This presentation is about a type of nucleic acid which is called RNA. in this presentation we will discuss RNA. its types, its structure and Functions etc. Like and download my slide so i will upload more and more presentations for you peoples.
This presentation is about a type of nucleic acid which is called RNA. in this presentation we will discuss RNA. its types, its structure and Functions etc. Like and download my slide so i will upload more and more presentations for you peoples.
Dna methylation ppt
definition of Dna methylation ppt
discovery of Dna methylation ppt
types of Dna methylation ppt
history of Dna methylation ppt
process of Dna methylation ppt
mechanism of Dna methylation ppt
methylation in cancer
cytosine methylation
genomic imprinting
This ppt covers:
Central dogma, discoverer of central dogma, Reason why its called central dogma, DNA, RNA, Protein, functions of protein, Types of RNA, DNA replication, Protein synthesis, Transcription, Translation, Exceptions of central dogma, Reverse transcription , prions, genetic code, mutation with types and causes
Dna methylation ppt
definition of Dna methylation ppt
discovery of Dna methylation ppt
types of Dna methylation ppt
history of Dna methylation ppt
process of Dna methylation ppt
mechanism of Dna methylation ppt
methylation in cancer
cytosine methylation
genomic imprinting
This ppt covers:
Central dogma, discoverer of central dogma, Reason why its called central dogma, DNA, RNA, Protein, functions of protein, Types of RNA, DNA replication, Protein synthesis, Transcription, Translation, Exceptions of central dogma, Reverse transcription , prions, genetic code, mutation with types and causes
slide 2 central dogma
slide 3 key molecules used in translation
slide 4,5,6,7 all the key molcules with detail explanation
slide 8 phases of translation
slide 9 initiation and its process
slide 10 explanation initiation
slide 11 elongation and translocation
slide 12 process and steps of elongation and tRNA recharge in detail
slide 13 termination and its stages.
slide 14 diagrammatic representation of all the steps of termination with discrption
slide 15 thank you
Enzymalogy Factors affecting enzyme activity and kineticsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Factors affecting enzyme activity & Kinetics of Enzymes for MBBS ,BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (.pdfMALASADHNANI
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (what is the chemistry
underlying each information transfer event, which nucleotide sequences are involved etc.)
Solution
The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. DNA contains the information
needed to build an individual. Genetic information is transferred from DNA and converted to
protein.RNA molecules work as messengers.Proteins are the biological workers.Information of
the DNA is copied to a RNA molecule in transcription.RNA directs the protein synthesis in a
translation.Protein’s 3D structure determines it’s function.Information transfer only in one
direction.
The biological information flows from DNA to RNA,and from there to proteins.It is ultimately
the DNA that controls every function of the cell through protein synthesis.As a carrier of genetic
information,DNA in a cell must be duplicated (replicated),maintained and passed dawn
accurately to the daughter cells.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid,which is found in chromosomes, contains inherited
information,they are made up of nucleotides,and are what make up genes. A nucleotide is
composed of a sugar (deoxyribose),a phosphate group,and a base.There are 4 bases found in
DNA, Adenine (A),Thymine (T),Guanine (G),and Cytosine (C).Adenine and guanine are double
ring bases while thymine and cytosine are single ring bases.Nucleotides are joined to each other
by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3\' carbon atom of the
deoxyribose (sugar) of the next nucleotide.Each DNA molecule is unique because the order of
nucleotides is unique. The order of nucleotides determines the order of amino acids in a
protein.RNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides and consists of one strand of
nucleotides.There are three different types of RNA- Ribosomal,Messenger,and
Transfer.Ribosomal RNA is the RNA molecules found in ribosomes. The large subunit RNA
contains the enzymatic activity that makes the peptide bonds between amino acids. Messenger
RNA is what controls the order of amino acids in a protein and determines which gene it codes
for.Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.The transfer RNA has two recognition sites-
one recognizes an amino acid and the other recognizes one codon.The transfer RNA brings the
the correct amino acid to the ribosome.
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated
in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA).Enzymes facilitating the
process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors.In eukaryotic cells the primary
transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to proceed.Processing
includes the addition of a 5\' cap and a poly-A tail to the pre-mRNA chain,followed by
splicing.Alternative splicing occurs when appropriate, increasing the diversity of the proteins
that any single mRNA can produce.The product of the entire transcription process is a mature
mRNA ch.
