Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
ROLE OF ORGANIC MANURES IN AGRICULTURE.pptxVikramPaul15
The organic manures provide a way for reducing the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and help to maintain the soil health with a positive impact on organic matter recycling. The liquid organic manures help to achieve higher growth and development of the crops through improved physiological and biochemical processes of the plant, as their application results in rapid availability of macronutrients, micronutrients, growth regulators and other beneficial substances to the plants in addition to enhanced tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. They also increase the beneficial microflora of the soil and their activity to a large extent upon soil application and thereby increase the availability of soil nutrients. These liquid organic manures are low-cost production technologies as they can be easily prepared from naturally and locally available materials by the farmers, thereby they also offer eco-friendly nature. Thus, use of liquid organic manures in agriculture plays prime role to sustain the soil fertility and crop productivity.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
ROLE OF ORGANIC MANURES IN AGRICULTURE.pptxVikramPaul15
The organic manures provide a way for reducing the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and help to maintain the soil health with a positive impact on organic matter recycling. The liquid organic manures help to achieve higher growth and development of the crops through improved physiological and biochemical processes of the plant, as their application results in rapid availability of macronutrients, micronutrients, growth regulators and other beneficial substances to the plants in addition to enhanced tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. They also increase the beneficial microflora of the soil and their activity to a large extent upon soil application and thereby increase the availability of soil nutrients. These liquid organic manures are low-cost production technologies as they can be easily prepared from naturally and locally available materials by the farmers, thereby they also offer eco-friendly nature. Thus, use of liquid organic manures in agriculture plays prime role to sustain the soil fertility and crop productivity.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Presentation at the ESPP conference Phosphorus stewardship in industrial applications, Brussels, 01-12-2016
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP)
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy.
Countries:
Austria AT
Belgium BE
Bulgaria BG
Cyprus CY
Czech Republic CZ
Germany DE
Denmark DK
Estonia EE
Spain ES
Finland FI
France FR
Greece EL
Hungary HU
Ireland IE
Italy IT
Lithuania LT
Luxembourg LU
Latvia LV
Malta MT
Netherlands NL
Poland PL
Portugal PT
Romania RO
Sweden SE
Slovenia SI
Slovakia SK
United Kingdom UK
Switzerland CH
Phosphorus:
Fosfor
Fosfor
Fòsfòr
Фосфор
Fosfor
Фосфор
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosforas
Fosfors
Fuosfuors
Fosfor
Ffуsfforws
Fosfar
Fosfaras
Fosfaar
Fosforus
Φωσφορος
Ֆոսֆոր
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
ফসফরাস
فسفر
ફૉસ્ફરસનો
फास्फोरस
Fosfor
Fosfori
Foszfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Паликандур
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosfor
فوسفور
Fosfor
Fosforoa
ფოსფორი
[fūsfūr]
זרחן
Fosfru
Lìn
リン
인
ฟอสฟอรัส
Photpho
磷
Posporo
Fosfor
Pūtūtae-whetū
Fosforus
ഫോസ്ഫറസ്
பொஸ்பரசு
Fosofo
Fosforase
Posfori
Fósforo
Phusphuru
Fosforimi
Fosforo
Fosforon
Pesticium
Phosphorus recycling is a emerging problem in organic farming due to deterioration of rock phosphate sources from earth. There is a need for usage of alternative sources for P requirement by knowing their environmental impacts.
Enhanced efficiency phosphorous fertilizers on the coffee crop in sandy soilAI Publications
Crops are generally cultivated in deficient phosphorus soils in the tropics. Phosphorus (P) is essential to crop development and has a low efficient use in fertilizer management. The need to increase P fertilization efficiency justify studies evaluating the performance of enhanced efficiency P fertilizers. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate coffee growth, plant P contents, and agronomic P fertilization efficiency. The treatments, randomly designed with three replicates, were arranged in a 2x5 factorial scheme: two P sources (Triple Superphosphate – TSP and Policote coated TSP – TSP+Policote) and five P rates (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20 g P2O5.plot-1). The experimental plot was formed by a pot with 14 kg of sandy soil. All treatments were homogenized with the plot's soil. Then, coffee seedlings were transplanted. Coffee growth, plant P content and accumulation, and agronomic P fertilization efficiency were affected by phosphorus fertilization. TSP+Policote promoted higher leaf and plant dry matter yield and P accumulation in coffee than conventional P fertilizer. The higher agronomic efficiency and apparent P recovery efficiency index, observed with TSP+Policote, explain the higher coffee plant growth observed with Policote coated P fertilizer. The obtained results demonstrated that Policote coated P fertilizer can be used as an enhanced efficiency fertilizer. Results show that Policote coated P fertilizer is a more efficient way to deliver the required P to plants.
