Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a serious complication that can occur after long bone fractures or other trauma involving bone marrow. Fat droplets released from the bone marrow can travel through the bloodstream and lodge in small blood vessels in the lungs, brain, and other organs. This can cause respiratory failure, neurological symptoms like confusion, and a characteristic rash. FES is diagnosed clinically based on symptoms occurring within 72 hours of injury. Treatment focuses on supportive care, oxygenation, and preventing further fat emboli through early stabilization of fractures. While mortality was historically high, most cases are now successfully managed with supportive care alone.
Seminar presentation by 4th year medical student of Lincoln University College, supervised by HRPZ Orthopedic's specialist.
Reference were from reliable medical websites and also from texttbook; Apley and Solomon's Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 4th Ed.
Seminar presentation by 4th year medical student of Lincoln University College, supervised by HRPZ Orthopedic's specialist.
Reference were from reliable medical websites and also from texttbook; Apley and Solomon's Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 4th Ed.
This is a lecture presentation on applying external fixator on open fracture specially on tibia. This method is a classical method. Various new and dynamic fixators are there but the basics are the same.
different type of lower limb amputation with indication, peri-operative care, surgical steps, post op care complication and different type of prosthesis
This is a lecture presentation on applying external fixator on open fracture specially on tibia. This method is a classical method. Various new and dynamic fixators are there but the basics are the same.
different type of lower limb amputation with indication, peri-operative care, surgical steps, post op care complication and different type of prosthesis
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) is a Syndrome characterized by: Hypoxia, Confusion and Petechiae. Presenting soon after long bone fracture and soft tissue injury. Diagnosed by exclusion of other causes 0f (Hypoxia & Confusion). It occurs in 0.9 – 8.5% of all fracture patients. Up to 35% of the multiply injured. Mortality 2.5 – 15 - 20%. Rare in upper limb injury and children.
Treatment includes prompt stabilization of long bone fractures and supportive measures which includes: 1- Oxygen Therapy to maintain PaO2. 2- Mechanical Ventilation. 3- Adequate Hydration.
Anesthetic consideration in smokers,alcoholics and addictsAftab Hussain
Anaesthetic consideration in smokers alcoholic and drug addicts. As an anaesthesiologist we must be aware with the problems associated with their management and interaction with anaesthetics.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. History
First diagnosed in 1873 by Dr Von Bergmann
In 1879 Fenger and Salisbury published description of
Fat embolism syndrome
3. Fat Emboli: Fat particles or droplets that
travel through the circulation
Fat Embolism: A process by which fat
emboli passes into the bloodstream and
lodges within a blood vessel.
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES): serious
manifestation of fat embolism occasionally
causes multi system dysfunction, the lungs are always
involved and next is brain
4. FE vs. FES
Fat embolization is a well-known complication of
skeletal trauma and surgery involving
instrumentation of the femoral medullary canal.
Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a physiological
response to fat within the systemic circulation.
Fat embolization and FES are not synonymus.
The embolization of fat can be detected in almost all
patients who sustain a pelvic or femoral fracture, but
the incidence of FES is less than 1%.
5. Fat Embolism Syndrome
Mortality: 10-20%
Clinical diagnosis, No specific laboratory test is
diagnostic.
Mostly associated with long bone and pelvic
fractures, and more frequent in closed fractures.
Single long bone fracture has 1-3% chance of
developing FES, and increases with number of
fractures.
Onset is 24-72 hours from initial insult.
6. Causes of fat embolism
TRAUMA RELATED:
Blunt trauma: Long bone (Femur, tibia, pelvic) factures
orthopedic procedures
Soft tissue injury(chest compression with or without rib
fracture)
Burn
Liposuction
Bone marrow harvesting and transplant.
7. NON TRAUMA RELATED
Pancreatitis
Diabetes mellitus
Osteomyelitis and panniculitis
Bone tumor lysis
Steroid therapy
Sickle cell hemoglobinopathy
Alcoholic liver disease
Fat infusion
8. Most common cause of FES is blunt trauma.
90 % occursafter blunt trauma complicated by long-
bone fractures
Closed fractures had higher incidence compared to
open fractures. The intramedullary bone pressure is
lower in case of open fractures, which reduces the
bulk of fat emboli propelled into the blood stream.
9. Non-traumatic fat embolism
It occurs due to the process of fat or marrow necrosis
or by the increased concentration of lipids in the
blood.
It may be caused by agglutination of chylomicrons
and VLDL by high levels of plasma CRP.
As in Acute pancreatitis in patients with types I, IV,
and V hyperlipidaemia and avascular necrosis of bone
in patients with corticosteroid-induced
hyperlipidaemia.
10. Drug-related causes of FES
Infusion of lipids at rates greater than the normal
clearance capacity of lipids.
Agglutination of lipid emulsion particles with fibrin.
Agglutination of endogenous or infused exogenous
fat such as Intra lipid.
11. FES can occur in SC
crisis.
Bone marrow necrosis
as a result of hypoxia
may release fat.
13. Pathophysiology of FES
Exact mechanism unknown, but two main hypothesis
1. Mechanical Hypothesis
2.Biochemical Hypothesis
14. Mechanical Hypothesis
Obstruction of vessels and capillaries
Increase in inter medullary pressure forces fat and
marrow into bloodstream.
Bone marrow contents enter the venous system
and lodge in thelungs as emboli.
15. Smaller fat droplets travel through the pulmonary
capillaries into the systemiccirculation: Embolization to
cerebral vessels or renal vessels also leads to central
nervous system and renal dysfunction
16. Biochemical Hypothesis
Toxicity of free fatty acids
Circulating free fatty acids directly affectthe
pneumocytes, producing abnormalities in gas
exchange.
