Prostaglanden feb (2014)
โข
5 likesโข1,226 views
The document discusses eicosanoids, which are signaling substances derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from cell membranes by phospholipase A2 and is then metabolized via either the cyclooxygenase pathway to form prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxanes, or the lipoxygenase pathway to produce leukotrienes. These lipid mediators influence numerous physiological processes including inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, blood coagulation and reproduction. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway while zileuton blocks the lipoxygenase pathway.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Assimilation of nitrogen with reference to ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatine...
Assimilation of nitrogen with reference to ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatine...Bharathiar university
The document discusses nitrogen assimilation and the formation of nitrogenous waste products in the body. Key points include: (1) Nitrogen is incorporated into organic compounds through transamination and deamination reactions, (2) The urea cycle converts ammonia into urea which is excreted in urine to maintain nitrogen balance, (3) Other nitrogenous wastes excreted include uric acid, creatine, and creatinine, which are formed through different metabolic pathways. Maintaining nitrogen balance through excretion of these wastes is essential for all living organisms.ย
Nitrogenous waste, enogenous chemical
This document discusses nitrogenous waste and endogenous chemicals in fish tissues. It explains that nitrogenous wastes are synthesized from excess amino acids and must be excreted. The three main types of nitrogenous waste used by vertebrates are ammonia, urea, and uric acid. Endogenous chemicals in fish tissues include fatty acids and eicosanoids. Fatty acids are precursors for eicosanoids, which have many physiological functions. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Resolution of the Phytanic Acid ํผ-Oxidation pathway: Identification of Prista...
Resolution of the Phytanic Acid ํผ-Oxidation pathway: Identification of Prista...andyheomoiandyheomoi
Resolution of the Phytanic Acid ํผ-Oxidation pathway: Identification of Pristanal as product of the decarboxylation of 2-Hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA ย
Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation
This document summarizes the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. It describes the precursors and reactions involved in synthesizing the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose phosphate to form the pyrimidine nucleotides CMP, UMP and TMP. It also discusses the conversion of UDP to CTP and dTMP, the regulation of pyrimidine synthesis, salvage pathways, catabolism of pyrimidines, and the genetic disorder orotic aciduria caused by a defect in the enzyme UMP synthase.
Metabolism of odd chain fatty acids
The document discusses fatty acid metabolism. It notes that even-numbered chain fatty acids are most common, found in lipids like palmitic acid and oleic acid. Odd-numbered chain fatty acids are rare, found in some plants and marine organisms. Ruminant animals get most calories from acetate and propionate produced by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates. Propionate can also be produced from amino acid oxidation. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria generates energy in the form of ATP. Genetic defects like propionic acidemia and methylmalonic acidemia can occur if enzymes involved in these pathways are mutated.
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis
1. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate. Purines and pyrimidines are synthesized via de novo or salvage pathways to form nucleotides.
2. Purine synthesis occurs in multiple steps starting from PRPP, with the purine ring built step-by-step. Pyrimidine synthesis involves first forming the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose-5-phosphate.
3. Errors in purine synthesis can cause diseases like gout, which results from excess uric acid in the blood due to defects in purine metabolism or uric acid excretion. Several drugs target purine synthesis
Pyrimidine pdf
This document summarizes pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism. Pyrimidine synthesis involves multiple steps including formation of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine and bicarbonate, condensation with aspartate, ring closure, transfer of ribose phosphate, decarboxylation and phosphorylation to form UMP. UMP is further converted to UDP, UTP, CTP and TMP. Pyrimidines can also be synthesized through a salvage pathway. The synthesis is regulated by feedback inhibition of key enzymes by end products. Disorders include orotic aciduria due to deficiencies in the pyrimidine synthesis pathway and Reye's syndrome which involves secondary orotic aciduria.
Beta oxidation of fatty acids.
Palmitic acid is converted to palmityl CoA by palmityl CoA synthetase in an ATP-dependent reaction. Palmityl CoA then enters the mitochondria by forming palmityl carnitine which is converted back to palmityl CoA. Palmityl CoA then undergoes a series of reactions of beta-oxidation where it is dehydrogenated, hydrated, dehydrogenated again and cleaved to produce acetyl CoA and myristoyl CoA, representing one cycle of fatty acid oxidation.
Recommended
Assimilation of nitrogen with reference to ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatine...
Assimilation of nitrogen with reference to ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatine...Bharathiar university
The document discusses nitrogen assimilation and the formation of nitrogenous waste products in the body. Key points include: (1) Nitrogen is incorporated into organic compounds through transamination and deamination reactions, (2) The urea cycle converts ammonia into urea which is excreted in urine to maintain nitrogen balance, (3) Other nitrogenous wastes excreted include uric acid, creatine, and creatinine, which are formed through different metabolic pathways. Maintaining nitrogen balance through excretion of these wastes is essential for all living organisms.ย
Nitrogenous waste, enogenous chemical
This document discusses nitrogenous waste and endogenous chemicals in fish tissues. It explains that nitrogenous wastes are synthesized from excess amino acids and must be excreted. The three main types of nitrogenous waste used by vertebrates are ammonia, urea, and uric acid. Endogenous chemicals in fish tissues include fatty acids and eicosanoids. Fatty acids are precursors for eicosanoids, which have many physiological functions. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Resolution of the Phytanic Acid ํผ-Oxidation pathway: Identification of Prista...
Resolution of the Phytanic Acid ํผ-Oxidation pathway: Identification of Prista...andyheomoiandyheomoi
Resolution of the Phytanic Acid ํผ-Oxidation pathway: Identification of Pristanal as product of the decarboxylation of 2-Hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA ย
Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation
This document summarizes the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. It describes the precursors and reactions involved in synthesizing the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose phosphate to form the pyrimidine nucleotides CMP, UMP and TMP. It also discusses the conversion of UDP to CTP and dTMP, the regulation of pyrimidine synthesis, salvage pathways, catabolism of pyrimidines, and the genetic disorder orotic aciduria caused by a defect in the enzyme UMP synthase.
Metabolism of odd chain fatty acids
The document discusses fatty acid metabolism. It notes that even-numbered chain fatty acids are most common, found in lipids like palmitic acid and oleic acid. Odd-numbered chain fatty acids are rare, found in some plants and marine organisms. Ruminant animals get most calories from acetate and propionate produced by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates. Propionate can also be produced from amino acid oxidation. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria generates energy in the form of ATP. Genetic defects like propionic acidemia and methylmalonic acidemia can occur if enzymes involved in these pathways are mutated.
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis
1. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate. Purines and pyrimidines are synthesized via de novo or salvage pathways to form nucleotides.
2. Purine synthesis occurs in multiple steps starting from PRPP, with the purine ring built step-by-step. Pyrimidine synthesis involves first forming the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose-5-phosphate.