Presentation at our ESPP – IFOAM EU stakeholder meeting Closing nutrient cycles and uptake of recycled fertilisers (12/12/2018)
See all outputs of the stakeholder meeting at our ESPP website: http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/organic-agriculture
http://www.extension.org/67702 Land application of manure in regions with intense confined livestock and poultry production is an environmental concern when land is limiting because it promotes soil phosphorus (P) surplus and potential pollution of water resources. A net accumulation of soil P results from the disproportion between lower nitrogen (N) and P ratio (N:P) in animal manure and the higher N:P ratio in harvested crops. Although manure can be moved off the farm, its transportation becomes less economical with increasing distances from the source. Thus, management alternatives to land application are needed to resolve agronomic P imbalances for more effective recycling of manure P.
Vasumitra Life Energies Pvt. Ltd. is an innovation driven company working for sustainable agriculture.
Humiphos is an outcome of cutting edge research at VLEPL. Humiphos is a substitute to chemical phosphate fertilizers.
This is a seminar paper presentation by Md. Parvez Kabir, an MS Student, Department of Soil Science of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) as for the requirement of completing an MS degree.
For more: http://www.extension.org/67713 Computer models are excellent ways to integrate years of scientific research into decision tools that producers and policy makers can use to reduce the environmental impact of agricultural phosphorus. Models are playing more important roles in efforts to manage phosphorus at the farm and watershed scales, so it is increasingly important to make sure models are well developed to meet the needs of users, give reliable predictions, and are consistently updated to keep pace with scientific knowledge.
Similar to Opportunities for improving phosphorus-use efficiency in crop plants (20)
Durante la Semana de la Agricultura y la Alimentación, el Programa de Investigación del CGIAR en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria – CCAFS, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, FAO, y el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical – CIAT, apoyaron la II Reunión Internacional de Ministros y altas autoridades de agricultura sobre agricultura sostenible y cambio climático con un documento base y su presentación sobre los retos que representa el cambio climático para la agricultura en Latino América y el Caribe.
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv
Impacto de las intervenciones agricolas y de salud para reducir la deficienci...CIAT
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv.
Presentado por Byron Reyes, CIAT/ Harvestplus
Agricultura sensible a la nutrición en el Altiplano. Explorando las perspecti...CIAT
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv
El rol de los padres en la nutrición del hogarCIAT
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv
Jennifer Twyman, Líder de investigación de Género en el CIAT
Scaling up soil carbon enhancement contributing to mitigate climate changeCIAT
The 4 per 1000 Africa Symposium - Building synergies across Africa to advance on soils for food security and climate, Johannesburg, South Africa 24-26 October 2018
Rolf Sommer, Kristin Piikki, Mats Söderström, Sylvia Nyawira, Mayesse da Silva, Wuletawu Abera and
Job Kihara
Impacto del Cambio Climático en la Agricultura de República DominicanaCIAT
El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), con el apoyo de los Programas de Investigación de CGIAR sobre Políticas, Instituciones y Mercados (PIM) y sobre Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria (CCAFS), se han asociado para comprender, a través de la ciencia, el impacto del cambio climático en cultivos claves y el impacto económico en la productividad de la agricultura en países de ALC.
BioTerra: Nuevo sistema de monitoreo de la biodiversidad en desarrollo por el...CIAT
BioTerra es un sistema innovador de monitoreo de la biodiversidad y sus amenazas desarrollado por el Programa Riqueza Natural de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), y sus socios locales – el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) y el Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH) – para apoyar al gobierno colombiano en el cumplimiento de las metas y compromisos de conservación de la biodiversidad. Este sistema busca complementar y aunar esfuerzos existentes de monitoreo de la biodiversidad y sus amenazas, a nivel nacional y regional.
