This document provides suggested cultural practices for growing the moringa tree. Some key points:
- Moringa is one of the world's most nutritious crops and has many uses for food, medicine, and more.
- It can be grown from seed, transplant, or stem cuttings. Spacing depends on the part of the plant being grown (leaves, pods, etc).
- Moringa grows in a wide range of climates and soils but prefers well-drained soil and temperatures between 25-35°C.
- Leaves, flowers, and young pods can all be harvested for food. Pruning encourages branching and higher yields.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
IMPORTANCE OF ROOTSTOCK IN CANOPY MANAGEMENT AND FRUIT PRODUCTIONAbhimanyu Tomar
The document discusses canopy management in fruit crops through the use of dwarfing rootstocks. It explains that dwarf rootstocks allow for higher density planting and better light penetration to optimize fruit production and quality. Several factors influence a rootstock's dwarfing effects, including genetic differences, hormonal interactions, and bark thickness. Standard, semi-dwarf, and dwarf rootstocks are compared. The rootstocks' effects on tree size, nutrition, flowering, and disease resistance are examined. Regional soil and climate adaptations must also be considered when selecting rootstocks. New dwarfing rootstocks continue to be evaluated for different fruit species.
Permaculture- Chicory Crop, Asteraceae family
Common chicory is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Many varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons, or roots, which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and food additive.
Chicory root is primarily composed of inulin, a prebiotic that encourages the growth of healthy gut bacteria. Chicory is used for liver and heart health, constipation, swelling, and other conditions, but there is no good evidence to support its use. In foods, chicory leaves are often eaten like celery, and the roots and leaf buds are boiled and eaten. Chicory is also used as a cooking spice and to flavor foods and beverages.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
Introduction of Dianthus barbatus(carnation)ArunPali1
Carnation and tuberose are important cut flowers cultivated globally.
Carnation grows best in temperatures between 10-20°C and requires well-draining sandy loam soil with regular fertilizer. Varieties include spray, standard, and sim types. Proper support, pinching, and disbudding are needed for optimal growth. Pests like aphids and diseases like fusarium wilt require preventative spraying.
Tuberose grows year-round in warm, humid climates. Bulbs are planted at 15-20cm spacing in loam soil with organic matter. Irrigation every 10-15 days is typical. Flowers are harvested for bouquets when buds show color. Post
This document provides information on mulberry cultivation. It discusses the taxonomy of mulberry and describes several mulberry species. It also describes the morphology of mulberry plants. The document outlines best practices for mulberry cultivation, including land preparation, varieties, nursery establishment, planting methods, manuring, irrigation, pruning, and harvesting. Improved high-yielding varieties that are suitable for irrigated and rainfed conditions are highlighted. Annual leaf yields ranging from 6000 to 65,000 kg/ha depending on variety and cultivation method are reported.
This document provides information on apple production technology. It covers topics such as rootstocks, propagation, planting, pollination, flowering induction, training, pruning, fertilizers, irrigation, weed management, and harvesting. It discusses commercial apple rootstocks like M9, M26, and MM series and their effects on tree size. Propagation methods like grafting and budding are outlined. Planting density depends on the rootstock and ranges from 200-1250 trees per hectare. Pollinizers are needed for cross pollination. Practices to induce early flowering include branch bending, pruning, and using plant growth regulators. Training systems include central leader, spindle bush, and espalier. Proper pruning balances growth and
Selecting and Planting Fruit and Nut TreeseAfghanAg
This document provides guidance on establishing a fruit garden by selecting an orchard site, preparing the land, choosing fruit trees, and planting trees. The ideal orchard site has good drainage and a slope of 4-8% facing south. Soil tests identify fertility and potential pest issues. When selecting trees, factors like size, cultivar, rootstock and pollination requirements are important. Orchards are laid out with consideration of tree spacing, varieties, and placement of pollinizer trees. Proper planting involves digging a hole for the roots, placing the tree at the right depth, and filling in gently around it.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
IMPORTANCE OF ROOTSTOCK IN CANOPY MANAGEMENT AND FRUIT PRODUCTIONAbhimanyu Tomar
The document discusses canopy management in fruit crops through the use of dwarfing rootstocks. It explains that dwarf rootstocks allow for higher density planting and better light penetration to optimize fruit production and quality. Several factors influence a rootstock's dwarfing effects, including genetic differences, hormonal interactions, and bark thickness. Standard, semi-dwarf, and dwarf rootstocks are compared. The rootstocks' effects on tree size, nutrition, flowering, and disease resistance are examined. Regional soil and climate adaptations must also be considered when selecting rootstocks. New dwarfing rootstocks continue to be evaluated for different fruit species.
Permaculture- Chicory Crop, Asteraceae family
Common chicory is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Many varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons, or roots, which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and food additive.
Chicory root is primarily composed of inulin, a prebiotic that encourages the growth of healthy gut bacteria. Chicory is used for liver and heart health, constipation, swelling, and other conditions, but there is no good evidence to support its use. In foods, chicory leaves are often eaten like celery, and the roots and leaf buds are boiled and eaten. Chicory is also used as a cooking spice and to flavor foods and beverages.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
Introduction of Dianthus barbatus(carnation)ArunPali1
Carnation and tuberose are important cut flowers cultivated globally.
Carnation grows best in temperatures between 10-20°C and requires well-draining sandy loam soil with regular fertilizer. Varieties include spray, standard, and sim types. Proper support, pinching, and disbudding are needed for optimal growth. Pests like aphids and diseases like fusarium wilt require preventative spraying.
