for a lengthy period
of time
f. are undergoing an abdominal or a thoracic
operation.
5. • Evaluating the patient's condition
for weaning from a ventilator.
• Documenting the effectiveness of
therapeutic intervention
7. ?What is Spirometry
• a simple and safe test
• that measures lung volumes
• with a graphical display
• gives an estimation of lung function
• Allows for diagnosis of airflow obstruction
• Permits good follow-up for asthma and
COPD
9. …SPIROMETRY
In a spirometry test, you breathe into a
mouthpiece that is connected to an
instrument called a spirometer. The
spirometer records the amount and the
rate of air that you breathe in and out
.over a period of time
15. • Lung volume measurement can be performed
in two ways:
• The most accurate way is for a person to sit in a
body plethysmograph, a sealed, transparent box
that resembles a telephone booth, while breathing
in and out against into a mouthpiece. Changes in
pressure inside the box allow determination of the
lung volume.
• Lung volume can also be measured when a person
breathes nitrogen or helium gas through a tube for
a specified period of time. The concentration of the
gas in a chamber attached to the tube is measured,
allowing estimation of the lung volume.
16.
17.
18. Table 22–1. Lung Volumes and Capacities.
Measurement Definition Average Adult
Values (mL)
Tidal volume (VT) Each normal breath 500
Inspiratory reserve volume Maximal additional volume 3000
(IRV) that can be inspired above
V T
Expiratory reserve volume Maximal volume that can be 1100
(ERV) expired below VT
Residual volume (RV) Volume remaining after 1200
maximal exhalation
Total lung capacity (TLC) RV + ERV + VT + IRV 5800
Functional residual capacity RV + ERV 2300
(FRC)
19. Two important parameters
• FVC - Forced Vital Capacity. This is
the total amount of air that you blow out
in one breath.
• FEV1 - Forced Expiratory Volume
in one Second. This is the amount of
air you can blow out within one second.
With normal lungs and airways you can
normally blow out most of the air from
your lungs within one second.
20. • Normal FEV1/FVC ~ 80%
Restrictive (fibrosis) ratio normal or increased
Obstructive (asthma, COAD) usually low
• Normal values vary, depending on gender, race,
age and height.
21. Spirometry: Normal and COPD
0
FEV1 FVC FEV1/ FVC
Normal 4.150 5.200 80 %
1 COPD 2.350 3.900 60 %
2
FEV1
Liter
3
COPD
4 FVC
FEV1
5 Normal
FVC
1 2 3 4 5 6 Seconds
22. Flow-Volume Loops
Flow volume loops
provide a graphical
illustration of a patient's
spirometric efforts. Flow
is plotted against volume
to display a continuous
loop from inspiration to
expiration. The overall
shape of the flow volume
loop is important in
interpreting spirometric
results
23. ?How is a flow-volume loop helpful
• Helpful in evaluation of air flow limitation on
inspiration and expiration
• In addition to obstructive and restrictive patterns,
flow-volume loops can show provide information on
upper airway obstruction:
• Fixed obstruction: constant airflow limitation on inspiration and
expiration—such as in tumor, tracheal stenosis
• Variable extrathoracic obstruction: limitation of inspiratory flow,
flattened inspiratory loop—such as in vocal cord dysfunction
• Variable intrathoracic obstruction: flattening of expiratory limb; as in
malignancy or tracheomalacia
24. • Spirometry measures volume differences between
identifiable lung capacities (TLC, FRC, RV), but
cannot measure the absolute volume of these key
volumes.
• Lung volumes measure FRC and use spirometry to
calculate TLC and RV.
• FRC can be measured by following techniques:
• Closed circuit helium dilution
• Open circuit nitrogen washout
• Plethysmography or body box
25. Dilution Techniques
• Closed circuit helium dilution – starting at FRC, patient
breathes helium for 7 minutes (until equilibrium) from known
volume system with known He concentration; measure helium
concentration after maneuver
• Open nitrogen washout – starting at FRC, begin inspiring
100% O2 and collect/measure all nitrogen exhaled from the
lungs for 7 minutes (N2 essentially washed out). Given known
initial concentration of nitrogen in the lungs (81%), use the
measured concentration and volume of nitrogen in collected
air to calculate the starting lung volume (FRC) at end of
maneuver
• Both techniques underestimate actual FRC if
ventilation isn’t homogeneous (i.e. obstructive lung disease)
27. Plethysmography
• Measures thoracic gas –performed at FRC
• Underlying principle: Boyle’s Law
• Patient sits in sealed box, patient pants against shutter
that is closed at FRC
• Alveolar pressure changes measured at mouth
(presumes open glottis/equal pressures);
• Box pressure changes measured with respiratory efforts
– proportional to lung volume increases/decreases due
to respiratory efforts
Mouth Pressue (Pm)
(Pm,V)
r
PV = (P + ∆P)(V + ∆V)
(Pm +∆Pm, V +∆V)
V = FRC
Volume (V)
(monitored by box pressu
re)
28. Diffusing capacity (Transfer
(factor
The volume of a substance (CO) transferred across
the alveoli per minute per unit alveolar partial
pressure. CO is rapidly taken up by haemoglobin; its
transfer is therefore limited mainly by diffusion. A
single breath of 0.3% CO and 10% helium is held for
20 seconds. Expired partial pressure of CO is
measured. Normal value 17-25 ml/min/mmHg.
Value is reduced with increased alveolar membrane
thickness (e.g. pulmonary fibrosis). May also be
reduced with pneumonectomy (results in reduced
alveolar membrane).