Breadfruit trees are commonly propagated through vegetative methods like root shoots, root cuttings, and air layering of branches. Root shoots and cuttings are collected from healthy roots after the fruiting season, when carbohydrate levels are highest. Shoots begin developing after 3-4 weeks and are transplanted when 20-25cm tall. Air layering involves removing bark from branches and wrapping with media to encourage root growth over 2-6 months. Seed propagation is rare as seedlings are not true to type. Young plants require shade but mature trees full sun. Careful acclimation is needed when transplanting.
Nursery management may be defined as the sum of the activities performed for the successful production, care, and marketing of different planting materials (seeds, seedlings, cuttings, etc.) in a different nursery section. Conducting employees properly, maintenance care and protection of properties, etc
The basics of plant propagation and techniques for successful asexual propagation. Contents primarily focus on asexual propagation. Fruit seedlings; trees; Flowers
Nursery management may be defined as the sum of the activities performed for the successful production, care, and marketing of different planting materials (seeds, seedlings, cuttings, etc.) in a different nursery section. Conducting employees properly, maintenance care and protection of properties, etc
The basics of plant propagation and techniques for successful asexual propagation. Contents primarily focus on asexual propagation. Fruit seedlings; trees; Flowers
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
Avocado is a nutritious fruit. But awareness about it in Pakistan is not significant. Actually many people think that it does not grow in Pakistan. So here is the file comprising basic information about the production technology.
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
Avocado is a nutritious fruit. But awareness about it in Pakistan is not significant. Actually many people think that it does not grow in Pakistan. So here is the file comprising basic information about the production technology.
Delicious Health Benefits of Avocado – 10 Reasons Why You Should Eat More Avocados Every Day
Check out the full article here: http://servingjoy.com/delicious-health-benefits-of-avocado/
9 Essential Health Benefits of Honeydew Melon – Reasons Why You Should Consider Adding Honeydew Into Your Diet Plan
Check out the full article here: http://servingjoy.com/health-benefits-of-honeydew-melon/
Jackfruit is considered as one of the common fruit which is used by the people all over India. So in this PPT we are going to share the important and health benefits of eating Jackfruit with which one can easily improve their health
The slides are about the cultivation techniques of Arabian date palm to provide primary knowledge to the interested people to grow the palm in small scale farm or backyard.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
ICT access needs and challenges for agricultural stakeholdersICT access needs and challenges for agricultural stakeholders by Stella Kamuyu Wanjau - EAFF
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Propagation methods and planting materials
1. 4. Propagation Methods and Planting Materials
Breadfruit trees are generally propagated vegetatively (MacCaughey 1917; Pope1926; Otanes
and Ruiz 1956; Chandler 1958; Purseglove 1968; Handy et al. 1972; Rowe-Dutton 1976; Ragone
1991a)from root shoots or root cuttings, by air-layering branches, or from seeds. Breadfruit can
also be grafted using various techniques. Stem cuttings are not used. Seeds are rarely grown
because they do not develop true to type. Vegetative propagation is a must for seedless varieties,
and root shoots or root cuttings are the preferred methods for both seeded and seedless varieties.
They are traditionally propagated from root cuttings or shoots. The roots grow on or slightly
below the surface of the ground and will often produce a shoot, especially if it is cut or damaged.
Root shoots and cuttings are normally collected after the fruiting season and when the tree is in an active
vegetative stage. This is when carbohydrate levels in the roots are at their highest.Breadfruit roots tend to
spread and can intermingle with those of adjacent trees so follow a root back to the source tree to make
sure it is from the desired parent tree.
Pacific islanders and others will intentionally wound roots to induce shoot production. When
theshoot is 0.5-0.75 m high and has developed its own root system, it is removed by cutting the
root 10-15 cm on either side of the shoot.
Raising root shoots / root cuttings
Select healthy, undamaged roots that are growing just beneath the surface of the soil
and carefully excavate them. Do not use surface roots because they tend to dry out and
are less successful. Look for roots with small rounded bumps (adventitious buds) on the
surface which will develop into new shoots (see photo).
