Translation is the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins using messenger RNA (mRNA) as instructions. It occurs in the cytoplasm and involves transfer RNA (tRNA) carrying amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons. The main steps are initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves a start codon binding to tRNA and methionine. Elongation adds amino acids through peptide bonds between tRNA molecules. Termination releases the full protein when a stop codon is reached. The ribosome, tRNA, mRNA, and ATP provide the tools for translation to convert genetic code into functional proteins.
An Overview...
Definition of Translation.
Def. of Eukaryotes.
Translation: An Overview.
Components of Translation.
Some Enzymes .
Ribosome Role.
Mechanism of Translation.
Initiation.
Scanning Model of Initiation.
Initiation Factors.
Animation.
Elongation.
Chain Elongation: Translocation.
Animation.
Termination.
Animation....
It's not perfect still... what are your views friends?
Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, Post Translational modification of proteins. Protein targeting.
The flow of information in the cell starts at DNA, which replicates to form more DNA. Information is then ‘transcribed” into RNA, and then it is “translated” into protein.
Information does not flow in the other direction.
A few exceptions to the Central Dogma exist
some RNA viruses, called “retroviruses”.
An Overview...
Definition of Translation.
Def. of Eukaryotes.
Translation: An Overview.
Components of Translation.
Some Enzymes .
Ribosome Role.
Mechanism of Translation.
Initiation.
Scanning Model of Initiation.
Initiation Factors.
Animation.
Elongation.
Chain Elongation: Translocation.
Animation.
Termination.
Animation....
It's not perfect still... what are your views friends?
Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, Post Translational modification of proteins. Protein targeting.
The flow of information in the cell starts at DNA, which replicates to form more DNA. Information is then ‘transcribed” into RNA, and then it is “translated” into protein.
Information does not flow in the other direction.
A few exceptions to the Central Dogma exist
some RNA viruses, called “retroviruses”.
Transcription in eukaryotes: A brief view
Transcription is the process by which single stranded RNA is synthesized by double stranded DNA. Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes has many similarities while at the same time both showing their individual characteristics due to the differences in organization. RNA Polymerase (RNAP or RNA Pol) is different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Coupled transcription is seen in prokaryotes but not in Eukaryotes. In eukaryotes the pre-RNA should be spliced first to be translated.
In Eukaryotic transcription, synthesis of RNA occurs in the 3’→5’ direction. The 3’ end is more reactive due to the hydroxide group. 5’ end containing phosphate groups meanwhile, is not very reactive when it comes to adding new nucleotides. In Eukaryotes, the whole genome is not transcribed at once. Only a part of the genome is transcribed which also acts as the first, principle stage of genetic regulation.
Eukaryotes have five nuclear polymerases:
• RNA Polymerase I: This produces rRNA (23S, 5.8S, and 18S) which are the major components in a ribosome. This also produces pre-rRNA in yeasts.
• RNA Polymerase II: Helps in the production of mRNA (messenger RNA), snRNA (small, nuclear RNA), miRNA. This is the most studied type and requires several transcription factors for its binding
• RNA Polymerase III: This synthesizes tRNA (transfer RNA), 5S rRNA and other small RNAs required in the cytosol and nucleus.
• RNA Polymerase IV: Synthesizes siRNA (small interfering RNA) in plants.
• RNA Polymerase V: This is the least studied polymerase and synthesizes siRNA-directed heterochromatin in plants.
Eukaryotic transcription can be broadly divided into 4 stages:
• Pre-Initiation
• Initiation
• Elongation
• Termination
Transcription is an elaborate process which cells use to copy the genetic information stored in DNA into RNA. This pre-RNA is modified into mRNA before being transcribed to proteins. Transcription is the first step to utilizing the genetic information in a cell. Both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes employ this process with the basic phases remaining the same. However eukaryotic transcription is more complex indicating the changes transcription has undergone towards perfection during evolution.
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
DNA Replication In Eukaryotes (Bsc.Zoology)DebaPrakash2
This Slide Is explanation of Mechanism of DNA Replication In Eukaryotes.
As we know we all have DNA as the genetic material and So we should know how this DNA getting Duplicated so that it'll pass to daughter cells.
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica.- Source: Wikipedia
Presentation through schematic diagram on the theme of Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. The flow of information and animation is also given for better understanding.
it describes transcription with simple diagram and animation. its steps and inhibitors are described for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. it will be easily understood by UG students . post transcriptional modification of all the RNA are also described with diagrams.
Transcription in eukaryotes: A brief view
Transcription is the process by which single stranded RNA is synthesized by double stranded DNA. Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes has many similarities while at the same time both showing their individual characteristics due to the differences in organization. RNA Polymerase (RNAP or RNA Pol) is different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Coupled transcription is seen in prokaryotes but not in Eukaryotes. In eukaryotes the pre-RNA should be spliced first to be translated.
In Eukaryotic transcription, synthesis of RNA occurs in the 3’→5’ direction. The 3’ end is more reactive due to the hydroxide group. 5’ end containing phosphate groups meanwhile, is not very reactive when it comes to adding new nucleotides. In Eukaryotes, the whole genome is not transcribed at once. Only a part of the genome is transcribed which also acts as the first, principle stage of genetic regulation.
