1. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate. Purines and pyrimidines are synthesized via de novo or salvage pathways to form nucleotides.
2. Purine synthesis occurs in multiple steps starting from PRPP, with the purine ring built step-by-step. Pyrimidine synthesis involves first forming the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose-5-phosphate.
3. Errors in purine synthesis can cause diseases like gout, which results from excess uric acid in the blood due to defects in purine metabolism or uric acid excretion. Several drugs target purine synthesis
Nucleotide Biosynthesis involves 2 processes. one is Denovo synthesis and other is Salvage pathway. An outline of both the processes has given in this presentation.
Nucleotide Biosynthesis involves 2 processes. one is Denovo synthesis and other is Salvage pathway. An outline of both the processes has given in this presentation.
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx✨M.A kawish Ⓜ️
This slides explains Metabolism topic "De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis. In which synthesis of Purines and pyrimidines synthesis has been occurred. In last there is a difference between these two pathways.
This presentation is based on the metabolic pathways involved in the bio-synthesis of nucleotides- pyrimidine and purine. It includes various stages involves in their synthesis or formation.
Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)Areeba Ghayas
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM,DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PURINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PURINE, DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PYRIMIDINE, GOUT, HYPERURICEMIA, LESCH-NYAN SYNDROME, OROTIC ACIDURIA
Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides can occur by a de novo pathway or by the reutilization of preformed pyrimidine bases or ribonucleosides (salvage pathway).
The pyrimidine synthesis is a similar process than that of purines. In the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, the ring is synthesized first and then it is attached to a ribose-phosphate to for a pyrimidine nucleotide.
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx✨M.A kawish Ⓜ️
This slides explains Metabolism topic "De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis. In which synthesis of Purines and pyrimidines synthesis has been occurred. In last there is a difference between these two pathways.
This presentation is based on the metabolic pathways involved in the bio-synthesis of nucleotides- pyrimidine and purine. It includes various stages involves in their synthesis or formation.
Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)Areeba Ghayas
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM,DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PURINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PURINE, DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PYRIMIDINE, GOUT, HYPERURICEMIA, LESCH-NYAN SYNDROME, OROTIC ACIDURIA
Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides can occur by a de novo pathway or by the reutilization of preformed pyrimidine bases or ribonucleosides (salvage pathway).
The pyrimidine synthesis is a similar process than that of purines. In the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, the ring is synthesized first and then it is attached to a ribose-phosphate to for a pyrimidine nucleotide.
Here is the Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines .Both De Novo and salvage pathways have been explained well. Role of purines and pyrimidines in building up nucleic acids, energy carriers, secondary messengers in signal transduction pathways .
Synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, De novo synthesis of purines, De novo synthesis of pyrimidines, salvage synthesis of purines, salvage synthesis of pyrimidines
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
8. Differences in Purine and Pyrimidine synthesis
lPurines
lSynthesis starts with PRPP, purine
ring is built step-by-step with C-1 of
PRPP as a primer
lPyrimidines
lThe pyrimidine ring is
synthetized before ribose is
added
O
O
C H 2OP
O
O
O
-
-
O H O H
P P
O
OO
O
-- O
O
-
N
NO
O
C O O
-
H
11. Site:
In cytosol of liver, small intestine and thymus
Characteristics:
Purines are synthesized using 5-phosphoribose(R-5-P) as the starting
material step by step
PRPP(5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate) is active donor of R-5-P
AMP and GMP are synthesized further at the base of IMP(Inosine-5'-
Monophosphate)
De novo Synthesis
16. STEP-I
Committed step of the pathway,
an amino group donated by
Glutamine is attached at C-1 of
PRPP resulting in
5-Phosphoribosylamine
Glutamine-PRPP
amidotransferase
Acquisition of purine atom N9
17. STEP-II
Addition of 3 atoms from glycine
An ATP is consumed to activate the
glycine carboxyl group for this
condensation reaction
GAR synthetase
acquisition of purine
atoms C4, C5, and N7
18. STEP-III
The added glycine amino
group is then formylated by
N10-formyltetrahydrofolate
GAR transformylase
•acquisition of purine atom C8
20. STEP-V
Dehydration and ring closure yield
the five-membered Imidazole ring
of purine nucleus, as
5-aminoimidazole Ribonucleotide
FGAM cyclase
(AIR synthetase)
•closing of the imidazole ring
21. STEP- VI VII and VIII
A rearrangement transfers the carboxylate from the
exocyclic amino group to position
4 of the imidazole ring (step 7 ).