Tuberose grows year-round in warm, humid climates. Bulbs are planted at 15-20cm spacing in loam soil with organic matter. Irrigation every 10-15 days is typical. Flowers are harvested for bouquets when buds show color. Post
This document provides information on mulberry cultivation. It discusses the taxonomy of mulberry and describes several mulberry species. It also describes the morphology of mulberry plants. The document outlines best practices for mulberry cultivation, including land preparation, varieties, nursery establishment, planting methods, manuring, irrigation, pruning, and harvesting. Improved high-yielding varieties that are suitable for irrigated and rainfed conditions are highlighted. Annual leaf yields ranging from 6000 to 65,000 kg/ha depending on variety and cultivation method are reported.
This document provides information on apple production technology. It covers topics such as rootstocks, propagation, planting, pollination, flowering induction, training, pruning, fertilizers, irrigation, weed management, and harvesting. It discusses commercial apple rootstocks like M9, M26, and MM series and their effects on tree size. Propagation methods like grafting and budding are outlined. Planting density depends on the rootstock and ranges from 200-1250 trees per hectare. Pollinizers are needed for cross pollination. Practices to induce early flowering include branch bending, pruning, and using plant growth regulators. Training systems include central leader, spindle bush, and espalier. Proper pruning balances growth and
Selecting and Planting Fruit and Nut TreeseAfghanAg
This document provides guidance on establishing a fruit garden by selecting an orchard site, preparing the land, choosing fruit trees, and planting trees. The ideal orchard site has good drainage and a slope of 4-8% facing south. Soil tests identify fertility and potential pest issues. When selecting trees, factors like size, cultivar, rootstock and pollination requirements are important. Orchards are laid out with consideration of tree spacing, varieties, and placement of pollinizer trees. Proper planting involves digging a hole for the roots, placing the tree at the right depth, and filling in gently around it.
Carnations are great for cut flowers Due to its excellent keeping quality, a wide range varieties selection, and Carnations can withstand long-distance during transport qualities farmer attract towards Carnation cultivation
They are especially the demand for Valentine’s day, Easter, Mother’s day and Christmas. India has the excellent prospect of developing good quality carnation. Places having cold climate such as Shimla, Kulu, Manali, Kalimpong, Ooty, Kodaikanal, Bangalore, Pune, Nasik, etc. are most appropriate places for the production of Carnation cut flowers.
Chrysanthemums are a popular commercial flower crop that originated in Asia and Europe. They are classified based on plant growth as standards, sprays, or pot mums. Standards have a single large flower, while sprays have many small flowers and are used for garlands. Chrysanthemums prefer sandy loam soil and require pinching, disbudding, and other care techniques to promote branching and optimal flowering. They are harvested based on flower development and can be packed for domestic or export markets.
This document provides information on the cultivation practices of carnation. It begins with an introduction to carnations, describing their importance as a cut flower, uses including decorations for special occasions, and composition of volatile oils extracted from the flowers.
It then discusses the three main types of garden carnations - border/malmaision, perpetual flowering, and marguerite or chabud. The document also covers carnation varieties, ideal soil and climate conditions, propagation through cuttings, bed preparation, planting, nutrient and water management, pruning and training techniques, and pest and disease control.
It concludes with sections on harvesting and yields, post-harvest handling including grading, packing and storage, and a brief thank you.
This document provides information on the cultivation of vetiver. It describes the plant characteristics, major production areas, suitable varieties, and cultivation methods such as soil and climate requirements, propagation, planting, fertilization, irrigation, and pest and disease management. The optimal harvesting time is listed as 18 months after planting when the roots and oil yield are highest and the oil quality is best. The harvested roots are processed by separating, washing, chopping, and shade drying before distillation to extract the essential oil.
Bromeliads are flowering plants native to tropical Americas. There are over 3170 bromeliad species that can be found from sea level to high altitudes across rainforests and deserts. Approximately half are epiphytic plants that grow on other plants or structures. While only pineapple is a major food crop, bromeliads have many uses including ornamental plants. They propagate through pups, offsets, and seeds. Bromeliads are generally pest-free and easy to cultivate as long as they receive adequate sunlight, temperature, water, humidity and fertilizer depending on the species.
1. The document discusses principles of orchard establishment including selecting a suitable location, site preparation, planning the orchard layout, and planting systems. Key factors in selecting a location include suitable climate, soil, water supply, and proximity to markets and transportation.
2. Site preparation involves clearing the land, deep plowing, leveling, and adding manure or green manure crops to improve soil quality. Careful planning of the orchard includes optimizing tree spacing, grouping trees by ripening time, providing pollinators, and installing irrigation channels, roads, windbreaks, and fencing.
3. Common orchard layout systems include the square, rectangular, hexagonal, quincunx, and contour planting patterns, which
This document summarizes the cultivation practices of tuberose. It describes the botanical details of tuberose and discusses propagation through bulbs or bulb segments. Ideal growing conditions including climate, soil type, and spacing are outlined. The document also covers cultivation processes such as site selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, harvesting, post-harvest handling, and yield. Common tuberose varieties grown for their fragrance in cut flowers and essential oils are also mentioned.
Crossandra is an important commercial
flower, mainly grown in India, tropical Africa
and Madagascar. The flowers are commonly
used for hair adornment. Though not fragrant,
flowers are very popular because of its
attractive bright colour, light weight and good
keeping quality. These are used for making
garland, either alone or in combination with jasmine flowers. Using Crossandra flowers in
combination with jasmine is becoming increasingly popular in India, particularly in southern
parts, because the jasmine flowers provide colour contrast and the desired fragrance.