3. Errors in purine synthesis can cause diseases like gout, which results from excess uric acid in the blood due to defects in purine metabolism or uric acid excretion. Several drugs target purine synthesis
Pyrimidine pdf
This document summarizes pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism. Pyrimidine synthesis involves multiple steps including formation of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine and bicarbonate, condensation with aspartate, ring closure, transfer of ribose phosphate, decarboxylation and phosphorylation to form UMP. UMP is further converted to UDP, UTP, CTP and TMP. Pyrimidines can also be synthesized through a salvage pathway. The synthesis is regulated by feedback inhibition of key enzymes by end products. Disorders include orotic aciduria due to deficiencies in the pyrimidine synthesis pathway and Reye's syndrome which involves secondary orotic aciduria.
Beta oxidation of fatty acids.
Palmitic acid is converted to palmityl CoA by palmityl CoA synthetase in an ATP-dependent reaction. Palmityl CoA then enters the mitochondria by forming palmityl carnitine which is converted back to palmityl CoA. Palmityl CoA then undergoes a series of reactions of beta-oxidation where it is dehydrogenated, hydrated, dehydrogenated again and cleaved to produce acetyl CoA and myristoyl CoA, representing one cycle of fatty acid oxidation.
Fatty acids
Fatty acids are an important component of lipids and contain a carboxyl group and an alkyl group. They are classified based on carbon chain length and saturation. Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds while unsaturated contain one or more double bonds. Short chain fatty acids have 1-12 carbons, moderate 13-18 carbons, and long chain 19 or more carbons. Unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic and linolenic acids are essential as humans cannot synthesize them. Fatty acids are prepared by hydrolysis of esters with steam or alkali. Physical properties depend on chain length and saturation, with longer or more saturated fatty acids having higher melting points and less solubility.
Pufa 2 ppt2 (6)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important dietary and metabolic components. PUFAs can be synthesized in the body through a series of desaturation and elongation steps. Key PUFAs include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. PUFAs play roles in membrane structure and function, energy metabolism, and act as precursors to bioactive lipid mediators like eicosanoids and docosanoids. PUFA intake is associated with cardiovascular and other health benefits.
Engineering fatty acid biosynthesis
Triacylglycerols produced by plants are one of the most energy-rich and abundant forms of reduced carbon available from nature. Given their chemical similarities, plant oils represent a logical substitute for conventional diesel, a non-renewable energy source. However, as plant oils are too viscous for use in modern diesel engines, they are converted to fatty acid esters. Apart from seed oil vegetative tissue is potential source as bio mass for biofuel production, taking 15 tonnes per hectare as an average dry matter yield for a perennial grass, an oil content of 20โ 25% by weight will produce about 3400 l of biodiesel (Heaton et al., 2004). There is growing interest in engineering green biomass to expand the production of plant oils as feed and biofuels. Here, we show that PHOSPHOLIPID: DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (PDAT1) is a critical enzyme involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in leaves. Overexpression of PDAT1 increases leaf TAG accumulation, leading to oil droplet overexpansion through fusion. Ectopic expression of oleosin promotes the clustering of small oil droplets. Coexpression of PDAT1 with oleosin boosts leaf TAG content by up to 6.4% of the dry weight without affecting membrane lipid composition and plant growth. PDAT1 overexpression stimulates fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and increases fatty acid flux toward the prokaryotic glycerolipid pathway (Julian at al..2013). First, an Arabidopsis thaliana gene diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) coding for a key enzyme in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, was expressed in tobacco under the control of a strong ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase small subunit promoter. This modification led to up to a 20-fold increase in TAG accumulation in tobacco leaves and translated into an overall of about a twofold increase in extracted fatty acids (FA) up to 5.8% of dry biomass in Nicotiana tabacum cv Wisconsin, and up to 6% in high-sugar tobacco variety NC-55 ( Andrianovet al 2010). Therefore Biotechnology has important and perhaps critical part to play in large-scale development of Biodiesel.
Disorders of pyrimidine metabolism
This document discusses disorders of pyrimidine metabolism. It provides an overview of pyrimidine synthesis pathways including de novo and salvage pathways. It describes one specific disorder, hereditary orotic aciduria, which is caused by a defect in UMP synthetase, resulting in excess orotic acid excretion. Treatment involves supplementing with UMP, which downregulates the pathway via feedback inhibition. The document contrasts pyrimidine and purine synthesis, regulation, catabolism, and salvage pathways.
Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM,DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PURINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PURINE, DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PYRIMIDINE, GOUT, HYPERURICEMIA, LESCH-NYAN SYNDROME, OROTIC ACIDURIA
Metabolism of ammonia
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Ammonia for MBBS, BDS ,B.Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self study.
Pyrimidine pdf converted
1. Pyrimidine nucleotides are synthesized through a simpler process than purines, using aspartate, glutamine and CO2 to form the pyrimidine ring.
2. The ring is first synthesized and then attached to ribose-5-phosphate, unlike purines which are built upon pre-existing ribose-5-phosphate.
3. Uridine monophosphate (UMP) is the first true pyrimidine ribonucleotide formed through a series of reactions, and is later phosphorylated to form other pyrimidine nucleotides.
Ammonia metabolism
Ammonia is produced through the metabolism of amino acids and nitrogenous compounds and exists as NH4+ ions at physiological pH. It is transported and stored as glutamine, which can be converted back to ammonia and glutamate. The liver plays a key role in ammonia disposal through the urea cycle, where ammonia and aspartate are converted to urea and fumarate in a 5-step process. Elevated ammonia is toxic and can cause neurological issues if not properly eliminated as urea through the kidneys. Genetic defects in the urea cycle can lead to hyperammonemia.
Fatty Acids
The document discusses fatty acids, which play key roles in metabolism as an energy source, membrane component, and gene regulator. Fatty acids have industrial uses as well. The document provides an overview of fatty acid structure, including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated forms. It discusses the major fatty acids found in animals, plants and microorganisms, as well as the properties and roles of fatty acids in human nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and personal hygiene products.
PYRIMIDINE DEGRADATION & DISORDERS
The document summarizes pyrimidine nucleotide degradation and the salvage pathway. It also describes orotic aciduria, a rare metabolic disorder characterized by orotic acid in urine, anemia, and stunted growth. Orotic aciduria can be caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in pyrimidine synthesis or a defect in the urea cycle enzyme ornithine transcarbamoylase, which diverts carbamoyl phosphate to increased orotic acid synthesis. The condition can be treated by supplementing with cytidine or uridine.
Lipid metabolism
Fatty acids can be liberated by simple hydrolysis of the ester bonds in triglycerides, but the insolubility of the triglycerides presents a problem; digestion occurs following dispersion of dietary fat into small particles with sufficiently exposed surface area for rapid attack by digestive enzymes. This is achieved by detergent action and mechanical mixing, with the detergent effect being supplied by several components, both in the diet and in the digestive juices, but especially by partially digested fats (fatty acid soaps and monacylglycerols) and by bile salts. (Cholic Acid)
Biochem pt2
- DNA is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. It takes the form of a double helix with the bases pairing across the strands.
- DNA carries genetic information and can be replicated using its base-pairing properties. It is found within chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
- Chromosomes package long DNA molecules into a compact structure using associated proteins like histones. This allows the DNA to fit within the nucleus.