Cacao for Peace Activities for Tackling the Cadmium in Cacao Issue in Colo...CIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Tackling cadmium in cacao and derived products – from farm to forkCIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study ...CIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Geographical Information System Mapping for Optimized Cacao Production in Col...CIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Técnicas para disminuir la disponibilidad de cadmio en suelos de cacaoterasCIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
3. UWA
• 20000 Undergraduate students
• 2000 PhD (Research) students
• 1500 academic staff
• Ranked 88 on the Academic Ranking of World Universities
• Ranked 24 for Life and Agricultural Sciences
• International collaboration
School of Plant Biology
• 20-25 academic staff
• 110 PhD (Research) students
• research strengths in terrestrial ecology, agriculture and marine science
5. Phosphorus is an essential mineral nutrient for plants
Plants contain approximately 0.1% of P
1/100
1/1000
1/1000 – 1/100,000
P cannot be substituted by any other element
www.soil-net.com
6. P in agriculture: open systems requiring large P inputs
CROP
residues uptake
SOIL
fertilizer
product
runoff
drainage
unavailable P
Can we have more
product with less P?
Losses to the
environment need
to be minimized!
P needs to be used more efficiently: better yield, more recycling
7. Mohr & Evans (2013) http://www.philica.com
We are running out of P reserves
“Peak P”
1900 2000 2100 2200
Supply, Demand (Mt P per year)
Projected P supply, using optimistic estimates of P reserves and
assuming a stabilizing demand.
P cannot be “produced” like N (industrially or plant-mediated).
8. Fertilizer phosphorus will become scarce and expensive
Environmental impact of P is undesirable
Aim: produce more food with less P
= increase P use efficiency
Most food contains more P than we need.
• Most P in cereal and legume grains is phytate.
• Phytate cannot be used by humans and most animals, and
restricts the bioavailability of Fe and Zn.
9. PUE definitions
P acquisition efficiency (= P uptake efficiency):
P taken up by plant / P in soil
P use efficiency (= P utilization efficiency) = PUE:
dry mass production (or yield) / P taken up by the plant
10. Crops have high P (but higher N) compared to other plants
Crops are high in leaf N and P compared to non-crops
Crops are high in N/P compared to non-crops with high N and P
Presumably due to selection for fast growth and high N
11. What are the main P pools?
10
8
5
3
0
0 5 10 15
P fractions concentrations (mg g-1 DW)
Sum of P fractions (mg g-1 DW)
Pi
Nucleic acids
Lipid P
Ester P
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
<1 1-2 2-4 4-8 >8
Total P (mg g-1)
fractions
At high tissue P concentrations, much P is inorganic.
This 5 Pi is located in 10 vacuoles and is 15
not engaged in metabolism.
Sum of P fractions (mg g-1 DW)
Pi
Nucleic acids
Lipid P
Ester P
Sum of P fractions (mg g-1 DW)
P fraction concentration (mg g-1 DW)
12. Where is P in plants?
Inorganic phosphate (Pi)
• low and well-regulated concentrations in cytoplasm
• vacuole stores excess Pi, should be minimized
“Ester P”
•Water-soluble small molecules, e.g. sugar phosphates, ATP
• Small pool, can probably not be reduced
Nucleic acids
• DNA and RNA
Phospholipids
• membranes
13. Nucleic acid P
• represents ~40% of all organic P
• 85% is RNA
• RNA: ~90% is ribosomal (rRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA important for protein synthesis and thus
growth
• But rRNA and protein synthesis capacity stay very high in
fully developed tissue
• Functions include turnover, repair, senescence processes
• Reduction of rRNA may reduce adaptability and stress
tolerance?