This document provides information on the plant profile, uses, soil and climate requirements, varieties, inputs, cultivation practices, plant protection measures, harvesting, and yield of scented geranium. Scented geranium is a perennial aromatic plant cultivated for its essential oil, which is used in cosmetics and perfumery. It thrives in well-drained soil and a mild climate, and is propagated through cuttings. With proper care, scented geranium can be harvested up to three times per year, yielding approximately 15 tonnes of fresh herbage and 18 kg of essential oil per hectare annually.
This document discusses canopy management practices for guava trees, specifically pruning. It notes that canopy management is an important practice that forms the basis for fruit tree precociousness and longevity. Regular pruning is essential to induce new growth and provide maximum fruit-bearing area over the tree. Pruning helps control tree size, stimulate flowering and fruiting, improve fruit quality by increasing sunlight penetration, and make other horticultural practices more efficient. The ideal guava tree structure from pruning is dwarf, spreading, with an open canopy.
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for its flowers, which are used to produce garlands, perfume oils, and tea flavoring. Three main species are grown: Jasminum grandiflorum (Spanish jasmine), J. sambac (Arabian jasmine), and J. auriculatum. They are propagated from cuttings and grown at specific spacing. Pests include budworms and mites. Diseases include leaf blight and wilt. Flowers are harvested in the morning when buds are unopened. Spanish jasmine flowers are used to produce a fragrant concrete by soaking in hexane to absorb the perfume, then evaporating the solvent.
Gerbera is commonly grown in several states in India. There are many varieties that differ in color. Propagation is through division of suckers or tissue culture. Optimal growing conditions include temperatures of 22-25°C during the day and 12-16°C at night under 50% shade. Soil preparation includes fumigation, with beds spaced 60cm apart. Drip irrigation of 4.5-6 liters/m2 daily is required. Pests like aphids and diseases like crown rot must be managed. Flowers are harvested once the outer disc florets open, with a yield of 130-200 flowers/m2 annually. Post-harvest care includes hydration and bleach treatment, with boxes
Morphological characters, breeding method and production technology of tuberosetarabhuyan1
This document provides information on tuberose, including its scientific name, family, origin, and economic importance. It discusses common cultivars and varieties, morphological characters, breeding methods, production technology covering climate, soil, propagation, planting spacing/methods, irrigation, manures/fertilizers, pest and disease management, and harvesting of flowers and bulbs. The key information presented includes tuberose's native origin in Mexico, its use as an ornamental cut flower and in essential oil industries, and common varieties ranging from single to double flowering types.
This document summarizes research on dwarfing fruit plants through the use of dwarfing rootstocks and other techniques. It discusses the principles and physiology of dwarfism, and various methods to achieve dwarfism including dwarfing rootstocks, bioregulators, incompatible scions, viral infection, pruning and training, and genetic engineering. It also presents findings from research studies on the effects of different rootstocks on tree growth and yield of various fruit crops such as apple, mango, and citrus. The document provides detailed information on dwarfing mechanisms and strategies to produce compact dwarf trees with desirable horticultural characteristics.
Mulberry is cultivated for the leaves that are the sole food of silkworms. There are over 20 mulberry species but the most useful for silk production are Morus alba, M. serrata, M. indica, and M. latifolia. Mulberry can be propagated through seeds or vegetatively. It grows best in temperatures between 24-37°C, with rainfall of 600-2500 mm and humidity of 65-80%. Soil pH should be between 6.5-7.0. Proper planting methods, spacing, manure application, weeding, pruning, and leaf harvesting techniques are required to maximize mulberry leaf yield and quality for silkworm rearing.
Marigold (Tagetes spp.) Is widely adapted and easily cultured flower throughout the world.It has various religious and social importance.so,in this slide you will be able to know about this flower and it's cultivation and harvesting techniques.
Jasmine is a genus of flowering plants with over 200 species. It is widely cultivated for its sweetly fragrant flowers. The document provides details on the taxonomy of jasmine, common species, descriptions, uses, cultivation practices including climate, soil, varieties, and harvesting. Jasmine is native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Asia and cultivated for ornamental and religious purposes. Commercial cultivation yields high profits after several years of growth.
Tuberose is a commercially important cut flower that is native to Mexico. It grows well in warm, humid climates with temperatures between 20-35 degrees Celsius. The document discusses cultivation practices for tuberose like soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, harvesting, storage and yield. It provides details on varieties like Shringar and Prajwal as well as commonly grown cultivars that differ in corolla segments. Proper site selection, soil management, irrigation and harvesting are essential for high yield and quality of tuberose flowers and bulbs.
This document provides information about drumstick (Moringa oleifera), including its botany, uses, cultivation practices, varieties, pests and diseases, and nutritional benefits. It notes that drumstick is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree native to South Asia. All parts of the plant are used, including the leaves, pods, flowers, seeds, roots, and bark. The document outlines drumstick's cultivation requirements and production practices, and identifies several pests and diseases that affect the crop. It concludes by discussing drumstick's high nutritional value but also notes some cautions about consuming certain parts of the plant.
This document summarizes research on growing strawberries in high tunnels in Missouri. It discusses using the Chandler variety of strawberry planted in September in high tunnels, and managing irrigation, fertilization, spacing, and row covers. The high tunnels allow for significantly earlier and higher strawberry yields compared to open field production in Missouri, with the first harvests in early April. Proper establishment and care of the plants in the fall is important for maximizing branch crowns and subsequent fruit production the following spring.
This document summarizes research on growing strawberries in high tunnels in Missouri. Key points:
- High tunnels allow for earlier and extended strawberry production compared to open field, protecting from environmental extremes.
- 'Chandler' variety performed well in trials, planted in September in high tunnels. Honeybees and bumblebees were effective pollinators.