Presentation2
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin found widely in both plant and animal foods. It plays an important role in the body as a component of coenzyme A, which is involved in numerous vital chemical reactions related to energy production and fatty acid synthesis. Symptoms of deficiency are rare but can include burning sensations in the feet and fatigue. Good dietary sources include oats, legumes, mushrooms, nuts and avocados. Pantothenic acid supports metabolism, hemoglobin formation, and wound healing and may help reduce arthritis pain and stress.
Urea cycle
1. The urea cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions that occurs primarily in the liver to convert toxic ammonia produced from amino acid catabolism into urea for excretion.
2. The cycle involves five principal reactions: carbamoyl phosphate synthesis, citrulline synthesis, argininosuccinate synthesis, argininosuccinate cleavage, and arginine cleavage into ornithine and urea.
3. The urea cycle serves two major biological roles - detoxification of ammonia into urea and biosynthesis of the amino acid arginine from ornithine in tissues like liver, kidney, and intestine.
Mscdfsm lipid metabolism
medicalโ #studentsโ #doctorsโ #foodandnutritionโ #nursesโ #NEETโ #PCMโ #doctorsโ #nutritioneducationโ #mscdfsmโ #dieticianโ #nationaldieticiansโ #RDโ #REGISTEREDโ #DIETICIANSโ
#NUTRITIONISTโ #INTERNATIONALโ DIETICIANS
This content is made for all student of medical ,nutrition ,doctors ,zoology ,chemistry ,medical who are still preparing for examination .feel free to give suggestion.
PYRIMIDINE SYNTHESIS
The document summarizes the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in three steps. First, carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate condense to form carbamoyl aspartate. Second, the pyrimidine ring forms and is further modified through a series of reactions to eventually form orotidine monophosphate. Third, OMP undergoes reactions to form the pyrimidine nucleotides UMP, UDP, UTP, CTP, and through additional steps, dUMP and dTMP. Key enzymes involved include carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, aspartate transcarbamoylase, and OMP decarboxylase. Feedback inhibition regulates the process.
Individual path of aminoacids
This document discusses ammonia and amino acid metabolism. It outlines four ways that ammonia is formed in the body, including from the breakdown of amino acids and proteins. Ammonia is toxic and must be removed from the body. Terrestrial vertebrates synthesize urea or uric acid to remove ammonia. The liver plays a key role in converting ammonia to urea through the urea cycle. The document also discusses how amino acids are transported from tissues to the liver and the roles of the alanine and glutamine cycles.
Metabolism of nucleotides new
1. The document summarizes purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism, including the de novo and salvage pathways of purine biosynthesis, regulation of purine synthesis, conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, degradation of purines to uric acid, and disorders of purine metabolism like hyperuricemia, gout, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
2. Key aspects of purine synthesis covered include the formation of IMP from PRPP as the first purine nucleotide, and the subsequent generation of AMP and GMP from IMP. Degradation of purines culminates in the production of uric acid as the final product in humans.
3. Disorders discussed arise
Lipogenesis(denovo synthesis of fatty acidds)
This document summarizes fatty acid synthesis. Key points include:
- Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and is initiated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA.
- A fatty acid synthase complex containing multiple enzymatic domains then catalyzes the steps of fatty acid elongation using malonyl-CoA, culminating in the formation of palmitic acid.
- The process is regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon through effects on the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Fatty acids profile
This document summarizes a study conducted by Dr. Sapna Johnson and Dr. Nirmali Saikia at the Centre for Science and Environment in India on the fatty acid profiles of commonly consumed edible oils and fats in India. The study aimed to determine the saturated, unsaturated, and trans fatty acid content of refined edible oils, vanaspati, ghee and butter samples using gas chromatography. The document provides background on fats and oils, fatty acids, essential fatty acids, the edible oil industry in India, hydrogenation and trans fats, and health risks of trans fats. It also describes the materials and methods used in the study as well as presents and discusses the results.
Eocosanoids
Eicosanoids are physiologically active substances derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and others. Arachidonic acid is the most prevalent eicosanoid precursor in humans. Eicosanoids are produced by almost all mammalian cells and act as local messengers. They have diverse roles including inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, and reproductive functions. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit eicosanoid production.
Alergi dan hipersensitivitas
Paragraf pertama menjelaskan definisi alergi dan hipersensitivitas sebagai reaksi sistem imun terhadap antigen yang tidak berbahaya. Paragraf berikutnya menjelaskan empat tipe reaksi hipersensitif yang melibatkan berbagai jenis sel dan antibodi. Dokumen ini membahas mekanisme produksi IgE dan peran IgE dalam reaksi alergi serta kriteria protein yang berperan sebagai alergen.
More Related Content
What's hot
Fatty acids
Fatty acids are an important component of lipids and contain a carboxyl group and an alkyl group. They are classified based on carbon chain length and saturation. Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds while unsaturated contain one or more double bonds. Short chain fatty acids have 1-12 carbons, moderate 13-18 carbons, and long chain 19 or more carbons. Unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic and linolenic acids are essential as humans cannot synthesize them. Fatty acids are prepared by hydrolysis of esters with steam or alkali. Physical properties depend on chain length and saturation, with longer or more saturated fatty acids having higher melting points and less solubility.
Pufa 2 ppt2 (6)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important dietary and metabolic components. PUFAs can be synthesized in the body through a series of desaturation and elongation steps. Key PUFAs include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. PUFAs play roles in membrane structure and function, energy metabolism, and act as precursors to bioactive lipid mediators like eicosanoids and docosanoids. PUFA intake is associated with cardiovascular and other health benefits.
Engineering fatty acid biosynthesis
Triacylglycerols produced by plants are one of the most energy-rich and abundant forms of reduced carbon available from nature. Given their chemical similarities, plant oils represent a logical substitute for conventional diesel, a non-renewable energy source. However, as plant oils are too viscous for use in modern diesel engines, they are converted to fatty acid esters. Apart from seed oil vegetative tissue is potential source as bio mass for biofuel production, taking 15 tonnes per hectare as an average dry matter yield for a perennial grass, an oil content of 20โ 25% by weight will produce about 3400 l of biodiesel (Heaton et al., 2004). There is growing interest in engineering green biomass to expand the production of plant oils as feed and biofuels. Here, we show that PHOSPHOLIPID: DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (PDAT1) is a critical enzyme involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in leaves. Overexpression of PDAT1 increases leaf TAG accumulation, leading to oil droplet overexpansion through fusion. Ectopic expression of oleosin promotes the clustering of small oil droplets. Coexpression of PDAT1 with oleosin boosts leaf TAG content by up to 6.4% of the dry weight without affecting membrane lipid composition and plant growth. PDAT1 overexpression stimulates fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and increases fatty acid flux toward the prokaryotic glycerolipid pathway (Julian at al..2013). First, an Arabidopsis thaliana gene diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) coding for a key enzyme in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, was expressed in tobacco under the control of a strong ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase small subunit promoter. This modification led to up to a 20-fold increase in TAG accumulation in tobacco leaves and translated into an overall of about a twofold increase in extracted fatty acids (FA) up to 5.8% of dry biomass in Nicotiana tabacum cv Wisconsin, and up to 6% in high-sugar tobacco variety NC-55 ( Andrianovet al 2010). Therefore Biotechnology has important and perhaps critical part to play in large-scale development of Biodiesel.
