The document discusses protein synthesis, which involves transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA copy of a gene from DNA. The mRNA then undergoes processing and modification before being exported to the cytoplasm. Translation happens in the cytoplasm using ribosomes, where the mRNA sequence is read to create a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. The genetic code is carried by DNA to RNA to proteins, which give organisms their unique traits.

1. Quarter 3
MODULE
4.1
Protein
Synthesis

2. At the end of our lessons, you are
expected to be able to:
Explain how protein is made
using information from DNA.
(S10LT-IIId-37)

3. Specifically, you should be able
to:
Compare and contrast DNA
and RNA in terms of
a. function
b. structure
c. location
1.

4. Comparing DNA and RNA
stores
genetic
information
converts
information
stored in DNA
to proteins

5. Comparing DNA and RNA
double-
stranded
helix
molecule
single-
stranded
molecule

6. Comparing DNA and RNA
DNA RNA
● five-carbon
deoxyribose sugar
● phosphate group
● Nitrogenous bases:
Purine – Guanine, Adenine
Pyrimidine – Cytosine,Thymine
● five-carbon
ribose sugar
● phosphate group
● Nitrogenous bases:
Purine – Guanine, Adenine
Pyrimidine – Cytosine, Uracil

7. DNA
RNA found in
nucleus;
small amount
is present in
mitochondria
forms in
nucleolus;
moves to
cytoplasm
depending
on type
Comparing DNA and RNA

8. Comparing DNA and RNA
RNA
DNA
Cytosine - Guanine
Thymine - Adenine
Guanine - Cytosine
Adenine - Uracil

9. DNA and RNA are strings of
nucleotides which are
composed of phosphate
group, sugar and nitrogenous
base.There are two kinds of
nitrogen containing bases –
the and .
Purines Pyrimidines

10. Purines –
are both present in DNA and RNA
and have two-ring structure.
Adenine and Guanine

11. Pyrimidines in DNA are
, in RNA are
have only
one ring.
Cytosine
and Thymine
Cytosine and Uracil

12. The types of RNA involved in
protein synthesis are:
mRNA
Carries
information from
the DNA in the
nucleus to the site
of protein
synthesis.

13. Supplies the
amino acids to the
ribosome to form
proteins.
tRNA

14. Binds mRNA and
various molecules
necessary for
protein synthesis.
rRNA

15. At the end of our lessons, you are
expected to be able to:
Explain how protein is made
using information from DNA.
(S10LT-IIId-37)

16. Specifically,you should be able to:
1. describe the transcription and
translation processes;
2. determine the sequence of
amino acids produced by a
DNA sequence; and
3. appreciate the importance of
genetic code.

18. Protein Synthesis
- the most important
molecule in the cell.
enzymes,
antibodies
and hormones
Protein
Examples:

19. Hundreds of amino acids
are linked together by
peptide bonds forming a
long chain of proteins.
- the building
blocks of proteins.
Amino acids

20. There are 20 amino acids
which are classified based on
their polarities and charge.
Each amino acid is also coded
by DNA in a trinucleotide
sequence or in groups of three
bases which refers as .
codon

21. Amino Acid Chart
Start
codon
(Met)
•AUG
Stop
codon
•UAA
•UAG
•UGA

22. - process of making
proteins.
Protein Synthesis

23. Protein synthesis involves
transcription and translation.
These two processes are summed
up by central dogma of molecular
biology:

24. Steps in Protein Synthesis
- involves the
transfer of genetic information in
DNA to mRNA which happens
inside the nucleus.
1. Transcription
Transcription takes place in
three steps: initiation,
elongation and termination.

25. - the enzyme RNA
polymerase binds to a region of a
gene called promoter. After this, the
DNA unwinds so that the enzyme can
read the bases of the DNA strand.
a. Initiation

26. - the addition of
nucleotides to the mRNA.
b. Elongation

27. - the ending of
transcription and the mRNA
detaches to the DNA.
c. Termination

28. After the termination stage, the
new mRNA is not yet ready for
translation, it must undergo
more processes before it
leaves the nucleus.These
processes are the following:
Processing of mRNA

29. - modification or
change of some of the
nucleotides in mRNA.
b. Editing
- the removal of
introns in the mRNA. Introns
are the non-coding regions
while the coding regions are
called Exons.
a. Splicing

30. - adds a tail
to the mRNA.The tail consists
of a string of adenine bases. It
signals the end of mRNA. It is
also involved in exporting
mRNA from the nucleus, and it
protects mRNA from enzymes
that might break it down.
c. Polyadenylation

31. - the process in
which the genetic code in mRNA
is read to make a protein.
2. Translation
After mRNA leaves the nucleus, it moves
to a ribosome, which consists of rRNA
and proteins.The ribosome reads the
sequence of codons in mRNA, and
molecules of tRNA bring amino acids to
the ribosome in the correct sequence.

32. In order to start the translation
process, the following molecules
are required: mRNA template,
ribosomes, tRNA, and various
enzymatic factors.
Just like the transcription, this
process takes place in three steps:
initiation, elongation and
termination.

33. - transitional complex
forms and tRNA brings the first amino
acid (Methionine) in polypeptide
chain to bind to start codon on mRNA.
a. Initiation

34. - tRNAs bring amino
acids one by one to add to
polypeptide chain.
b. Elongation

35. - this happens when
a stop codon in the mRNA (UAA,
UAG, or UGA) enters the A site.
c. Termination

36. Base Pairing
DNA mRNA tRNA
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil Adenine
Adenine Uracil
Guanine Cytosine
Cytosine Guanine

37. Exercise: Decoding DNA Sequence
Given on the table are DNA
sequence. Determine the RNA
complementary strand, then use the
codon chart to determine the amino
acid sequence.Then, identify the
specific trait for the amino acid
sequence.

38. Amino Acid sequence Specific trait
phe-glu-ala full lips
leu-arg-gly attached ear
val-ala-val oval eyes
DNA
triplet
code
mRNA tRNA Amino acid
TAC
CAT
CGT
CAG
ATC
1.

39. Amino Acid sequence Specific trait
phe-glu-ala full lips
leu-arg-gly attached ear
val-ala-val oval eyes
DNA
triplet
code
mRNA tRNA Amino acid
TAC
AAG
CTC
CGA
ACT
2.

40. Amino Acid sequence Specific trait
phe-glu-ala full lips
leu-arg-gly attached ear
val-ala-val oval eyes
DNA
triplet
code
mRNA tRNA Amino acid
TAC
GAT
GCG
CCA
AUU
3.

41. Importance of Genetic Code

42. Gives each one of us unique
set of traits.
Genetics

43. Allows us to trace familial
affinity.
Genetics

44. Can provide forensic evidences.
Law Enforcement

45. Can integrate helpful traits in crop
species via genetic engineering.
Agriculture

46. References:
https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-dna-and-rna/
Science – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 4.1: Protein Synthesis
Printed Materials:
Electronic Sources:
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gene-expression-14121669/
https://www.biologyexams4u.com/2014/12/different-types-of-rna-in-cell.html
https://www.boyertownasd.org/cms/lib07/PA01916192/Centricity/Domain/743/
4.%20Codon%20WS.pdf
DepEd Science Grade 10 Learner’s Material (pp. 263-281)
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-college-human-biology-flexbook-
2.0/section/5.6/primary/lesson/protein-synthesis-chumbio/
https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-dna-and-rna/