- Harvest began in early April, 4 weeks earlier than open field and yielded over 1 lb of marketable berries per plant on average.
- Pests like gray mold and mites required control. Shade cloth improved fruit quality as temperatures increased later in season.
Carnations are great for cut flowers Due to its excellent keeping quality, a wide range varieties selection, and Carnations can withstand long-distance during transport qualities farmer attract towards Carnation cultivation
They are especially the demand for Valentine’s day, Easter, Mother’s day and Christmas. India has the excellent prospect of developing good quality carnation. Places having cold climate such as Shimla, Kulu, Manali, Kalimpong, Ooty, Kodaikanal, Bangalore, Pune, Nasik, etc. are most appropriate places for the production of Carnation cut flowers.
Chrysanthemums are a popular commercial flower crop that originated in Asia and Europe. They are classified based on plant growth as standards, sprays, or pot mums. Standards have a single large flower, while sprays have many small flowers and are used for garlands. Chrysanthemums prefer sandy loam soil and require pinching, disbudding, and other care techniques to promote branching and optimal flowering. They are harvested based on flower development and can be packed for domestic or export markets.
This document provides information on the cultivation practices of carnation. It begins with an introduction to carnations, describing their importance as a cut flower, uses including decorations for special occasions, and composition of volatile oils extracted from the flowers.
It then discusses the three main types of garden carnations - border/malmaision, perpetual flowering, and marguerite or chabud. The document also covers carnation varieties, ideal soil and climate conditions, propagation through cuttings, bed preparation, planting, nutrient and water management, pruning and training techniques, and pest and disease control.
It concludes with sections on harvesting and yields, post-harvest handling including grading, packing and storage, and a brief thank you.
This document provides information on the cultivation of vetiver. It describes the plant characteristics, major production areas, suitable varieties, and cultivation methods such as soil and climate requirements, propagation, planting, fertilization, irrigation, and pest and disease management. The optimal harvesting time is listed as 18 months after planting when the roots and oil yield are highest and the oil quality is best. The harvested roots are processed by separating, washing, chopping, and shade drying before distillation to extract the essential oil.
Bromeliads are flowering plants native to tropical Americas. There are over 3170 bromeliad species that can be found from sea level to high altitudes across rainforests and deserts. Approximately half are epiphytic plants that grow on other plants or structures. While only pineapple is a major food crop, bromeliads have many uses including ornamental plants. They propagate through pups, offsets, and seeds. Bromeliads are generally pest-free and easy to cultivate as long as they receive adequate sunlight, temperature, water, humidity and fertilizer depending on the species.
1. The document discusses principles of orchard establishment including selecting a suitable location, site preparation, planning the orchard layout, and planting systems. Key factors in selecting a location include suitable climate, soil, water supply, and proximity to markets and transportation.
2. Site preparation involves clearing the land, deep plowing, leveling, and adding manure or green manure crops to improve soil quality. Careful planning of the orchard includes optimizing tree spacing, grouping trees by ripening time, providing pollinators, and installing irrigation channels, roads, windbreaks, and fencing.
3. Common orchard layout systems include the square, rectangular, hexagonal, quincunx, and contour planting patterns, which
This document summarizes the cultivation practices of tuberose. It describes the botanical details of tuberose and discusses propagation through bulbs or bulb segments. Ideal growing conditions including climate, soil type, and spacing are outlined. The document also covers cultivation processes such as site selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, harvesting, post-harvest handling, and yield. Common tuberose varieties grown for their fragrance in cut flowers and essential oils are also mentioned.
Crossandra is an important commercial
flower, mainly grown in India, tropical Africa
and Madagascar. The flowers are commonly
used for hair adornment. Though not fragrant,
flowers are very popular because of its
attractive bright colour, light weight and good
keeping quality. These are used for making
garland, either alone or in combination with jasmine flowers. Using Crossandra flowers in
combination with jasmine is becoming increasingly popular in India, particularly in southern
parts, because the jasmine flowers provide colour contrast and the desired fragrance.
This document provides information on the plant profile, uses, soil and climate requirements, varieties, inputs, cultivation practices, plant protection measures, harvesting, and yield of scented geranium. Scented geranium is a perennial aromatic plant cultivated for its essential oil, which is used in cosmetics and perfumery. It thrives in well-drained soil and a mild climate, and is propagated through cuttings. With proper care, scented geranium can be harvested up to three times per year, yielding approximately 15 tonnes of fresh herbage and 18 kg of essential oil per hectare annually.
This document discusses canopy management practices for guava trees, specifically pruning. It notes that canopy management is an important practice that forms the basis for fruit tree precociousness and longevity. Regular pruning is essential to induce new growth and provide maximum fruit-bearing area over the tree. Pruning helps control tree size, stimulate flowering and fruiting, improve fruit quality by increasing sunlight penetration, and make other horticultural practices more efficient. The ideal guava tree structure from pruning is dwarf, spreading, with an open canopy.
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for its flowers, which are used to produce garlands, perfume oils, and tea flavoring. Three main species are grown: Jasminum grandiflorum (Spanish jasmine), J. sambac (Arabian jasmine), and J. auriculatum. They are propagated from cuttings and grown at specific spacing. Pests include budworms and mites. Diseases include leaf blight and wilt. Flowers are harvested in the morning when buds are unopened. Spanish jasmine flowers are used to produce a fragrant concrete by soaking in hexane to absorb the perfume, then evaporating the solvent.