Disorders of pyrimidine metabolism
This document discusses disorders of pyrimidine metabolism. It provides an overview of pyrimidine synthesis pathways including de novo and salvage pathways. It describes one specific disorder, hereditary orotic aciduria, which is caused by a defect in UMP synthetase, resulting in excess orotic acid excretion. Treatment involves supplementing with UMP, which downregulates the pathway via feedback inhibition. The document contrasts pyrimidine and purine synthesis, regulation, catabolism, and salvage pathways.
Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM,DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PURINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PURINE, DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PYRIMIDINE, GOUT, HYPERURICEMIA, LESCH-NYAN SYNDROME, OROTIC ACIDURIA
Metabolism of ammonia
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Ammonia for MBBS, BDS ,B.Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self study.
Pyrimidine pdf converted
1. Pyrimidine nucleotides are synthesized through a simpler process than purines, using aspartate, glutamine and CO2 to form the pyrimidine ring.
2. The ring is first synthesized and then attached to ribose-5-phosphate, unlike purines which are built upon pre-existing ribose-5-phosphate.
3. Uridine monophosphate (UMP) is the first true pyrimidine ribonucleotide formed through a series of reactions, and is later phosphorylated to form other pyrimidine nucleotides.
Ammonia metabolism
Ammonia is produced through the metabolism of amino acids and nitrogenous compounds and exists as NH4+ ions at physiological pH. It is transported and stored as glutamine, which can be converted back to ammonia and glutamate. The liver plays a key role in ammonia disposal through the urea cycle, where ammonia and aspartate are converted to urea and fumarate in a 5-step process. Elevated ammonia is toxic and can cause neurological issues if not properly eliminated as urea through the kidneys. Genetic defects in the urea cycle can lead to hyperammonemia.
Fatty Acids
The document discusses fatty acids, which play key roles in metabolism as an energy source, membrane component, and gene regulator. Fatty acids have industrial uses as well. The document provides an overview of fatty acid structure, including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated forms. It discusses the major fatty acids found in animals, plants and microorganisms, as well as the properties and roles of fatty acids in human nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and personal hygiene products.
PYRIMIDINE DEGRADATION & DISORDERS
The document summarizes pyrimidine nucleotide degradation and the salvage pathway. It also describes orotic aciduria, a rare metabolic disorder characterized by orotic acid in urine, anemia, and stunted growth. Orotic aciduria can be caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in pyrimidine synthesis or a defect in the urea cycle enzyme ornithine transcarbamoylase, which diverts carbamoyl phosphate to increased orotic acid synthesis. The condition can be treated by supplementing with cytidine or uridine.
Lipid metabolism
Fatty acids can be liberated by simple hydrolysis of the ester bonds in triglycerides, but the insolubility of the triglycerides presents a problem; digestion occurs following dispersion of dietary fat into small particles with sufficiently exposed surface area for rapid attack by digestive enzymes. This is achieved by detergent action and mechanical mixing, with the detergent effect being supplied by several components, both in the diet and in the digestive juices, but especially by partially digested fats (fatty acid soaps and monacylglycerols) and by bile salts. (Cholic Acid)
Biochem pt2
- DNA is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. It takes the form of a double helix with the bases pairing across the strands.
- DNA carries genetic information and can be replicated using its base-pairing properties. It is found within chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
- Chromosomes package long DNA molecules into a compact structure using associated proteins like histones. This allows the DNA to fit within the nucleus.
Presentation2
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin found widely in both plant and animal foods. It plays an important role in the body as a component of coenzyme A, which is involved in numerous vital chemical reactions related to energy production and fatty acid synthesis. Symptoms of deficiency are rare but can include burning sensations in the feet and fatigue. Good dietary sources include oats, legumes, mushrooms, nuts and avocados. Pantothenic acid supports metabolism, hemoglobin formation, and wound healing and may help reduce arthritis pain and stress.
Urea cycle
1. The urea cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions that occurs primarily in the liver to convert toxic ammonia produced from amino acid catabolism into urea for excretion.
2. The cycle involves five principal reactions: carbamoyl phosphate synthesis, citrulline synthesis, argininosuccinate synthesis, argininosuccinate cleavage, and arginine cleavage into ornithine and urea.
3. The urea cycle serves two major biological roles - detoxification of ammonia into urea and biosynthesis of the amino acid arginine from ornithine in tissues like liver, kidney, and intestine.
Mscdfsm lipid metabolism
medicalโ #studentsโ #doctorsโ #foodandnutritionโ #nursesโ #NEETโ #PCMโ #doctorsโ #nutritioneducationโ #mscdfsmโ #dieticianโ #nationaldieticiansโ #RDโ #REGISTEREDโ #DIETICIANSโ
#NUTRITIONISTโ #INTERNATIONALโ DIETICIANS
This content is made for all student of medical ,nutrition ,doctors ,zoology ,chemistry ,medical who are still preparing for examination .feel free to give suggestion.
PYRIMIDINE SYNTHESIS
The document summarizes the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in three steps. First, carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate condense to form carbamoyl aspartate. Second, the pyrimidine ring forms and is further modified through a series of reactions to eventually form orotidine monophosphate. Third, OMP undergoes reactions to form the pyrimidine nucleotides UMP, UDP, UTP, CTP, and through additional steps, dUMP and dTMP. Key enzymes involved include carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, aspartate transcarbamoylase, and OMP decarboxylase. Feedback inhibition regulates the process.
Individual path of aminoacids
This document discusses ammonia and amino acid metabolism. It outlines four ways that ammonia is formed in the body, including from the breakdown of amino acids and proteins. Ammonia is toxic and must be removed from the body. Terrestrial vertebrates synthesize urea or uric acid to remove ammonia. The liver plays a key role in converting ammonia to urea through the urea cycle. The document also discusses how amino acids are transported from tissues to the liver and the roles of the alanine and glutamine cycles.
Metabolism of nucleotides new
1. The document summarizes purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism, including the de novo and salvage pathways of purine biosynthesis, regulation of purine synthesis, conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, degradation of purines to uric acid, and disorders of purine metabolism like hyperuricemia, gout, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
2. Key aspects of purine synthesis covered include the formation of IMP from PRPP as the first purine nucleotide, and the subsequent generation of AMP and GMP from IMP. Degradation of purines culminates in the production of uric acid as the final product in humans.
3. Disorders discussed arise
Lipogenesis(denovo synthesis of fatty acidds)
This document summarizes fatty acid synthesis. Key points include:
- Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and is initiated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA.
- A fatty acid synthase complex containing multiple enzymatic domains then catalyzes the steps of fatty acid elongation using malonyl-CoA, culminating in the formation of palmitic acid.