14. Can rRNA levels be reduced?
Crops use a lot of RNA to produce proteins (more than trees)
Reduction of excess protein synthesis capacity may be
possible in well-managed crops
Protein / RNA
Algae Crops Trees
15. Lambers et al. (2012)
New Phytologist 196:1098-1108
Lipid P is mainly found in membranes
Phospholipids may be substituted by sulfolipids and
galactolipids (as in chloroplasts)
galactolipids
sulfolipids
phospholipids
This substitution is often found in P-starved plants
Implications for membrane properties are not fully known
16. Effects of low P are partly due to signalling, not just P deficiency
Rouached et al. (2011) Plant J. 65:557-570
Lower P status without a decrease of growth rate, presumably due
to lack of signalling
Unlinking Pi status and signalling may enable better growth at low P
17. Dissecting PUE
PUE =
biomass production per unit P per unit time X P residence time
Carbon balance and the role of P in it
Tissue longevity
Internal recycling of P
photosynthesis
high P
fast growth
time
low P
slow growth
18. Photosynthetic P-use efficiency = net photosynthesis per P present
Global patterns using the “leaf economics spectrum” dataset
(Wright et al. (2004) Nature 428:821-827)
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
log [P] (mg g-1)
log LMA (g m-2)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
log Amass (nmol g-1 s-1)
Higher Leaf Dry Mass per Area (LMA): thicker, denser leaves
Longer leaf lifespan
log LMA (g m-2)
P concentration Photosynthesis
19. Photosynthetic P-use efficiency: net photosynthesis per P present
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
log A/P (μmol g-1 s-1)
log LMA (g m-2)
PPUE = A / P
There is no clear trend with increasing LMA
There is an order-of-magnitude range at any LMA
20. Some of the variation in A/P at a given LMA is related with [N]
A/P (μmol g-1 s-1)
Leaf N/P > 15
“P-limited”
129.4
Leaf N/P < 15
“N-limited”
59.3
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
N/P < 15
N/P > 15
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
log A/P (μmol g-1 s-1)
log LMA (g m-2)
Much higher Photosynthetic P-use Efficiency in “P-limited” than “N-limited”
plants
Implication for agronomy: plant production is most efficient when all
resources are used optimally at all times
21. How does this work out over the life-time of a leaf?
Photosynthetic P use efficiency:
Rate of (maximum) net photosynthesis per amount of P present
Lifetime leaf PUE:
Amount of C (or dry matter) gained per amount of P used (= P
lost upon senescence)
photosynthesis
high P
fast growth
time
low P
slow growth
22. Modelling of leaf lifetime PUE based on:
• photosynthesis and respiration
• leaf construction cost
0.12
• leaf lifespan
• leaf P concentration
0.08
• P remobilization
0.04
0.00
40, 60 or 80% P remobilization
80%
40%
60%
0 200 400 600
A/P (g C mg-1 P)
LMA (g m-2)
Conclusions:
• Lifetime leaf PUE is very similar for leaves with very different
physiology and morphology
• Long lifespans compensate for low photosynthetic rates
• Fast growth is not incompatible with efficient P use
• P remobilization is vital for high lifetime leaf PUE
23. How do roots compare in terms of P economy?
Fine root P concentrations are high, like in leaves.
Fine roots have high turnover rates, like leaves.
Remobilization of P in roots is similar to that in leaves (?)
Variation in these traits is largely unexplored.