Gerbera is commonly grown in several states in India. There are many varieties that differ in color. Propagation is through division of suckers or tissue culture. Optimal growing conditions include temperatures of 22-25°C during the day and 12-16°C at night under 50% shade. Soil preparation includes fumigation, with beds spaced 60cm apart. Drip irrigation of 4.5-6 liters/m2 daily is required. Pests like aphids and diseases like crown rot must be managed. Flowers are harvested once the outer disc florets open, with a yield of 130-200 flowers/m2 annually. Post-harvest care includes hydration and bleach treatment, with boxes
Morphological characters, breeding method and production technology of tuberosetarabhuyan1
This document provides information on tuberose, including its scientific name, family, origin, and economic importance. It discusses common cultivars and varieties, morphological characters, breeding methods, production technology covering climate, soil, propagation, planting spacing/methods, irrigation, manures/fertilizers, pest and disease management, and harvesting of flowers and bulbs. The key information presented includes tuberose's native origin in Mexico, its use as an ornamental cut flower and in essential oil industries, and common varieties ranging from single to double flowering types.
This document summarizes research on dwarfing fruit plants through the use of dwarfing rootstocks and other techniques. It discusses the principles and physiology of dwarfism, and various methods to achieve dwarfism including dwarfing rootstocks, bioregulators, incompatible scions, viral infection, pruning and training, and genetic engineering. It also presents findings from research studies on the effects of different rootstocks on tree growth and yield of various fruit crops such as apple, mango, and citrus. The document provides detailed information on dwarfing mechanisms and strategies to produce compact dwarf trees with desirable horticultural characteristics.
Mulberry is cultivated for the leaves that are the sole food of silkworms. There are over 20 mulberry species but the most useful for silk production are Morus alba, M. serrata, M. indica, and M. latifolia. Mulberry can be propagated through seeds or vegetatively. It grows best in temperatures between 24-37°C, with rainfall of 600-2500 mm and humidity of 65-80%. Soil pH should be between 6.5-7.0. Proper planting methods, spacing, manure application, weeding, pruning, and leaf harvesting techniques are required to maximize mulberry leaf yield and quality for silkworm rearing.
Marigold (Tagetes spp.) Is widely adapted and easily cultured flower throughout the world.It has various religious and social importance.so,in this slide you will be able to know about this flower and it's cultivation and harvesting techniques.
Jasmine is a genus of flowering plants with over 200 species. It is widely cultivated for its sweetly fragrant flowers. The document provides details on the taxonomy of jasmine, common species, descriptions, uses, cultivation practices including climate, soil, varieties, and harvesting. Jasmine is native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Asia and cultivated for ornamental and religious purposes. Commercial cultivation yields high profits after several years of growth.
Tuberose is a commercially important cut flower that is native to Mexico. It grows well in warm, humid climates with temperatures between 20-35 degrees Celsius. The document discusses cultivation practices for tuberose like soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, harvesting, storage and yield. It provides details on varieties like Shringar and Prajwal as well as commonly grown cultivars that differ in corolla segments. Proper site selection, soil management, irrigation and harvesting are essential for high yield and quality of tuberose flowers and bulbs.
This document provides information about drumstick (Moringa oleifera), including its botany, uses, cultivation practices, varieties, pests and diseases, and nutritional benefits. It notes that drumstick is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree native to South Asia. All parts of the plant are used, including the leaves, pods, flowers, seeds, roots, and bark. The document outlines drumstick's cultivation requirements and production practices, and identifies several pests and diseases that affect the crop. It concludes by discussing drumstick's high nutritional value but also notes some cautions about consuming certain parts of the plant.
This document summarizes research on growing strawberries in high tunnels in Missouri. It discusses using the Chandler variety of strawberry planted in September in high tunnels, and managing irrigation, fertilization, spacing, and row covers. The high tunnels allow for significantly earlier and higher strawberry yields compared to open field production in Missouri, with the first harvests in early April. Proper establishment and care of the plants in the fall is important for maximizing branch crowns and subsequent fruit production the following spring.
This document summarizes research on growing strawberries in high tunnels in Missouri. Key points:
- High tunnels allow for earlier and extended strawberry production compared to open field, protecting from environmental extremes.
- 'Chandler' variety performed well in trials, planted in September in high tunnels. Honeybees and bumblebees were effective pollinators.
- Harvest began in early April, 4 weeks earlier than open field and yielded over 1 lb of marketable berries per plant on average.
- Pests like gray mold and mites required control. Shade cloth improved fruit quality as temperatures increased later in season.
Moringa trees can be easily grown from seed or cuttings. They prefer full sun and well-drained soil. Seeds should be planted 1 cm deep and kept moist. Seedlings can be planted out when 60-90 cm tall. Moringa trees grow quickly, reaching 5 meters in the first year, and produce pods within 3 years. Regular pruning and pinching encourages bushy growth and maximizes pod production. Moringa is resistant to most pests and diseases.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document discusses strategies for efficiently producing moringa leaves to meet increasing demand. It recommends growing moringa as a high-density monocrop or intercropped with other plants. For high-density planting, direct seeding is most efficient using spacings of 10x10cm to 20x20cm. Intercropping involves transplanting seedlings or direct seeding moringa 2-5m apart between rows. The document provides details on soil preparation, fertilization, irrigation, pest and disease management, and harvesting moringa leaves every 35-40 days to promote regrowth. Yield trials in Nicaragua achieved up to 259 metric tons of fresh biomass per hectare per year using different planting densities and
Neolamarckia cadamba, or Kadamba tree, is a large evergreen tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It is considered sacred in Hindu and Buddhist traditions. The tree has red to orange flowers and produces seeds dispersed by wind. It grows well in tropical forests and tolerates a variety of soil and moisture conditions. Kadamba wood is used for construction, furniture, and paper products. The tree's flowers are used in perfumes and its bark and leaves have medicinal purposes. It is considered a miracle tree in some traditions due to its associations with Lord Krishna and ability to reunite lovers.