- The process is regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon through effects on the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Fatty acids profile
This document summarizes a study conducted by Dr. Sapna Johnson and Dr. Nirmali Saikia at the Centre for Science and Environment in India on the fatty acid profiles of commonly consumed edible oils and fats in India. The study aimed to determine the saturated, unsaturated, and trans fatty acid content of refined edible oils, vanaspati, ghee and butter samples using gas chromatography. The document provides background on fats and oils, fatty acids, essential fatty acids, the edible oil industry in India, hydrogenation and trans fats, and health risks of trans fats. It also describes the materials and methods used in the study as well as presents and discusses the results.
What's hot (20)
Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)
Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)
ย
Viewers also liked
Eocosanoids
Eicosanoids are physiologically active substances derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and others. Arachidonic acid is the most prevalent eicosanoid precursor in humans. Eicosanoids are produced by almost all mammalian cells and act as local messengers. They have diverse roles including inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, and reproductive functions. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit eicosanoid production.
Alergi dan hipersensitivitas
Paragraf pertama menjelaskan definisi alergi dan hipersensitivitas sebagai reaksi sistem imun terhadap antigen yang tidak berbahaya. Paragraf berikutnya menjelaskan empat tipe reaksi hipersensitif yang melibatkan berbagai jenis sel dan antibodi. Dokumen ini membahas mekanisme produksi IgE dan peran IgE dalam reaksi alergi serta kriteria protein yang berperan sebagai alergen.
Prostaglandins by Dr. Ashok kumar j
Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that have diverse physiological effects in the body. They are synthesized from membrane phospholipids containing arachidonic acid. The main prostaglandins produced in the body are prostaglandin D2, E2, F2, I2, and thromboxane A2. Prostaglandins function through G-protein coupled receptors and have very short half-lives. They are involved in processes like vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, and modulation of uterine contractions and gastric acid secretion.
Lscs and Vbac
This document discusses caesarean sections and vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC). It outlines the most common indications for caesarean section including previous c-section, dystocia, fetal distress, and breech presentation. It describes the procedure for a lower segment caesarean section and complications that can occur. Finally, it provides guidance on criteria for trial of vaginal delivery and management of a VBAC.
Pharmacology of Eicosanoid
Pharmacological actions and histopathological actions of prostaglandins thromboxanes and leukotrienes
New style prostaglandins
The document discusses the therapeutic uses of prostaglandins. It describes how prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid via various pathways, including the cyclooxygenase pathway which generates prostaglandins. Prostaglandins have various effects in the female reproductive system, with PGF2ฮฑ and PGE2 promoting uterine contractions and cervical ripening, making prostaglandin analogs useful for inducing labor and abortions.
Lower segment ceasarean section(lscs)
Lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) is a surgical procedure where the fetus is delivered through an incision made in the lower segment of the uterus after 28 weeks of pregnancy. It is indicated when vaginal delivery is not possible due to issues like placenta previa, cephalopelvic disproportion, or fetal distress. The operation involves making incisions through the abdominal wall, uterus, and membranes to deliver the baby and placenta, followed by suturing of the uterine and abdominal layers. Post-operative care includes monitoring for uterine contractions, fluid replacement, and removal of stitches after 5-6 days.
LOWER SEGMENT CAESERIAN SECTION (LSCS)
Pengenalan asas mengenai LOWER SEGMENT CAESERIAN SECTION (LSCS)
Prostaglandins & leukotrienes
This document discusses prostaglandins and leukotrienes, local hormones derived from arachidonic acid that have many functions in the body. It describes their biosynthesis pathways through cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, and the actions of specific prostaglandins and leukotrienes in processes like inflammation, smooth muscle tone, blood coagulation, and reproduction. The document also outlines their roles in conditions like peptic ulcers, glaucoma, erectile dysfunction, and pulmonary issues. Prostaglandin preparations are used for therapeutic abortion, cervical ripening, postpartum hemorrhage, and various ulcer and eye conditions. Side effects can include vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
PROSTAGLANDINS
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins are collectively known as eicosanoids. They are derived from arachidonic acid and contain 20 carbons. Prostaglandins differ in their structures based on substituent groups and double bonds on their cyclopentane rings. Arachidonic acid is oxidized and cyclized to produce prostaglandin precursors. These eicosanoids act as local hormones and are involved in various physiological processes like inflammation, reproduction, gastric secretion, blood pressure regulation, and immunity. They have diverse roles and regulating pain, fever, respiration, metabolism, and platelet aggregation.
Eicosanoids chemistry and functions- a brief review
Prostaglandins and related compounds called eicosanoids are produced from arachidonic acid. They are classified into two main groups - prostanoids and leukotrienes/lipoxins. Prostanoids include prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes which are involved in platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Leukotrienes regulate inflammation and anaphylaxis. Prostaglandins act locally rather than distantly, are produced on demand, and are involved in processes like inflammation, fever, vomiting, and uterine contraction. They are inhibited by steroids and NSAIDs like aspirin which are used for pain
EICOSANOIDS
A Powerpoint presentation on the basics of Eicosanoids which includes Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (LTs) ad Platelete Activating Factors (PAF) suitable for Undergraduate level Medical students.
Prostaglandins
The document discusses prostaglandins, including their classification, biosynthesis, physiological effects, and inhibitors. It summarizes a 1971 study that discovered the mechanism of action of aspirin and other NSAIDs. The study found that incubating guinea pig lung tissue with arachidonic acid leads to increased production of prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2ฮฑ over time. Aspirin, indomethacin, and sodium salicylate were shown to inhibit this prostaglandin production in a dose-dependent manner. This established that aspirin-like drugs work by inhibiting the enzyme that synthesizes prostaglandins from arachidonic acid.
Caesarean section
The document discusses Caesarean section, including indications, types, procedure, complications, and mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies. A Caesarean section is a surgical procedure to deliver one or more babies through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. The rate of Caesarean sections has increased from 5% in 1970 to 25% in 1990 due to factors such as abandoning difficult procedures in favor of C-sections and increased use for breech births. Complications can include hemorrhage, infections, and injuries to the mother or baby.
Prostaglandinas
Las prostaglandinas son derivados de รกcidos grasos esenciales que actรบan como hormonas locales. Se sintetizan a partir del รกcido araquidรณnico por la enzima ciclooxigenasa y tienen diversos efectos como la regulaciรณn del parto, la menstruaciรณn y la inflamaciรณn. Algunas prostaglandinas causan contracciรณn del รบtero y broncoconstricciรณn, mientras que otras inducen relajaciรณn del mรบsculo liso y vasodilataciรณn.
Viewers also liked (15)
Eicosanoids chemistry and functions- a brief review
Eicosanoids chemistry and functions- a brief review
ย
Similar to Prostaglanden feb (2014)
ECOSANOIDS
Eicosanoids are oxygenation products of arachidonic acid (AA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal and plant cell membranes. AA is released from membranes by phospholipase A2 and metabolized via either the cyclooxygenase pathway to form prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxanes, or the lipoxygenase pathway to form leukotrienes. These eicosanoids are involved in various physiological functions including inflammation, smooth muscle tone, blood coagulation, reproduction, and GI secretion. Clinical applications of prostaglandins include female and male reproductive health, inflammation and immunity, gastrointestinal, respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, ocular health, and cancer.