Steps 6 and 7 are found only in bacteria and fungi.
In higher eukaryotes, including humans, 5-AIR
product of step 5 is carboxylated directly to
CAIR in one step instead of two (step 6a).
N5-CAIR synthetase
N5-CAIR mutase
SAICAR synthetase
AIR carboxylase
acquisition of C6 and N1
22. STEP- IX
Aspartate now donates its amino group in two
steps ( 8 and 9 ): formation of an amide bond,
followed by elimination of the carbon skeleton
of aspartate (as fumarate)
SAICAR lyase
elimination of fumarate
27. This pathway ensures the recycling of purines formed by degradation
of nucleotides
Nucleosides & deoxy-nucleosides can also be salvaged
The purines can be directly converted to the corresponding
nucleotides & this process is known as ‘salvage pathway’
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. Gout
i. Excess of uric acid in blood
(Hyperuricemia).
ii.Deposition of sodium monourate
iii.Recurring attacks of acute arthritis.
35. • Hyperuricemia is not due to increased destruction of nucleic acid.
a.Primary metabolic gout:
inherited metabolic defect in purine metabolism
X-linked recessive defects enhancing the de novo synthesis
b. Primary renal gout:
It is due to failure in uric acid excretion.
38. The synthesis of pyrimidines is a much simpler process
compared to that of purines.
Aspartate, gutamine and CO2 contribute to atoms in the
formation of pyrimidine ring.
Pyrimidine ring is first synthesized and then attached to ribose
5-phosphate.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE RIBONUCLEOTIDES
39. Formation of carbomyl phosphate
Carbomyl phosphate is formed from ATP, GLUTAMINE and
CO2.
The reaction is catalysed by CPS –II.
46. 1. Sulfonamide
They inhibit the reactions of purine nucleotide synthesis requiring folic acid ( GAR
transformylase and AICAR transformylase) Used as bacteriostatic drugs to control bacterial
infection
2. Methotrexate, Aminopterin and Trimethoprim
They inhibit the reaction requiring folic acid for purine nucleotide synthesis.
Used in t/t of cancers like leukemia
Used in the t/t of bacterial infections and UTI
3. 6-mercaptopurine
Is a structural analogue of purine bases.
It is converted to 6- thioionosine monophosphate by the enzyme HGPRT, called lethal
synthesis.
5. Thioguanine
Is a guanine analogue.
It is converted to 6-thio GMP by the enzyme HGPRT.
Inhibitors
47. Inhibitors
6. Azaserine
• Is a structural analogue of glutamine.
• Is a glutamine antagonist.
•COLCHICINE
Used in the symptomatic treatment of acute attacks of gout
•PROBENECID
A uricosuric agent inhibits the tubular reabsorption of uric acid
•ALLOPURINOL
Inhibitor of xanthine oxidase
•inhibits the metabolism of certain anticancer drugs (6-MP, azathioprine)
48. 6-mercaptopurine blocks de novo purine synthesis
blocks PRPP synthetase
Hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase
5-fluorouracil inhibits thymidylate synthase->
decrease dTMP
Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase->
decreased dTMP
Trimethoprim inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate
reductase-> decreased dTMP
Ribonucleaotide reductase UDP to dUDP
pyrimidine synthesis
inhibited by hydroxyurea
Thymidylate synthase dUMP to dTMP with THF as cofactor
pyrimidine sythesis
inhibited by 5-fluorouracil