Use roots 1.5–6 cm in diameter (3–4 cm for best results). Removing roots larger than 6
cm can damage the tree as the wounded area will heal more slowly.
Use a sharp machete or clippers to sever the root. The remaining attached root will
often develop a root shoot at the cut end.
Cut harvested roots into 10–25 cm sections.
Wash and scrub root cuttings to remove soil and discard any pieces that are damaged or
misshapen. Treat with fungicide to prevent root rot. Hormone treatment is not required
but standard hormone mixes can be used according to the manufacturer’s
recommendation.
Place root shoots and cuttings in a propagating bed, flats, or individual pots and label
each piece with its accession number (see photo below left).
Space 10–15 cm apart in a row, with 15–20 cm between rows in beds or flats.
Use well-drained potting media or clean, washed silica sand with coir dust or sawdust
(2:1 ratio). Do not use beach sand because it is too saline and alkaline.
Place cuttings either horizontally (lightly covered with media) or at a 45 degree angle
with the upper quarter exposed.
Keep cuttings shaded (up to 60% shade) and moist, but not wet; misting is
recommended and the roots should never be allowed to dry out.
The percentage of rooting ranges from 30 to 85% (photo photo below right).
Shoots begin to develop from adventitious buds after 3–4 weeks.
Source 1; Breadfruit ( Ragone, 1997); Source 2; Artocarpus atilis (Ragone, 2006); Source 3; . Breadfruit. Morton, J.1987;
Source 4; Regeneration guidelines for breadfruit(Ragone 2008); Source 5; Postharvest handling Technical Bulletin(New Guyana
Marketing Corporation, 2004) ; Source 6: Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Breadfruit(Ragone,2011); Source
7; First International Symposium on Breadfruit Research and Development (Taylor.M & Ragone. D, 2007, Nadi, Fiji)
2. When shoots are 20–25 cm tall with their own roots, usually in 4–6 months, carefully
uproot and transplant the cutting into a 1–2 gallon pot; use a well-drained media (e.g.
potting mix with perlite or volcanic cinder, clean local loamy or sandy soil) and fertilize
sparingly, at half the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Keep plants in partial shade and weed free.
Grow to a size of 0.6–1.6 m over 6–9 months and then plant in the field.
If plants are to be field planted in full sun, gradually move to full sun conditions in the
nursery for about 2 months to condition them to the site conditions. Keep plants moist
and do not expose to strong wind.
Air-layering or marcottage is one method which has shown good results (Rowe-Dutton 1976)
and is widely practised in Tokelau (Ragone 1988).It is best to air-layer branches at the beginning
of the rainy season when the tree is in an active vegetative stage, producing new shoots and
leaves, and before fruits appear.
Select newly developed shoots, and do not use the ends of branches that have previously
flowered or fruited.
Branches (5-15 cm, and occasionally up to 30cm, in diameter) are prepared for air-
layering by removing a strip of bark 2.5-5 cm wide around the circumference of the
branch (Ragone, D; 1997)
Branches 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) are prepared for air-layering by removing a strip of bark 3–
5 cm (1.4–2 in) wide around the circumference of the branch(Ragone, D; 2006)
Use a sharp knife and be careful not to cut into the wood.
Rooting hormone is not required but if used, follow the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
Wrap moistened sphagnum moss,compost,mulch or other organic media, around this area
and hold it in place with a piece of plastic, aluminum foil, burlap, or copra bag tied
around the branch.
Up to 50% of air-layers will not root but instead form a ring of hardened callus along the
end of the cut. Also, the branches are brittle and may snap offin high winds. They can be
braced with bamboo splints placed over the wrapped air-layer.
After 2-6 months, roots develop and grow through the bag,and new shoots may grow
from above the wounded area.
Remove the air-layer by cutting the branch directly below the roots.
Place in a 1–2 gallon (10-20 cm) pot in a well drained medium (or in a hole containing
organic materials.) until the plant has an established root system (about a year).
Depending on the size of the air-layered branch, the tree will fruit in 3 to 4 years.
Airlayers are most frequently made on branches that have previously borne fruit asthe
airlayer will bear fruit as soon as 1-2 years after planting.
