Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs.
Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot gets lodged in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung.
Blood clots most often start in the legs and travel up through the right side of the heart and into the lungs. This is called DVT.
However, PE sometimes can occur without any evidence of DVT.
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs.
Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot gets lodged in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung.
Blood clots most often start in the legs and travel up through the right side of the heart and into the lungs. This is called DVT.
However, PE sometimes can occur without any evidence of DVT.
PowerPoint presentation about pulmonary embolism -- Teaching at Zagazig university cardiology department ,
Egypt in 2013 by Islam Ghanem , assistant lecturer of cardiology
Acute pulmonary embolism and its management.Puja Gupta
Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Respiratory disorders. Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).Critical Care Nursing (CCN).
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Definition
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in one of
the pulmonary arteries in your lungs. In most
cases, pulmonary embolism is caused by blood
clots that travel to the lungs from the legs or,
rarely, other parts of the body (deep vein
thrombosis).
It can damage part of the lung due to restricted
blood flow, decrease oxygen levels in the blood,
and affect other organs as well. Large or
multiple blood clots can be fatal.
3. Primary Cause(s)
Three primary influences predispose a patient
to thrombus formation; these form the so-called
Virchow triad, which consists of the following
Endothelial injury
Stasis or turbulence of blood flow
Blood hypercoagulability
4. Other Causes (Multifactorial)
Venous stasis leads to accumulation of platelets and thrombin in
veins.
Concomitant hypercoagulability may be present in disease states
where prolonged venous stasis or injury to veins occurs.
Hypercoagulable states may be acquired or congenital.
Immobilization leads to local venous stasis by accumulation of
clotting factors and fibrin, resulting in thrombus formation.
Surgical and accidental traumas predispose patients to venous
thromboembolism by activating clotting factors and causing
immobility. Pulmonary embolism may account for 15% of all
postoperative deaths. Leg amputations and hip, pelvic, and spinal
surgery are associated with the highest risk.
5. Other Causes (Multifactorial)
Pregnancy - the incidence of thromboembolic disease in pregnancy
has been reported to range from 1 case in 200 deliveries to 1 case in
1400 deliveries
a family history of embolisms
a history of heart attack or stroke
obesity
a sedentary lifestyle
age over 60 years
Estrogen-containing birth control pills have increased the occurrence
of venous thromboembolism in healthy women. The risk is
proportional to the estrogen content and is increased in
postmenopausal women on hormonal replacement therapy.
cancer
7. Signs and Symptoms
Shortness of Breath – most common
anxiety
clammy or bluish skin
chest pain that may extend into your arm, jaw, neck, and shoulder
fainting
irregular heartbeat
light-headedness
rapid breathing
rapid heartbeat
restlessness
spitting up blood
weak pulse
10. Diagnosis/Tests
Pulmonary embolism can be difficult to
diagnose, especially in people who have
underlying heart or lung disease. For that
reason, your doctor will likely order one or more
of the following tests.
11. Diagnosis/Tests
D-dimer test – a clot-dissolving substance. High
levels may suggest an increased likelihood of
blood clots
ABG test - measures the amount of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in your blood
Blood test to confirm if patient has a inherited
clotting disorder
12. Diagnosis/Tests
Chest X-ray- this noninvasive test shows images of your heart and
lungs on film. Although X-rays can't diagnose pulmonary embolism
and may even appear normal when pulmonary embolism exists, they
can rule out conditions that mimic the disease.
13. Diagnosis/Tests
Ultrasound-A noninvasive test known as duplex
ultrasonography (sometimes called duplex
scan, or compression ultrasonography) uses
sound waves to check for blood clots in your
thigh veins.
14. Diagnosis/Tests
Spiral CT scan - this type of CT can detect
abnormalities within the arteries in your lungs
with much greater precision than conventional
CT scans. In some cases, contrast material is
given intravenously during the CT scan to
outline the pulmonary arteries.
15. Diagnosis/Tests
Pulmonary angiogram
This test provides a clear picture of the blood
flow in the arteries of your lungs. It's the most
accurate way to diagnose pulmonary embolism,
but because it requires a high degree of skill to
administer and has potentially serious risks, it's
usually performed when other tests fail to
provide a definitive diagnosis.
One risk of this procedure is a temporary
change in your heart rhythm. In addition, the
dye may cause kidney damage in people with
decreased kidney function.
16.
17. Diagnosis/Tests
MRI-use radio waves and a powerful magnetic
field to produce detailed images of internal
structures. Because MRI is expensive, it's
usually reserved for pregnant women (to avoid
radiation to the fetus) and people whose
kidneys may be harmed by dyes used in other
tests.
18. Treatment
Medications
− Blood thinners (anticoagulants). These drugs
prevent new clots from forming while your
body works to break up the clots.
Heparin
− Clot dissolvers (thrombolytics). While clots
usually dissolve on their own, there are
medications given through the vein that can
dissolve clots quickly. Because these clot-
busting drugs can cause sudden and severe
bleeding, they usually are reserved for life-
threatening situations.
19. Treatment
Surgical Intervention
− Clot removal. If you have a very large, life-threatening clot
in your lung, your doctor may suggest removing it via a
thin, flexible tube (catheter) threaded through your blood
vessels.
− Vein filter. A catheter can also be used to position a filter in
the body's main vein — called the inferior vena cava —
that leads from your legs to the right side of your heart.
This filter can help keep clots from being carried into your
lungs. This procedure is typically reserved for people who
can't take anticoagulant drugs or when anticoagulant drugs
don't work well enough or fast enough. Some filters can be
removed when they are no longer needed.
− Embolectomy - either catheter embolectomy and
fragmentation or surgical embolectomy is reasonable for
patients with massive pulmonary embolism who have
contraindications to fibrinolysis or who remain unstable
after receiving fibrinolysis.
20. Treatment
Nursing Interventions
− Prevent venous stasis. Encourage ambulation and
active and passive leg exercises to prevent venous stasis.
− Monitor thrombolytic therapy. Monitoring thrombolytic
and anticoagulant therapy through INR or PTT.
− Manage pain. Turn patient frequently and reposition to
improve ventilation-perfusion ratio.
− Manage oxygen therapy. Assess for signs of hypoxemia
and monitor the pulse oximetry values.
− Relieve anxiety. Encourage the patient to talk about any
fears or concerns related to this frightening episode.
21. Discharge and Home Care Guidelines
After discharge, there are some guidelines that the nurse must teach the
patient.
Prevent recurrence. The nurse should instruct the patient about
preventing recurrence and reporting signs and symptoms.
Adherence. The nurse should monitor the patient’s adherence to
the prescribed management plan and enforces previous instructions.
Residual effects. The nurse should also monitor for residual effects
of the PE and recovery.
Follow-up checkups. Remind the patient about keeping up with
follow-up appointments for coagulation tests and appointments with
the primary care provider.