12 lipids ii_-_eicosanoids__isoprenoids__steroids
This document summarizes key information about eicosanoids, isoprenoids, terpenes, and steroids. It discusses the structures and classifications of these lipid derivatives. Key points include: Eicosanoids are C20 fatty acid derivatives that act as local hormones. There are two major types: cyclic prostanoids and acyclic leukotrienes/lipoxins. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are examples of prostanoids. Isoprenoids are composed of isoprene units and include terpenes found in plants. Terpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units. Steroids are derived from squalene and cholesterol, and include hormones like progesterone,
Structural elucidation and isolation of glycoside, purine and flavanoids
Unit three of chemistry of natural products, consist of the method of extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of Glycoside(digoxin), Flavanoids( quercetin), Lignans( Podophyllotoxin), Purines (caffeine)
Eicosanoids; prostaglandins, prostacyclins, lipoxins, thromboxanes, leukotrie...
This document summarizes different classes of lipids, including eicosanoids, terpenoids, steroids, and phytosterols. It describes the structures and properties of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, terpenes, carotenoids, dolichol, coenzyme Q, cholesterol, bile acids, phytosterols like sitosterol and stigmasterol. Examples are provided of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and tetraterpenes. The roles of these lipids in biological processes and potential applications are briefly mentioned.
Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids are derived from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Prostaglandins function in vasodilation, inducing labor pains, regulating inflammation and cell growth. Thromboxanes are involved in blood clot formation and platelet activation. Leukotrienes contribute to pathologies like asthma and dementia by promoting inflammation and bronchoconstriction. The three classes of eicosanoids serve important physiological roles through their diverse functions.
PROSTAGLANDINS.pptx
Prostaglandins are eicosanoids containing a 20-carbon cyclopentane ring that are produced by cells and act as local hormones. They are produced from arachidonic acid through a cyclic pathway involving prostaglandin H2. Prostaglandins perform various functions like regulating blood pressure, inflammation, reproduction, and gastric secretion. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit prostaglandin production by blocking cyclooxygenase. Aspirin irreversibly acetylates cyclooxygenase, while ibuprofen blocks the channel for arachidonic acid entry.
Inflammation 5 ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLITES
Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids during tissue injury and converted by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways into eicosanoids like prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. These metabolites mediate inflammation by causing vasodilation, vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, platelet aggregation, and chemotaxis. They can mediate every step of the inflammatory process. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit cyclooxygenase to suppress inflammation and reduce pain and fever by blocking eicosanoid production. Zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, can treat bronchial asthma by preventing leukotriene-induced bronchoconstrict
Eicosanoids pptx.pptx
This document discusses arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism and its role in inflammation. AA is released from cell membranes by phospholipases and metabolized via three main pathways - cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 pathways - to produce eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes. These metabolites act as local hormones and signaling molecules to influence inflammation. The cyclooxygenase pathway generates prostaglandins and thromboxanes via COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The lipoxygenase pathway produces leukotrienes and lipoxins via LOX enzymes. These AA metabolites are involved in periodontal inflammation and destruction through their effects on cells like
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
The document summarizes a presentation on the chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes are oxygen metabolites of arachidonic acid that form a family of lipid substances with intrinsic biological activities. They are involved in processes like inflammation, platelet aggregation, and vascular homeostasis. The presentation covers their biosynthesis from arachidonic acid, sub-families, properties, and biologically important examples like prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, and leukotriene B4. It also discusses the enzymes and pathways involved in their synthesis.
c. Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes.pdf
Overview of Discussion-
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes (Eicosanoids)
Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Degradation
Prostanoid Receptors
Leukotriene Receptors
Functions of-
1) Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Prostacyclin
2) Leukotrienes
Uses
Side Effects
Eicosanoids mwisho.. For bettr understanding.pptx
The document discusses eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid that play roles in various physiological processes. There are three main types of eicosanoids: prostanoids, leukotrienes, and lipoxins. Prostanoids like prostaglandins and thromboxanes are derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway. Leukotrienes promote inflammation while lipoxins help resolve it. Eicosanoids act via specific receptors and are synthesized via cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes acting on arachidonic acid. They are metabolized in the kidneys, lungs, and liver and play important roles in processes like
Chemistry of Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Thromboxanes.pptx
This document provides an overview of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. It discusses their introduction, classification, chemical structures, biosynthesis, regulation, mechanisms of action, functions, and applications. Specifically, it notes that prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid and have diverse hormone-like effects. Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators produced from arachidonic acid oxidation. They are involved in inflammation and hypersensitivity reactions. Thromboxanes are involved in blood clotting and are derived from arachidonic acid through a biosynthetic pathway involving thromboxane-A-synthase.
Chemistry of Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Thromboxanes.pptx
This document provides an overview of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. It discusses their introduction, classification, chemical structures, biosynthesis, regulation, mechanisms of action, functions, and applications. Specifically, it notes that prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid and have diverse hormone-like effects. Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators produced from arachidonic acid oxidation. They are involved in inflammation and hypersensitivity reactions. Thromboxanes are involved in blood clotting and are derived from arachidonic acid through the action of thromboxane-A-synthase.
Prostaglandins
The document discusses prostaglandins, which are unsaturated cyclic hydroxy fatty acids derived from C20 fatty acids like arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is formed through the desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid. Prostaglandins have a variety of roles in different tissues and systems, and are involved in processes like controlling blood pressure, fertility, and inflammation. They are not stored and are instead synthesized locally from precursor fatty acids as needed. The structural differences between different prostaglandins like PGE2, PGF2a, and PGI2 account for their varying biological activities.
eicosanoids_1.ppt
Prostaglandins and related eicosanoids are synthesized locally from arachidonic acid. They have specific effects on nearby target cells and are rapidly degraded, acting as local hormones. There are two major pathways: the cyclic pathway produces prostaglandins and thromboxanes via prostaglandin H2 synthase; the linear pathway produces leukotrienes via lipoxygenases. These compounds have roles in processes like inflammation and blood clotting. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit prostaglandin H2 synthase.
EICOSONOIDS METABOLISM FOR MBBS, LAB. MED.BDS.pptx
The principal eicosanoids of biological significance to humans are a group of molecules derived from the 20:4 (20 carbons: 4 sites of unsaturation) fatty acid, arachidonic acid.
Chemistry of Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes(Advance medicinal ...
This document provides an overview of a presentation on eicosanoids, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. It discusses how these compounds are synthesized from arachidonic acid and their roles in regulating cellular functions and mediating processes like inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, and uterine contraction. The presentation covers the biosynthesis, receptors, inhibitors, degradation and biochemical actions of each class of compounds.
Eicosanoids MUHAMAD MUSTANSAR
This document discusses eicosanoids, a class of biologically active lipid compounds derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. It describes the biosynthesis of eicosanoids via three main pathways (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, cytochrome P450), their biological effects like inflammation and platelet aggregation, and examples of specific eicosanoids like prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids.
Similar to Prostaglanden feb (2014) (20)
Structural elucidation and isolation of glycoside, purine and flavanoids
Structural elucidation and isolation of glycoside, purine and flavanoids
ย
Eicosanoids; prostaglandins, prostacyclins, lipoxins, thromboxanes, leukotrie...