Another refined method which promised to facilitate propagation of breadfruit is theuse of stem
cuttings under intermittent mist (Lopez 1975; Hamilton et al.1982). Withthis method, leafless
stem cuttings were treated with rooting hormone and placedunder intermittent mist. After
10weeks, 95% of the cuttings had produced sufficientroot and shoot growth to be transplanted
Source 1; Breadfruit ( Ragone, 1997); Source 2; Artocarpus atilis (Ragone, 2006); Source 3; . Breadfruit. Morton, J.1987;
Source 4; Regeneration guidelines for breadfruit(Ragone 2008); Source 5; Postharvest handling Technical Bulletin(New Guyana
Marketing Corporation, 2004) ; Source 6: Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Breadfruit(Ragone,2011); Source
7; First International Symposium on Breadfruit Research and Development (Taylor.M & Ragone. D, 2007, Nadi, Fiji)
3. into larger containers. They were readyfor planting in the field after 4 months (Hamilton et al.
1982).In Puerto Rico, the cuttings are transplanted into plastic bags containing a mixture of soil,
peat and sand, kept under mist for a week, then under 65% shade, and given liquid fertilizer and
regular watering. When the root system is well developed, they are allowed full sun until time to
set out in the field. The seeded breadfruit is always grown from seeds. Seeds are extracted from
ripe fruits and immediately planted since they lose viability within a few weeks (Rowe-Dutton
1976; Rajendran 1992). Coronel (1983) outlined the germination and care of seedlings.Seeds
have little or no endosperm and no period of dormancy; they germinate immediately and are
unable to withstand desiccation. Seeds are distributed by flying foxes, where they occur.They are
planted about 5 cm apart and 1 cm deep and germinate about 2 weeks after sowing. The
germinating bed should be kept moist; seedlings can be transplanted into individual containers as
soon as they sprout. They grow quickly and are ready for planting in the field when they are
about 1 year old. Breadnut trees tend to grow slowly and may start fruiting in 6-10 years.
Asexually propagated breadfruit trees start fruiting in 3-6 years. Seeds are rarely used for
propagationbecauseseedlingsarenottrue-to-type.
Seedlessvarietiescanbegraftedontoseededrootstockusingvarious techniquessuchas
approachgraftingorcleftgrafting.Undergoodconditions,graftedtreescanbeginbearingin2 years.
In India, it is reported that breadfruit scions can be successfully grafted or budded onto seedlings
of wild jackfruit trees.
Regardless of the method used to propagate trees, young plants do best under shade, but trees
require full sun once established.
Outplanting techniques
• When plants are to be field planted in full sun, gradual- ly move to full sun conditions in
the nursery for about
• 2 months to harden them to site growing conditions.
• Keep plants moist and do not expose to strong wind.
• Reduce the size of the lower leaves by ½–⅔ to reduce transpiration. Do not remove or
damage the growing point where new leaves develop.
• Protect from wind and excessive heat during transport.
• Dig a hole the same depth and twice as wide as the container. Add a small amount of
mulch or slow-release balanced N-P-K fertilizer to the bottom of the hole and cover with
soil.
• Carefully remove the tree from the container to pre- vent damage to the root system; place
the tree in the hole; add soil no higher than the level of the plant in the pot; mulch and
water well.
• Success rates close to 100% can be expected.
Young plants prefer partial shade. It is best to plant at the onset of the rainy season, but if the
weather is dry, irrigate for the first 1–3 months of establishment.
Itisimportanttopracticedeepirrigationtoencourageadeeprootsystem.Mulchingyoungplantsisbenefic
ialtokeepsoilmoist,supplynutrients,andcontrolweedsaroundtherootsystem.
Source 1; Breadfruit ( Ragone, 1997); Source 2; Artocarpus atilis (Ragone, 2006); Source 3; . Breadfruit. Morton, J.1987;
Source 4; Regeneration guidelines for breadfruit(Ragone 2008); Source 5; Postharvest handling Technical Bulletin(New Guyana
Marketing Corporation, 2004) ; Source 6: Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Breadfruit(Ragone,2011); Source
7; First International Symposium on Breadfruit Research and Development (Taylor.M & Ragone. D, 2007, Nadi, Fiji)