Blood coagulation is the process by which blood forms clots. Abnormally formed clots can block blood flow and lead to dangerous conditions. Common causes of clots include injuries, surgeries, and genetic/lifestyle risk factors. Symptoms depend on where the clot forms but may include chest pain, leg swelling, or neurological issues. Treatment involves anticoagulant medications and lifestyle changes to prevent future clots. Doctors use tests like ultrasounds and CT scans to diagnose clots and monitor patients' response to treatment.

1. Blood
Coagulation
In pharmacology

2. Causes01 Mechanisms04
Contents
02 Symptoms05
ASSESSMENT
03 TREATMENT06
Types

3. WHAT IS AND HOW ?
• Coagulation is the process by which a
blood clot is formed.
• When intravascular thrombi form, rapid
activation of the fibrinolytic system restores
fluidity , normally there is a balance
between coagulation and fibrinolysis
prevents both thrombosis and
haemorrhages.
Abnormally clots can also form in a vessel
that has not been breached Alteration of
this balance in favours of coagulation
results in thrombosis wich Composed of
platelet aggregates, fibrin, and trapped red
blood cells.

4. Causes
Sometimes a blood clot will
form without a trigger (such as
an injury or cut). This is more
likely to happen with certain risk
factors or conditions.
01

5. Risk Factors
Coronavirus disease 2019
Family history of blood
clots
Heart attack
Obesity
Peripheral artery disease
Pregnancy
Prolonged sitting or bed
rest
Smoking
Surgery
Trauma
Age (especially over the
age of 60).

6. Concepts and Typology
Type Features Conclusions
Type A Thrombus
Blood clots can be
stationary. That means they
don’t move. But they can
block blood flow.
Type B Embolus
Blood clots can also break
loose. They’re dangerous
because they can travel to
other parts of the body

7. Arterial Clots Venous Clots
They tend to develop slowly. That’s
why you might not know you have one
until it causes problems
classified by where they form
Arterial clots block blood and oxygen
from reaching your vital organs. They
can lead to tissue damage.

8. Superficial venous
thrombosis.
DVT, or deep vein
thrombosis.
This is also called a “venous
thrombosis.” It’s a blood clot that
forms in a major vein deep in
your body. It usually happens in
your lower leg
Pulmonary embolism
There are three types of blood clots that form in the veins
This is a blood clot that forms in
a vein close to the surface of
the skin. don’t normally break
loose and travel. But they can
be painful and need treatment.
This type of blood clot is a medical
emergency.It’s a DVT that breaks
off and travels up your leg to
your lungs, where it gets stuck. It
can be fatal

9. ASSESSMENT
Complete blood count
(CBC).
The results of the test detect
anemia or a low platelet
count, which can interfere the
ability to clot.
Factor V assay
This test measures Factor V, a
substance involved in clotting.
An abnormally low level may be
indicative of liver disease, primary
fibrinolysis
(a breakdown of clots), or
disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC).
Fibrinogen level
is a protein made by liver. This
test measures how much
fibrinogen is in blood.
Abnormal results may be a
sign of excessive bleeding
or haemorrhage.

10. ASSESSMENT
the test measures how well and how
long it take your blood to clot,
reasons for abnormal results
include hemophilia, liver disease,
and malabsorption. It’s also useful
in monitoring those who take
medications that affect clotting,
such as warfarin (Coumadin).
Platelet count.
causes of a low platelet count are
celiac disease, vitamin K
deficiency, and leukemia.
Anaemia, primary
thrombocythemia, or chronic
myelogenous leukemia (CML)
may cause an abnormally high
number of platelet
Thrombin time.
Thrombin time measures how well
fibrinogen is working.
Abnormal results may be due
to inherited fibrinogen
disorders, liver disease, some
cancers, and medications that
affect clotting.
Prothrombin time
(PT or PT-INR).

11. Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation
Primary hemostasis :
A. Vasoconstriction : first response to injury in the vascular wall, vessel walls
constrict, causing reduced
blood flow to the site of Injury.
B. Platelet plug : Platelets aggregate to the site of the injury.
They stick together acting as a "plug."
Platelets also activate the pro-cess which causes a fibrin clot to form,
known as secondary hemostasis.

12. Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation

13. Mechanisms of Blood
Coagulation

14. Symptoms
Heart
• shortness of breath• excessive
sweating• chest pains that may extend
down the left arm• nausea• dizziness•
passing out
Arm or leg
• swelling • soreness • sudden
pains • warmth in one spot
Brain
• changes in vision• seizures• speech impairment•
weakness• changes in sensation in the face, one arm or
leg, or one side of your body

15. Symptoms
Lung
• sharp chest pains • a cough with blood
• sweating •difficulty breathing • fever
• a rapid pulse• dizziness• passing out
Abdomen
serious abdominal pain• diarrhea
• vomiting• blood in the vomitus or stool

16. Complications of the Disease
Pulmonary embolism: A blood clot This can
result in low oxygen levels in the blood and
damage to the lungs, heart, and other organs
Kidney failure: Fluids and waste can build up
causing a number of other complications
including high blood pressure

17. Complications of the Disease
Pregnancy complications: Blood clots that form in
pregnancy usually occur in the veins of the pelvis or
lower extremities. This creates a risk for pulmonary
emboli and associated complications as well as
secondary premature labor, miscarriage, and maternal
death
.Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): occurs when a clot
forms in a deep vein in an arm or leg. These can
cause symptoms at the site, but can also lead to
more serious complications if clots break away
and travel to the lung.