Types and functions of RNA. Of the many types of RNA, the three most well-known and most commonly studied are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
Preferred typed anwer ) (It is hard to understand hand writing.. ).pdfkisgstin23
Preferred typed anwer :) (It is hard to understand hand writing.. )
1. List the three types of RNA and briefly describe their functions in protein synthesis.
2. In what structural ways are RNA and DNA similar? In what ways are they different?
Solution
Answer:
1. mRNA: mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the
sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes. Here, the nucleic acid polymer is translated into a
polymer of amino acids, a protein.
tRNA: help decode the mRNA sequence. They transfer a specific amino acid to a growing
polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation.
rRNA: associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. They provide a mechanism for
decoding mRNA into amino acids and to interact with the tRNAs during translation by providing
peptidyl transferase activity. Basically acts as a coordinator for the actions of mRNA and tRNA.
2. Similarities between DNA and RNA:
a. They both carry genetic information.
b. They both consist of a sugar, nucleotide and a phosphate.
c. They both are involved in protein synthesizing process.
Difference:
a. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded.
b. RNA has ribose whereas DNA has deoxy ribose.
c. DNA is only found in the nuclues whereas RNA can be found both within and outside the
nucleus.
d. DNA contains the nucleotide thymine while RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
e. DNA is much longer than RNA..
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdfsiennatimbok52331
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
Transcription and post-transcriptional modification.Abhishek Dahal
A slide about Transcription and Post-transcription modification prepared for undergraduates understanding but PG levels may find it good for revision and handy for exams.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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1. Á L V A R O L A F U E N T E L A H O Z
DNA-mRNA-Protein
Protein syntesis
2. DNA
DNA containsthe necessary information for the work and build of a cell.
DNA is made up of Nucleotides
3. RNA
In protein syntesis tRNA and mRNA are involved.
tRNA means Transfer RNA.
mRNA means messenger RNA.
4. mRNA
In protein syntesis mRNA is used forcarryng the information from the
DNA that is going to be used in translation (we will see this later).
Is also made up of Nucleotides.
5. tRNA
tRNA is involved in translation of the nucleic acid message from the
mRNA into the amino acid of the protein.
In translation it takes the role of an adapter molecule.
tRNA have a inverted L structure.
It have and anticodom loop which pairs with a mRNA. This says the
specific type of Protein that must be created.
6.
7. Ribosome
A ribosome is a component of cells that synthesizes protein chains. It
assembles the twenty specific amino acid molecules to form the
particular protein molecule determined by the nucleotide sequence of
an RNA molecule.
It runs a very important role in Protein Syntesis. A big part of the
process occurs here, that is called Translation, in the Ribosome.
The synthesis of proteins is catalyzed by the ribosome.
8. How do this work?
DNA Pre mRNA mRNA Ribosome
Protein tRNA
Transcription RNA Procesing
Translation
9. THE PROCESS
This process consist to create proteins.
A particualr section of DNA codes for a particular protein.
The mRNA has the job of passing the information from the DNA and
carry out from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm in the Ribosomes.
RNA is smaller than DNA and can easily go in and out the pores in the
nucleus membrane.
A section of DNA =is equal to the needed= protein.
10. The next point is create the Protein and this occurs in the Ribosome.
The mRNA kind goes through the ribosome like a zip in a zipper.
As it goes through the ribosome it codes for particular amino acids in a
particular order... Here tRNA takes part.
tRNA are floating around ribosome and have amino acids attached to
them. They come in and tRNA attach to mRNA and the ribosome joins
the amino acids together as they go through.
the tRNA then go off again and get another amino acid.
They transfer the amino acids from being single units to the ribosome
so they can be made into a long chain.
This will be made into proteins later.
11. This picture shows from DNA transcription to tRNA, that
is creating a protein
Protein
12. Resume
The information in DNA is first transcribed into messenger RNA.
The process of converting the genetic message found in mRNA to an
amino acid sequence is called translation or protein syntesis.
In translation tRNA attached to mRNA and
join the amino acid in long chains.