Eukaryotes have five nuclear polymerases:
• RNA Polymerase I: This produces rRNA (23S, 5.8S, and 18S) which are the major components in a ribosome. This also produces pre-rRNA in yeasts.
• RNA Polymerase II: Helps in the production of mRNA (messenger RNA), snRNA (small, nuclear RNA), miRNA. This is the most studied type and requires several transcription factors for its binding
• RNA Polymerase III: This synthesizes tRNA (transfer RNA), 5S rRNA and other small RNAs required in the cytosol and nucleus.
• RNA Polymerase IV: Synthesizes siRNA (small interfering RNA) in plants.
• RNA Polymerase V: This is the least studied polymerase and synthesizes siRNA-directed heterochromatin in plants.
Eukaryotic transcription can be broadly divided into 4 stages:
• Pre-Initiation
• Initiation
• Elongation
• Termination
Transcription is an elaborate process which cells use to copy the genetic information stored in DNA into RNA. This pre-RNA is modified into mRNA before being transcribed to proteins. Transcription is the first step to utilizing the genetic information in a cell. Both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes employ this process with the basic phases remaining the same. However eukaryotic transcription is more complex indicating the changes transcription has undergone towards perfection during evolution.
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
DNA Replication In Eukaryotes (Bsc.Zoology)DebaPrakash2
This Slide Is explanation of Mechanism of DNA Replication In Eukaryotes.
As we know we all have DNA as the genetic material and So we should know how this DNA getting Duplicated so that it'll pass to daughter cells.
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica.- Source: Wikipedia
Presentation through schematic diagram on the theme of Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. The flow of information and animation is also given for better understanding.
it describes transcription with simple diagram and animation. its steps and inhibitors are described for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. it will be easily understood by UG students . post transcriptional modification of all the RNA are also described with diagrams.
slide 2 central dogma
slide 3 key molecules used in translation
slide 4,5,6,7 all the key molcules with detail explanation
slide 8 phases of translation
slide 9 initiation and its process
slide 10 explanation initiation
slide 11 elongation and translocation
slide 12 process and steps of elongation and tRNA recharge in detail
slide 13 termination and its stages.
slide 14 diagrammatic representation of all the steps of termination with discrption
slide 15 thank you
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2. 2
What is Translation ?
Translation is a process through which
cellular ribosomes manufacture proteins
by decoding messenger RNA (mRNA)
produced by transcripition to produce a
specific amino acid chain, or a
polypeptide, that will later fold into an
active protein.
3. 3
-Where does translation of nucleotids
messages into protein takes place?
-What are the tools of translation ?
-What are the steps of translation ?
-What are the difference between tRNA,
rRNA and mRNA ?
5. 5
1-Ribosome:
Tools of Translation:
The ribosome is a large and complex molecular machine, found
within all living cells, that serves as the primary site of
translation. Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order
specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.
6. 6
2-tRNA (Transfer RNA):
A Transfer RNA is an adapter
molecule composed of RNA,
typically 73 to 94 nucleotides
in length, that serves as the
physical link between the
nucleotide sequence of
nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
and the amino acid sequence
of proteins. It does this by
carrying an amino acid to the
protein synthetic machinery of
a cell (ribosome) as directed
by a three-nucleotide
sequence (codon) in a
messenger RNA (mRNA).
8. 04/27/15
4-Energy in the form of ATP
• ATP is the energy made by the body
through converting sugars, also it is
the currency for cells ,they use it for
energy to carry out all functions.
9. 04/27/15
Some definitions :
- Codon: is a triplet of nucleotides in
mRNA.
- Anti-codon: is a triplet of nucleotides
in tRNA which is complementary to
the codon on mRNA.
-
10. 04/27/15
What are the difference between tRNA,
rRNA and mRNA ?
• The difference is the jobs they have. mRNA
stands for messenger RNA, it takes the
information of the DNA from the nucleus to
the ribosomes. tRNA stands for transfer RNA,
it adds one link to a growing polypeptide
chain during translation. rRNA stands for
ribosomal RNA, it is the main component of
ribosomes, and plays a large part in the
creation of new proteins.
12. 12
First: Intiation
1st
Ribosome randomely attaches to mRNA.
2nd
When it reaches the start codon(AUG), a
specific tRNA carrying anticodon (UAG) on one
side and Methionine on the other, enters site P
in order to start translation.
13. 04/27/15
Second: Elongation
1st
Another tRNA with a sepcific amino acid comes
and occupies site A.
2nd
The amino acid in site A is connected to that in
site P with a peptide bond.
3rd
The ribosome advance one codon, thus moving
the tRNA in site A to site P, and the tRNA in site P to
the cytoplasm through site E, separating it from its
aminoacid..
14. 04/27/15
Third: Termination2nd
The first amino acid of the polypeptide
(methionine) detaches and leaves to the cytoplasm.
1st
When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, a
release factor enters site A to stop elongation.
3rd
The tRNA in site P leaves the ribosome to the
cytoplasm after it is separated from the amino acid
of the peptide chain.
4th
The two subunits of the ribosome are separated.5th
The peptide chain leaves to the cytoplasm.