18. Diagnosis

19. Lab Tests
Lab tests for diagnosing a blood clot can test for
abnormal activity and offer clues that will help
your physical narrow down diagnosis.
D-Dimer Blood Test
The D-dimer blood test detects whether there
recently has been an abnormal level of clotting
activity somewhere within in the bloodstream.
This test is the most useful in helping doctors
pin down their suspicion that either DVT or
pulmonary embolus has occurred.

20. Diagnosis
Cardiac Biomarkers
Cardiac biomarkers are used to diagnose a heart attack. These blood
tests do not strictly diagnose blood clots; rather, they detect whether
there has been heart muscle damage—which is almost always caused by
a ruptured coronary artery plaque, along with subsequent thrombosis
formation.
Compression Ultrasound
The compression ultrasound test is a noninvasive test that can be
performed at the bedside that is often very useful in diagnosing a DVT.

21. CT Scan
The CT scan is a computerized x-ray technique that can show an
impressive amount of anatomic detail. The CT scan is
particularly useful in confirming that a stroke has been caused
by an embolus or a thrombus , and is often the first test used in
diagnosing a stroke. The CT scan can also be quite helpful in
confirming a pulmonary embolus.

22. TREATMENT

23. Anticoagulant medicines
What is Anticoagulant medicines
Anticoagulants are medicines that help prevent blood clots.
They're given to people at a high risk of getting clots, to reduce their chances of
developing serious conditions such as strokes and heart attacks.
Types of anticoagulants :
patients The most commonly prescribed anticoagulant is Warfarin Newer types of anticoagulants are available
include

24. rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
dabigatran (Pradaxa)

25. apixaban (Eliquis)
edoxaban (Lixiana)

26. Warfarin and the newer alternatives are taken as tablets or
capsules.
There's also an anticoagulant called heparin that can be
given by injection
When to use anticoagulants :
Depending on where the clot forms, this can lead to serious
problems such as:
- strokes or transient ischaemic attacks ("mini-strokes")
- heart attacks
- deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- pulmonary embolism

27. Aspirin
is the most common type of antiplatelet medi-
cine. Some patients who are recovering
from a heart attack are given aspirin to
prevent further blood clots from forming
in the coronary arteries. Low-dose
aspirin (sometimes called “baby
aspirin”) may prevent heart attacks and
strokes in people who take it every day.
TREATMENT
Adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) receptor inhibitors are usually given to patients who have
had a recent heart attack or stroke, because these patients
have a greater risk of having another heart attack or stroke.
Doctors may also give this medicine to patients with mitral
valve disease or those who have had heart valve
replacement. Some patients with peripheral vascular
disease (PVD) may also be good candidates for ADP
receptor inhibitors, because poor blood circulation in the legs
can lead to blood clots.
What is antiplatelet therapy?
Antiplatelets are a group of medicines that stop blood cells (called platelets) from
sticking together and forming a blood clot.
antiplatelet medicines?.

28. Adenosine
reuptake inhibitors are usually given
to patients in combination with an
anticoagulant. Patients may also
take this type of antiplatelet therapy
in combination with aspirin if they
have a heart condition that
increases their risk of blood clots
TREATMENT
Phosphodiesterase
inhibitors is most often used in patients with PVD to
reduce leg pain that comes with walking (called
intermittent claudication). Patients with PVD have a
greater risk of developing blood clots in their legs,
so some PVD patients need to take antiplatelet
medicines. Patients with heart failure should not
take this type of antiplatelet medicine, because
studies have shown it can lead to death

29. ● Over-the-counter or prescription medicines that contain
aspirin
● Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as
ibuprofen and naproxen
● Over-the-counter cough and cold medicines
● Anticoagulants
● Certain statins and other cholesterol-lowering medi-cines
● Medicines to prevent seizures
● Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs)
● Medicines for heartburn and reducing stomach acid and
acid reflux
● Tamoxifen
● Certain medicines for diabetes
● Certain diuretic medicines (“water pills”)
categories of medicines that can increase or
decrease the effects of antiplatelet medicines:

30. Common side
effects
● Extreme tiredness
(fatigue)
● Heartburn
● Headache
● Upset stomach and
nausea
● Stomach pain
● Diarrhea
● Nosebleed

31. Common side effects
The main side effect is that you can bleed too easily,
which can cause problems such as:
●- passing blood in your urine .
●- passing blood when you poo or having black poo .
●- severe bruising .
●- prolonged nosebleeds .
●- bleeding gums .
●- vomiting blood or coughing up blood .
●- heavy periods in women .

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35. ● healthline.com
● www.nhs.uk
● texasheart.org
● Familydoctor.org
● verywellhealth.com
● departments.weber
References

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