Temperate angiosperms Temperate gymnosperms Subtropical-tropical
Li et al. (2010)
Funct. Ecol. 24:224-232
Gill & Jackson (2000)
New Phytol. 147:13-31
Turnover (yr-1)
Root diameter (mm)
24. An extreme leaf-root contrast in PUE in a low-P environment
Trait Banksia leaf Banksia cluster root
[P], mg g-1 0.2 1
Life span, yr 3 0.1
P remobilisation, % 80 90
P cost, mg g-1 yr-1 0.01 1.0
P cost per unit standing crop per year may be 100X more for cluster roots than leaves
25. From leaf to plant scale – P remobilization in growing plants
Remobilization from a senescing leaf can
potentially supply P for a growing leaf
Relative growth rate (g g-1 d-1)
is proportional to
leaf replacement rate (d-1)
=
1/(leaf lifespan)
P
P
26. P recycling in the vegetative plant
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
remobilisation = 80%
0 10 20 30
% P from remobilisation
time
current
cumulative
Remobilization only starts
contributing to P economy
when there is senescing
tissue
Even with constant growth rate, senescence, [P] and remobilization:
• % P derived from remobilization increases only slowly over time
• total % P derived from remobilization for vegetative growth is
considerably less than the % P remobilized from senescing biomass
27. P recycling becomes important for later vegetative growth and grain filling
Shortlived species;
exponential growth followed
soon by senescence
Conclusions:
• P remobilization can reduce
dependency on soil P during later
stages of crop
• P remobilization during vegetative
growth is more important in crops
with long growing seasons and short
leaf life-spans, forming dense stands
100
80
60
40
20
0
biomass produced
biomass shed
live biomass
senesced
0 10 20 30 40 50
biomass
time
live
total
biomass
time
1500
1000
500
0
P taken up
P remobilised
total taken up
total remobilized
0 10 20 30 40 50
P
time
P
time
28. Transition to reproductive growth
In this period 30-90% of
plant P is remobilized
100
50
0
into the grain
whole
plant
vegetative
plant
0 20 40 60 80 100
P content (mg)
Time after sowing (d)
Plant P content (mg)
Time after sowing (d)
rice
wheat
lupin
canola
sunflower
29. Redistribution of P in the plant, from germination to maturity
Reducing the P flux to grain
• may allow for longer use of P for photosynthesis
• would help reduce P export from the field
30. P is very efficiently remobilized from plant to grain
PHI =
Grain P
Total P
?
Grain mass
Total mass
N/P = 6
N/P = 12
HI =
Grain is relatively enriched in P (compared to plant P and grain N).
Can this be reduced, for the benefit of PUE and nutrition?
31. [P] in grain has already been reduced through selection
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Domestication of wheat Historic wheat cultivars
diploid tetraploid hexaploid
P concentration in grain (%)
high P
low P
Calderini et al. (1995) Ann. Bot. 76:315-322
Batten et al. (1986) Ann. Bot. 58:49-59
Mainly due to ‘dilution’ (more starch).
Further progress may be possible; physiological limits are unknown
but links with N and C are likely.
32. “Ideotype” for efficient use of P
Fast and early P uptake and efficient internal recycling of P
• P will be in plant for a longer time to be used
productively
High photosynthesis at low P
• No excess P in tissues (including roots and stems)
• More productive use of P
Low grain P • More P returns to the soil
• Less P is lost to the environment
• Improved nutritional value
[Need to watch possible early vigour penalty]
33. Where to invest scarce P? Soil P banks and P debts ...
yield
increased PUE
soil P
Yield benefit of high PUE will probably be highest in low-P soils
34. Where to invest scarce P? Soil P banks and P debts ...
yield
increased PUE
soil P
Fertilizer savings in high-P soils should be invested in low-P soils
(but only if there are no other major limitations to yield?)
35. CONCLUSIONS
Increased PUE and wiser use of P fertilizer is desirable and probably
vital to ensure P fertilizer availability for future generations
P is fundamentally different to N in its physiology, agroecology,
fertilizer management and environmental implications
PUE may be increased by decreasing certain P pools and by
improving remobilization to where it is used most productively
Use of all resources (P, N, water) is most efficient when they are
all balanced;
Decisions about the distribution of these resources have large
agronomical but also large socio-economical and political
implications
36. Acknowledgements
Hans Lambers, John Raven and
other co-authors of the review
Ian Wright/Peter Reich/Glopnet
and many others …
The University of Western Australia
Contact:
Erik.Veneklaas@uwa.edu.au
37.
38. The University of Western Australia
P in ecosystems: tight cycling
VEGETATION
litter uptake
SOIL
weathering +
atmosphere
runoff
drainage
unavailable P
Nevertheless: old weathered soils are very low in soil P
39. The University of Western Australia
Sclerophyllous Banksia leaves have quite high
Photosynthetic P-use Efficiency
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
N/P < 15
N/P > 15
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
log A/P (μmol g-1 s-1)
log LMA (g m-2)
In blue: Banksia spp.