Coexisting shock, hypovolemia and sepsis impair liver
function and augment toxic effects of free fatty acids.
17. Hormonal changes caused by trauma or sepsis
induce systemic release of free fatty acids as
chylomicrons.
Acute-phase reactants( C-reactive proteins) cause
chylomicrons to coalesce.
It explains non traumatic forms of fat embolism
syndrome and why symptoms take 12 hours to
develop.
18. FE in ARDS
Fat emboli obstructs
lung vessel (20microns),
platelets and fibrin
adhere to it
Lipase increases FFA
Inflammatory changes-
>endothelial damage-
>ARDS
20. Pulmonary
Hypoxia, rales, pleural friction rub
ARDS may develop.
CXR usually normal early on, later may show
‘snowstorm’ pattern- diffuse bilateral infiltrates
CT chest: ground glass opacification with interlobular
septal thickening.
21. Neurological findings
Usually occur after respiratory symptoms
Incidence- 80% patients with FES
Minor global dysfunction is most common-ranges
from mild delirium to coma.
Seizures/focal deficits
Transient and reversible in most cases.
CT Head: general edema, usually nonspecific
MRI brain: Low density on T1, and high intensity T2
signal, correlates to degree of impairment.
22. Dermatological findings
Petechie
Usually on conjunctiva, neck, axilla, upper limbs.
Results from occlusion of dermal capillaries by fat
globules and then extravasations of RBC.
Resolves in 5-7 days. Usually fast resolving.
Pathognomic, but only present in 20-50% of patients.
28. Schonfeld Fat Embolism Syndrome
Index
It ranks signs and symptoms of FES in relation to
their incidence of presentation.
Score >5 required for diagnosis of fat embolism
syndrome
32. Imaging
• Chest x-ray
– shows multiple flocculent shadows (snow storm
appearance). picture may be complicated by infection
or pulmonary edema.
33. Imaging contd.
MRI Brain
- Image showing minimal hypodense changes
in periventricular region, which are more evident in
DWI and T2WI as areas of high signals.
34. Treatment and management
Prophylaxis
Immobilization and early internal fixation of
fracture.
Fixation within 24 hours has been shown to yield
a 5 fold reduction in the incidence of ARDS.
Continuous pulse oximeter monitoring in high-
risk patients may help in detecting desaturation
early, allowing early institution of oxygen and
possibly steroid therapy.
High doses of corticosteroids.
35. Supportive Medical Care
Maintenance of adequate oxygenation and ventilation
Maintenance of hemodynamic stability.
Administration of blood products as clinically
indicated.
Hydration
Prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis .
Nutrition.
Treatment and management contd.
36. Treatment and management contd.
Oxygenation and ventilation
High flow rate oxygen is given to maintain the
arterial oxygen tension in the normal range.
Mechanical ventilation and PEEP may be required to
maintain arterial oxygenation.
37. Treatment and management contd.
Hemodynamic stability
Maintenance of intravascular volume is important,
because shock can exacerbate the lung injury caused
by FES.
Albumin has been recommended for volume
resuscitation in addition to balanced electrolyte
solution, because it not only restores blood volume
but also binds with the fatty acids and may decrease
extent of lung injury
38. Steroids
Steroid prophylaxis is controversial to prevent FES.
It causes blunting of inflammatory response and
complement activation
Prospective studies suggests prophylactic steroids
benefit in high risk patients.
Preoperative use of methylprednisolone may prevent
the occurrence of FES
Once FES established, steroids have not shown
improved outcomes.
39. Results of Randomized, Controlled Trials of Corticosteroids for Prevention of Fat
Embolism Syndrome
Dose Model Timing Duration of
study
Effect on
disease
incidence
30mg/kg Dog Before event 60min None
10mg/kg q8h
for 24 hrs
Human
trauma
At admission No data Declining
7.5mg/kg q6h
for 12hrs or
placebo
Human
Trauma
Within 12hrs 2 days Declining
40. Heparin
Heparin has also been proposed for treatment as it
"clears" lipemic plasma in vivo by causing the release
of lipoprotein lipase into the circulation, but no
evidence exists for its use in FES.
41. Prognosis
The fulminant form presents as acute cor pulmonale,
respiratory failure or embolic phenomena, leading to
death within a few hours of injury.
Most death contributed to pulmonary dysfunction
Hard to determine exact mortality rate
Estimated less than 10%
42. The incidence of FES ranges from < 1 to 29% in
different studies.
Actual incidence of FES is not known, as mild cases
often go unnoticed.
A high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose FES.
A combination of clinical criteria and MRI brain will
enable early and accurate diagnosis of FES.
43. Refrences
Altaf Hussain: “A Fatal Fat Embolism.” The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology,
2004. Volume 8 Number 2.
Fabian T. “Unraveling the fat embolism syndrome”. N Engl J Med 1993;329:961–
63
U. Galway, J. E. Tetzlaff & R. Helfand : “Acute Fatal Fat Embolism Syndrome In
Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty – A Review Of The Fat Embolism
Syndrome”. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology. 2009 Volume 19 Number
2
Latif, A., Bashir, A., Aurangzeb. "Fat Embolism and Fat Embolism Syndrome;
Management Trends." Professional Med J 15.4 (2008): 407-413.
Harrisons principles of Internal medicine 18th
edition.
Nissar Shaikh, Emergency management of fat embolism syndrome.” J Emerg
Trauma Shock. 2009 Jan-Apr; 2(1): 29–33