Eicosanoids; prostaglandins, prostacyclins, lipoxins, thromboxanes, leukotrie...
ย
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
ย
c. Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes.pdf
c. Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes.pdf
ย
Eicosanoids lipid biochemistry, eicosanoids definition
Eicosanoids lipid biochemistry, eicosanoids definition
ย
Chemistry of Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Thromboxanes.pptx
Chemistry of Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Thromboxanes.pptx
ย
Chemistry of Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Thromboxanes.pptx
Chemistry of Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Thromboxanes.pptx
ย
EICOSONOIDS METABOLISM FOR MBBS, LAB. MED.BDS.pptx
EICOSONOIDS METABOLISM FOR MBBS, LAB. MED.BDS.pptx
ย
Chemistry of Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes(Advance medicinal ...
Chemistry of Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes(Advance medicinal ...
ย
More from Dr Muhammad Mustansar
students session
Students gathered for a session to discuss their studies and plans. Many shared challenges they faced with keeping up with their coursework while balancing other responsibilities. Ideas were exchanged on effective time management strategies and using campus resources to stay on track academically.
Lipid profile
This document provides information about lipid profiles and their normal ranges. It discusses how to collect and process blood specimens for lipid profiles. It then defines the components of a lipid profile including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and VLDL cholesterol. For each component, it provides the normal ranges and clinical significance of abnormal levels. It also briefly discusses apolipoprotein B, phospholipids, chylomicrons, and factors that can increase or decrease their levels.
Introduction of biochemistry
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that make up living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage. Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol and function in energy storage, protection, and insulation. Proteins contain amino acids and perform a variety of functions including growth, energy production, and pH buffering. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and store and transmit genetic information that directs cellular functions. These macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis and broken down through hydrolysis.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins. They serve important functions like storing energy, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. The document defines lipids and discusses their chemistry, classifications, structures, and biological importance. Key points covered include that lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and include triglycerides, fatty acids, and other compounds.
ROS ANTIOXIDENTS
Aerobic organisms continuously produce reactive free radicals through respiration, metabolism and phagocytosis. Approximately 1-2% of oxygen consumed is converted into superoxide radicals by the respiratory chain, one of the main sources of free radicals in cells. While oxygen is necessary for life, its partial reduction can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage living systems. The body has multiple antioxidant defenses to combat ROS, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and vitamin C, which help convert ROS into less reactive species and protect biomolecules from oxidative damage.
LIPID CHEMISTRY
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins. They serve important functions like energy storage, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. The main classes of lipids are neutral fats/triglycerides (consisting of glycerol and fatty acids), phospholipids, and sterols. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 are essential nutrients. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and are an important energy source in animals and plants.
Carcinogen
This document discusses carcinogens and cancer. It defines cancer as abnormal cell growth that can invade other tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer. Chemical carcinogens include aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, and chemicals containing epoxide, organohalogen, and nitroso groups. Carcinogens can damage DNA directly or require metabolic activation. Factors that influence cancer development include dose of exposure, lifestyle factors like smoking, and inherited conditions. Engineering controls, personal protective equipment, hygiene practices, and proper waste disposal can reduce exposure to carcinogens.
Infectious diseases
This document discusses the importance of breastfeeding for infant health and development. It reviews several studies that show breastfeeding reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality from various infectious diseases like diarrhea, otitis media, neonatal sepsis, and respiratory infections. However, in many societies false beliefs interfere with breastfeeding and infants are commonly given prelacteal feeds or mixed feeding instead of being exclusively breastfed. The purpose of the study described is to examine the patterns of infectious diseases in non-breastfed infants compared to breastfed infants admitted to the hospital.
Differences of plasma osmolarity
This document describes a study comparing plasma osmolarity in healthy breastfed and non-breastfed infants. The study included breastfed and non-breastfed infants between 1-6 months of age. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for various biomarkers including glucose, BUN, sodium, potassium, total protein, and albumin levels. Plasma osmolarity was then directly estimated and calculated based on biomarker levels. Results showed breastfed infants had significantly lower glucose, BUN, and plasma osmolarity levels compared to non-breastfed infants. The study concluded breastfeeding provides a lower solute load compared to formula feeding, resulting in lower plasma osmolarity in healthy breastfed infants.
Introdction of metabolism
1. Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that take place in living organisms to sustain life. It includes breaking down nutrients into smaller units and building up complex molecules.
2. Glucose, fats, and proteins are broken down through various pathways to ultimately form acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle to generate energy in the form of ATP. Less oxygen results in lactic acid formation from glucose.
3. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to convert products of the citric acid cycle into large amounts of ATP, the main energy currency of cells. Fatty acids yield more ATP than glucose due to their carbon-hydrogen bonds.
TRINITY COLLEGE ROBOTIC COMPETITION
The Tufts Robotics Club attended the Trinity College Fire Fighting Robot Contest where they won both the team and individual categories of the Olympiad tournament. This marked the club's fourth win since 2014. They competed in both the mechanical robot competition and trivia-based Olympiad. For the robot competition, Tufts engineered a robot that followed the right wall of the maze and used a fire extinguisher to put out a candle, navigating the maze faster than other teams. In the Olympiad, they demonstrated their strong theoretical engineering knowledge, with sophomore Faizan Muhammad winning individually. The success at this competition aims to attract new recruits to the club.
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
A glucose tolerance test (GTT) checks how the body metabolizes blood sugar levels over time. There are two main types: an oral GTT where glucose is ingested, and an intravenous GTT where glucose is injected. It is commonly used to screen for prediabetes and diabetes, especially in obese, pregnant, or high-risk individuals. The test involves fasting overnight, then drinking a glucose solution and having blood drawn over 3 hours to analyze the body's insulin response and how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood. Results are interpreted according to WHO criteria, with different glucose level thresholds indicating normal, prediabetes, or diabetes status.
Conference proceedings
This document summarizes a study that compares the performance of two state observers - a sliding mode observer with super-twisting algorithm (STSMO) and a high gain observer (HGO) - for estimating unmeasured states of a quadrotor UAV. The paper designs each observer and then applies a second order sliding mode control technique using the estimated states to control the quadrotor. Simulations show the performance of each observer under the same control scheme and perturbations. The study aims to compare the observers' characteristics for state estimation of the quadrotor system to determine the best observer for real-time applications given system uncertainties and noise.
social media useage
This study examined the usage of social media by students at the FJMU Lahore. A questionnaire was distributed to 415 students to gather data on their social media usage patterns and behaviors. The results found that 95.9% of students used social media daily, with 77% spending 1-2 hours per day on social media. Major purposes of usage were communication (94%) and entertainment (93%), though 46% also used it for studying. Students reported social media could waste time and distract from studies, but could also be useful for sharing medical videos, knowledge and study guidelines. The study concludes social media distracts students and encourages more non-educational activities, so students should utilize it more for academic purposes and limit entertainment usage
DR MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Dr. Muhammad Mustansar has achieved international recognition for his work. He holds a world record and has had his research published in international posters and books. His accomplishments demonstrate expertise in his field at a global level.