Foteini
Hassiotou
Banksia victoriae Banksia
Patrick Mitchell
40. PUE over the life-time of a leaf (in the context of
the Leaf Economic Spectrum)
C balance: High-LMA leaves live longer but have lower
rates of photosynthesis …
P balance: High-LMA leaves have lower [P] and may
have higher remobilisation …
The University of Western Australia
150
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400
LL (mo)
LMA (g m-2)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 100 200 300 400
Amass (nmol g-1 s-1)
LMA (g m-2)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 100 200 300 400
[P] (mg g-1)
LMA (g m-2)
Data: glopnet database – Wright et al. (2004) Nature
428:821-827
41. The University of Western Australia
Assumptions for life-time C and P balance:
C balance = (mean daily net photosynthesis – respiration) X lifespan –
leaf C cost
Photosynthetic capacity (Amass) scales with mean net photosynthesis (daily
basis):
• Daily C balance accounts for suboptimal light conditions, respiration.
• Amass declines over lifetime of leaf.
Reich et al. (2009) New Phytol. 183:153–166
P balance = (1-remobilised fraction) X leaf P content
Remobilisation is typically 40 to 80%, not strongly correlated with LMA
42. Leaf photosynthetic capacity scales with daily C balance
Zotz & Winter (1993) Planta 191:409-
412
Gottsberger (2002)
PhD thesis Universität
Wien
The University of Western Australia
Reich et al. (2009)
300
200
100
Tropical rainforest
Mediterranean
sclerophyllous
woodland
0 New Phytol. 183:153-166
0 5 10 15 20
Daily C balance (mmol m-2 d-1)
Amax (μmol m-2 s-1)
Cloud forest
43. Lifetime PUE does not correlate strongly with LMA but
percentage remobilization has a large impact
80
%
40%
60
%
The University of Western Australia
0.2
0.1
0.0
remobilization=60
%
0 200 400 600
lifetime PUE (g C mg-1 P)
LMA (g m-2)
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.00
0 200 400 600
A/P (g C mg-1 P)
LMA (g m-2)
Conclusion: There is large variation in PPUE and lifetime leaf
PUE, which doesn’t scale clearly with the Leaf Economics
Spectrum;
P remobilization is vital for high lifetime leaf PUE.
44. Summary lifetime leaf PUE: comparing leaves with LMA 100 and 200 g
m-2
(P remobilisation 60%)
[P] X 0.57
lifetime P balance X 1.85
LMA 100 LMA 200
The University of Western Australia
30
20
10
0
LL X 3.3
LMA 100 LMA 200
100
50
0
Amax X 0.59
LMA 100 LMA 200
15
10
5
0
lifetime C balance X 2.01
LMA 100 LMA 200
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
LMA 100 LMA 200
200
150
100
50
0
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
lifetime PUE X 1.09
LMA 100 LMA 200
Despite large differences in morphology and physiology, PUE differs by
less than 10%
45. Remobilisation of P from senescing fine roots is
significant
Species from subarctic communities,
Sweden
Freschet et al. (2010)
New Phytol. 186:879-
889
Remobilisation of P from senescing roots has often been
claimed to be very small
Root N and P remobilisation rates and root life spans are
very poorly known but potentially very important
The University of Western Australia
Leaves
(n=40)
Stems (n=38)
Roots (n=11)
46. Banksia attenuata, observed at weekly intervals in a
minirhizotron
The University of Western Australia
Banksia root turnover and P remobilization
data are being quantified
47. P required to maintain biomass (e.g. mature perennial plants)
The University of Western Australia
1000
800
600
400
200
0
P
remobilisation
20%
40%
60%
80%
0 10 20 30
Annual P cost (% of P content)
Tissue lifespan (months)
No net growth – maintenance
only;
P uptake required to maintain
same amount of tissue with same
[P]
49. Lessons from Nature?
Many of the traits identified are present in undomesticated plants
Plants on low-P soils have:
-Low tissue P concentrations
-Replace phospholipids by sulfo- and galactolipids
-Low levels of RNA
-Efficient internal P recycling
-Long tissue lifespans (often perennial plants)