This document provides information on mulberry cultivation. It begins with the botanical description of mulberry, including that it is a fast growing deciduous tree that can be propagated through cuttings. It then discusses optimal soil and climate conditions for mulberry growth, as well as different planting systems and varieties suitable for different conditions. The document also outlines best practices for irrigation, fertilization, pruning and harvesting mulberry leaves.
This document provides information on banana production. It discusses the botany and classification of banana, describing it as a perennial herb in the order Zingiberales. It details banana's origin in Southeast Asia and lists its major varieties. The document also outlines banana's ecological requirements, cultivation practices including planting materials, spacing, fertilization, and pest and disease management. It notes banana's status as the fourth most important global crop and lists India as a major producer. In conclusion, it identifies constraints to banana production such as availability of quality planting materials and pest and disease problems.
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The document summarizes a study that analyzed samples collected from diarrhea patients and their mothers in rural Bangladesh to detect coliform bacteria. Several species of coliform bacteria were isolated from the samples, with isolation rates ranging from 38.01-3.51%. Extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves were tested against the isolated bacteria. The leaf extracts showed antibacterial effects and were able to inhibit the growth of all tested bacterial pathogens, including E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Serratia species. The extracts had zone of inhibition ranging from 8-23 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration values between 62.5-1000 μg/mL, suggesting M. oleifera extracts could
This research article studied the anti-obesity effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MEMOL) in rats with high fat diet-induced obesity. Rats were fed a high fat diet to induce obesity over 49 days. Treatment with MEMOL for 49 days significantly reduced body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in obese rats, and increased body temperature, compared to untreated obese rats. MEMOL treated rats also showed decreased levels of liver enzymes and blood glucose. The results indicate that MEMOL attenuated body weight gain in obese rats without affecting food intake, and demonstrated hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, suggesting it may help treat obesity and related disorders.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the use of moringa leaf meal (MOLM) as a replacement for soybean meal in rabbit diets. Specifically, the study:
1. Cultivated moringa and analyzed the chemical composition of the dried leaf meal.
2. Formulated diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% MOLM and fed them to weaner rabbits to assess growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters.
3. Found that MOLM is high in nutrients like protein and can partially or fully replace soybean meal without negatively impacting rabbit growth, health, or meat quality.
The study
This doctoral thesis by Azra Yasmeen explores the potential of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) leaf extract as a natural plant growth enhancer. The thesis involved a series of experiments on various crops including wheat, tomato, and pea. The results showed that Moringa leaf extract improved germination, seedling growth and yield under normal, saline and drought conditions. When applied as a seed priming agent or foliar spray, Moringa extract enhanced growth attributes such as plant height, chlorophyll content, protein levels and antioxidant enzyme activity. It also mitigated the adverse effects of salt stress and water deficit. The research demonstrated that Moringa leaf extract has promising properties as a natural growth
Despite considerable interest in the use of Moringa oleifera as a nutrient source, gaps and inconsistencies in the information on the nutrient content of this interesting plant remain. There are many reasons for this. The nutrient content of newly harvested plant material naturally varies with soil and climate as well as season and plant age. Differences in processing and storage procedures add more variation; and the use of different analytical techniques amplifies the variation further. For moringa leaves, additional variation has been created over time due to errors created as nutrient content values are incorrectly copied from source to source (30). The purpose of this review is to summarize the more recent scientific information about the nutrient content of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves and dried Moringa oleifera leaf powder. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa Oleifera, A Supermarket On A Tree
Moringa oleifera is extremely rich in vital nutrients and, as a bonus, can grow very fast in dry areas of the world, where food is scarce. Since ancient times, Moringa was used as a medicinal plant, known to heal and ease a wide number of diseases: from various inflammations to cancer, to parasitic diseases and diabetes. In more recent times, Moringa has gained notoriety as a nutrition power plant that can feed the needy and, in fact, save lives. And eyes… from blindness due to lack of vital nutrients such as vitamin A in the diet.
Moringa leaves or leaf powder can be used successfully as a suplement food to nourish small children, pregnant or nursing women, and of course, anybody else.
http://miracletrees.org/
This document summarizes a study that investigated the structure of flocs formed when protein extracted from Moringa seeds is added to dispersions of polystyrene latex particles. Small-angle neutron scattering showed that the protein strongly adsorbs to the latex particle surfaces. The protein causes the particles to flocculate into very dense aggregates. The fractal dimensions of the flocs increased with higher particle concentration, approaching a theoretical maximum of 3. The flocs formed were more compact than those typically formed by simple ionic or polymeric flocculents. Proteins from two Moringa species were compared, with Moringa oleifera producing slightly denser flocs. Compact floc structure is desirable for efficient water purification
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dry Moringa oleifera leaf powder in treating anaemia. The leaf powder was found to contain high amounts of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin C and beta-carotene. Rats with induced anaemia were fed diets supplemented with 5% or 10% M. oleifera leaf powder. The supplemented rats showed significantly higher packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell levels compared to unsupplemented rats, demonstrating the leaf powder's ability to treat anaemia. The study concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder has potential as a nutrient supplement to improve nutritional status and manage anaemia.
The potential of_moringa_oleifera_for_agricultural_and_industrial_usesDrumstick Moringa
This document provides information on the potential uses of Moringa oleifera products. It discusses the morphology and physical characteristics of Moringa, as well as its socio-economic importance. The document then outlines the various uses of Moringa parts, including using the leaves, pods, seeds, and seed oil for human consumption. It also discusses using Moringa seeds for water purification and industrial uses of Moringa seed oil.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the use of moringa leaf meal (MOLM) as a replacement for soybean meal in rabbit diets. Specifically, the study:
1. Cultivated moringa and analyzed the chemical composition of the dried leaf meal.
2. Formulated diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% MOLM and fed them to weaner rabbits to assess growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters.