STAINING TECHINIQUES
This document provides instructions for several histopathology staining techniques, including:
- Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining for polysaccharides and basement membranes in magenta.
- Gram-Twort modification for staining bacteria in paraffin sections in blue-black (Gram positive) and pink (Gram negative).
- Ziehl-Neelsen technique for staining acid-fast bacilli like Mycobacterium tuberculosis red against a blue background.
It also describes the Periodic Acid Schiff/Alcian Blue dual stain to differentiate acid mucins (blue) from neutral mucins and carbohydrates (magenta). Precise protocols and reagent preparations are provided for accurate histological analysis.
Histopathology
This document provides information on various histopathology staining techniques. It describes the steps for taking paraffin sections to water, dehydrating and clearing sections in xylene, blotting sections dry, and mounting sections. It also details procedures for Ziehl-Neelsen staining for acid-fast bacilli, Gram-Twort staining for bacteria, Periodic acid Schiff staining, Periodic acid Schiff/Alcian blue staining, and the buffered Congo red method for amyloid. Precise reagents and safety notes are included for each technique.
Lactation
This document discusses guidelines for drug use during lactation. It begins by outlining principles from the Quran and Hadith regarding breastfeeding. It then discusses anatomy related to lactation and hormonal regulation. Guidelines for chemotherapy during lactation emphasize using drugs with minimal infant exposure and avoiding unnecessary drugs. Several classes of drugs are discussed, identifying those that are generally safe to use during lactation like beta-blockers, thiazides, ACE inhibitors, warfarin, inhaled asthma medications, and corticosteroids. Drugs that should be avoided include phenobarbital, primodone, and clonazepam. The document also covers stimulants and inhibitors of lactation.
Biological oxidation
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to obtain energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down to form pyruvate in the cytoplasm. In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is further oxidized, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through an electron transport chain in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their energy is used to pump protons out of the matrix, establishing a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to
More from Dr Muhammad Mustansar (20)
Recently uploaded
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
The stack memory organization of 8086 microprocessor.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as discipline
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Recently uploaded (20)
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
ย
Juneteenth Freedom Day 2024 David Douglas School District
Juneteenth Freedom Day 2024 David Douglas School District
ย
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
ย
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
ย
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
ย
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
ย
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
ย
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
ย
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
ย
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
ย
Prostaglanden feb (2014)
- 2. Prostaglandins & Leukotrienes DR MUSTANSAR
- 3. Eicosanoids The eicosanoids are a group of signaling sub-stances that arise from the C-20 fatty acid arachidonic acid and therefore usually contain 20 C atom (Greek eicosa=20). As mediators, they influence a large number of physiological
- 5. Introduction ๏ฝ Eicosanoids (20 carbons) are found in the animal kingdom and a variety of plants. ๏ฝ The eicosanoids are oxygenation products of acid arachidonic (AA) polyunsaturated fatty acid. ๏ฝ Acid arachidonic is released from membrane by phospholipase A2 (PLA2).
- 6. Prostaglandins & Leukotrienes ๏ฝ Local hormones - very active,many functions.. ๏ฝ Autacoids from 20 C PUFA Prostaglandins Prostacyclin Thromboxanes Leukotrienes
- 7. Functions ๏ฝ Inflammation ๏ฝ Smooth muscle tone ๏ฝ Blood coagulation ๏ฝ Reproduction ๏ฝ GI secretion
- 8. . . SYNTHESI S PHOSPHOLIPI DS PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 ARACHIDON IC ACID CYCLOOXYGENASE 5 LIPOOXYGENASE LT A4 PG G2 PGH ISOMERASE PGE2 PG D2 PG F2 2 THROMBOXANE SYNTHASE PROSTACYCLINE SYNTHASE PG I2 THROMBOXA NE A2 LT B4 LT C4 LT D4
- 10. Pathways of arachidonic acid (AA) release and metabolism.
- 11. . PHOSPHOLI PIDS STEROIDS PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 NSAIDS ARACHIDON IC ACID CYCLOOXYGENASE ZILEUTON 5 LIPOOXYGENASE LT A4 PG G2 PGH2 PGE2 ,PG D2 ,PG F2 LT B4 THROMBO XANE A2 PG I2 LT C4 LT D4
- 12. BIOSYNTHESIS OF PROSTAGLANDINS ๏ถ Enzyme is Cyclo oxygenase(COX) COX 1-constitutive. COX 2-inducible ๏ถ NSAIDS- Nonselective COX inhibitors. COXIBS - Selective COX inhibitors ๏ถ Aspirin- Irreversible inhibition of COX Other NSAIDS- Reversible inhibition
- 13. Actions Inflammation Most important mediators.. Synthesised as per need. NSAIDS
- 14. Actions โSmooth muscles Blood vessels Pg E2, Prostacycline - vasodilatation Thromboxane A2 โ constriction
- 15. Prostaglandins
- 16. Actions :Smooth muscle Bronchus PgE2 โข BRONCHO DILATION PgI2 PgF2ฮฑ โข CONSTRICTI ON TXA2 LT
- 17. Uterus Both uterus &cervix Cervical ripening Initiation of Labour โข PgE2 โข PgE1 โข PgF2
- 18. Actions ๏ฝ GIT MUCUS HCO3ACID Natural ulcer protectants.. NSAIDS..
- 20. RENAL PgE2,Prostacyclin -protective.. PgE2,PgI 2 RENAL VASODILATATI ON DIRECT ON TUBULES RBF DIURESIS NATRIURESIS
- 23. Clinical Application ๏ฝ Female Reproductive Organ ๏ฝ Male Reproductive System ๏ฝ Inflammation & Immunity ๏ฝ Gastrointestinal Tract ๏ฝ Respiratory System ๏ฝ Musculo skeletal ๏ฝ Cardiovascular ๏ฝ Glaucoma ๏ฝ Kidney ๏ฝ Cancer
- 26. Preparations Prostaglnd Preparation in PgEโ Misoprostol , Alprostadil,Latanoprost PgEโ Rioprostil , Enprostil Dinoprostone PgFโฮฑ Prostin 15Methyl Carboprost / Prostodin PgFโฮฑ
- 27. Uses 1.Obstetrics Therapeutic abortion Cervical ripening PgE1/MISOPROST OL PgEโ/PgE2 Severe Post partum hge 15METHYL PgF2 im/PgE1 Rectal
- 28. 2.Peptic ulcer PgE1/Misoprostol PgE2/Enprostil,Rioprostil,Arbaprostil 3.Glaucoma : PgE1 / Latanoprost 4-PDA PgE1/Alprostadil โ 5-Primary pulmonary hypertention : PgI
- 29. Summary of uses Use Abortion Cervical ripening Peptic ulcer Glaucoma PPH PDA Preparation PgE1 PgE1 / E2 PgE1 PgE1-Latanoprost PgI2 PgE1
- 36. ADR ๏ฝ Vomiting,Diarrhoea,Abdominal cramps ๏ฝ Uterine cramps ๏ฝ Bronchospasm
- 37. LEUKOTRIENES
Editor's Notes
- Pathways of arachidonic acid (AA) release and metabolism.