3. Analyzed data on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), digestibility, carcass traits, and blood components to determine the effects of partially or completely replacing soy
This research article evaluated the potential aphrodisiac effects of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in male albino rats. Male rats were orally administered aqueous, alcohol, or chloroform extracts of M. oleifera seeds at various doses for 21 days. The extracts significantly increased sexual behaviors like mounting frequency and intromission frequency, while decreasing parameters like mounting latency and post-ejaculatory interval. The aqueous extract was found to be the most effective and showed no adverse effects. The results provide scientific support for the traditional use of M. oleifera seeds as an aphrodisiac for managing male sexual disorders.
Study of moringa_effect_on_gastric_and_duodenal_ulcersDrumstick Moringa
The study evaluated the effects of leaf and fruit extracts of Moringa oleifera on experimentally induced gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. The results showed that:
1) Leaf extracts of M. oleifera reduced ulcer indices in models of acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers, indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers, ethanol-induced gastric ulcers, and cold restraint stress-induced gastric ulcers. The acetone and methanol leaf extracts showed the most potent effects.
2) The acetone and methanol leaf extracts reduced free and total acidity in pylorus-ligated rats, indicating a gastric anti-secretory effect.
3) Leaf extracts increased regeneration of
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of drinking Moringa oleifera tea on blood sugar levels. The study tested 43 individuals, 30 with normal blood sugar and 13 with hyperglycemia. For those with normal blood sugar, their levels did not significantly change after drinking the tea. However, for those with hyperglycemia, their blood sugar levels significantly dropped an average of 28 mg/dl after drinking the tea. The results suggest Moringa oleifera tea may benefit those managing hyperglycemia.
The document describes a method for small-scale farming called square foot gardening (SFG) that is well-suited for growing food in urban areas. SFG involves digging a 4.1 square meter area of land 2 feet deep and mixing the soil with an equal amount of poultry manure. The soil mixture is allowed to decompose for 6 weeks before being divided into four beds. Moringa is then planted and harvested after 60 days, with additional harvests possible every 50-60 days, providing a sustainable source of food in small spaces.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds on the sexual activity and reproductive abilities of male albino rats. The extract was administered orally to rats at doses of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg for 21 days. The extract significantly increased mounting frequency, intromission frequency, libido, and sperm count, while decreasing mounting latency, intromission latency, and post-ejaculatory interval. The extract also had no adverse effects or acute toxicity. The results demonstrate that the M. oleifera seed extract can enhance sexual behavior in male rats, providing rationale for its traditional use as an aphrodisiac.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of supplementing the diets of severely malnourished children in Burkina Faso with Moringa oleifera leaf powder. 110 children aged 6-59 months were randomly assigned to two groups. Both groups received standard nutritional care, but one group received an additional 10g per day of Moringa leaf powder. Children receiving the Moringa supplement had higher average weight gain, a quicker recovery rate, but no significant difference in hemoglobin levels. The Moringa supplementation was found to be effective and safe in improving the nutritional recovery of severely malnourished children.
This document provides a profile for establishing a plant to produce 279 tonnes of Moringa oleifera oil per year in Ethiopia. It finds that the current demand for Moringa oleifera oil is 3,500 tonnes annually and is projected to reach 8,207 tonnes by 2017. The total investment required is estimated at 3.79 million Birr, including 1.8 million Birr for plant and machinery. The project is expected to employ 43 people and has an internal rate of return of 17% and net present value of 1.64 million Birr, making it financially viable.
This document provides information on the uses, cultivation, and production of Moringa oleifera (moringa). It discusses how almost all parts of the moringa tree are used for food, oil, fiber, and medicine in many cultures. Commercially, mature seeds are used to produce oil and the seed cake leftover is used as fertilizer and for water purification. Leaves are commonly eaten and used as livestock feed. The document provides details on moringa's botanical description, environmental preferences, growth, cultivation practices, pests and diseases. It highlights that moringa is widely adapted to tropical and subtropical regions, and almost every part of the plant has uses.
Production and marketing_moringa_farm_and_forestry
Moringa suggested ways_of_cultivation
1. 1
Guide
International
Cooperators’
AVRDC
1
Visiting scientist from the Univerityof the Virgin Islands and AVRDC olericulturalist, respectively. Edited by T. Kalb.
Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center; P.O. Box 42, Shanhua; Taiwan 741; ROC
tel: (886-6) 583-7801 fax: (886-6) 583-0009 email: avrdcbox@netra.avrdc.org.tw www: http://www.avrdc.org
Suggested Cultural Practices
for Moringa
by M.C. Palada and L.C. Chang1
Introduction
Moringa (Moringa spp.) is one of the world’s most
useful plants. This fast-growing tree is grown
throughout the tropics for human food, livestock
forage, medicine, dye, and water purification (Figs.
1, 2). It is known by several names in different coun-
tries, but is popularly called the “drumstick tree”
for its pods that are used by drummers and the
“horseradish tree” for the flavor of its roots.
Moringa is one of the world’s most nutritious
crops. Ounce for ounce, the leaves of moringa have
more beta-carotene than carrots, more protein than
peas, more vitamin C than oranges, more calcium
than milk, more potassium than bananas, and more
iron than spinach. Native to South Asia, this tree is
March 2003
AVRDC pub # 03-545
becoming a vital source of nutrition in this region,
where most of the world’s poor people live. The
multiple uses of moringa have attracted the atten-
tion of researchers, development workers, and
farmers.
The following suggested cultural practices were
developed at AVRDC in the Taiwan lowlands. Grow-
ers may need to modify the practices to suit local
soil, weather, pest, and disease conditions.
Fig.1. Moringa is one of world's most useful plants Fig. 2. Moringa flowers, pods, and foliage
Climate and soil requirements
Moringa tolerates a wide range of environmental
conditions. It grows best between 25 to 35o
C, but
will tolerate up to 48o
C in the shade and can survive
2. 2
Choosing a variety
Among moringa species, M. oleifera and M.
stenopetala are most commonly grown. M. oleifera
is most widely cultivated and the focus of this guide.
Varieties within M. oleifera differ in growing habit,
leaf, flower, and pod characteristics (Fig. 3). Nu-
merous accessions are being evaluated at AVRDC
for superior production and nutrition qualities. Cur-
rently we recommend growers to use locally
adapted lines. Characteristics of superior types in-
clude wide and dark green leaves, long and tender
pods, bushy habit, and rapid regeneration after trim-
ming.
Planting methods
Moringa is planted either by direct seeding, trans-
planting, or using hard stem cuttings. Direct seed-
ing is preferred when plenty of seed is available
Fig. 3. Leaf characteristics of different accessions
Fig. 5. Narrow rows are
used for leaf production
only
a light frost. The drought-tolerant tree grows well
in areas receiving annual rainfall amounts that
range from 250 to 1500 mm. Altitudes below 600
m are best for moringa, but this adaptable tree can
grow in altitudes up to 1200 m in the tropics.
Moringa prefers a well-drained sandy loam or
loam soil, but tolerates clay. It will not survive un-
der prolonged flooding and poor drainage. Moringa
tolerates a soil pH of 5.0–9.0.
Preparing the field
Moringa requires thorough land preparation and a
well-prepared seedbed. At AVRDC, moringa is
planted on 30-cm-high raised beds to facilitate
drainage. Bed widths being tested at the Center
vary from 60–200 cm.
and labor is limited. Transplanting allows flexibility
in field planting but requires extra labor and cost in
raising seedlings. Stem cuttings are used when the
availability of seed is limited but labor is plentiful.
Option 1. Direct seeding
Sow two or three seeds per hill at a depth of 2 cm.
Two weeks after germination, thin to the strongest
seedling per hill.
For leaf, pod and seed production, space plants
3–5 m apart between rows and plants. If using
raised beds, form beds with 2-m-wide tops, and
space plants 3–5 m apart in a single row (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Wide rows are used for leaf, pod, and seed
production
For production of
leaves only, space
plants 50 cm within
rows spaced 1 m
apart. If using raised
beds, form beds with
60-cm-wide tops and
space plants 1 m apart
in a single row (Fig. 5).
For intensive produc-
tion of leaves, space
plants 10–20 cm within
rows 30–50 cm apart.
Closer spacing allows
harvest of young ed-
ible shoots every two
to three weeks.
Option 2. Transplanting
Transplanting moringa consists of two steps: seed-
ling production and field planting.
3. 3
Option 3. Using stem cuttings
Compared to trees planted from seed, trees from
stem cuttings grow faster but develop a shallow
root system that makes them more susceptible to
moisture stress and wind damage.
Make stem cuttings using branches of a tree
that is at least one year old. Use hard wood and
avoid using young green stem tissue. Cuttings can
be 45–150 cm long with diameters of 4–16 cm.
Cuttings can be dried in the shade for three days
before planting in the nursery or in the field. Cut-
tings are then planted directly or planted in plastic
pots or bags in the nursery or screenhouse (Fig.
9). When planting directly, plant cuttings in light,
Seedling production. Seedlings can be grown in
divided trays, individual pots, plastic bags, or seed-
beds (Figs. 6, 7). Use of divided trays and indi-
vidual containers is preferred because there is less
damage to seedlings when they are transplanted.
A 50-cell tray with cells 3–4 cm wide and deep
is suitable. Fill the tray with a potting mix that has
good water-holding capacity and good drainage.
Use peat moss, commercial potting soil, or a pot-
ting mix prepared from soil, compost or rice hulls,
and vermiculite or sand. AVRDC uses a mixture of
67% peat moss and 33% coarse vermiculite. If you
use non-sterile components, sterilize the mix by
autoclaving or baking at 150o
C for 2 hours.
Grow seedlings under shade or in a screenhouse
with 50% shade. Sow two or three seeds per cell.
One week after germination, thin to the strongest
seedling. Irrigate seedlings thoroughly every morn-
ing or as needed (moist, but not wet), using a fine
mist sprinkler to avoid soil splash and plant dam-
age. Transplant seedlings one month after sowing.
Pots or bags may be used to grow larger trans-
plants. Fill the containers (0.5–1.0 kg by volume)
with potting mix similar to that used in seedling
trays. If potting mix is not available, use 3 parts
soil to 1 part sand. Sow two or three seeds per pot
or bag. One week after germination, thin to the
strongest seedling. These plants are transplanted
in the field after they reach 50 cm high (Fig. 7).
If seedlings are started in a raised seedbed, the
soil should be partially sterilized by burning a 3–5
cm layer of rice straw or other organic matter on
the bed. The burned ash adds minor amounts of P
and K to the soil. Sow two or three seeds in holes
spaced 10 cm apart in furrows spaced 25 cm apart.
Cover seedbed with a fine-mesh nylon net to pro-
tect seedlings from pests, heavy rain, and harsh
Figs. 6, 7. Seedlings grown in trays and clay pot
sunlight. Transplant seedlings one month after sow-
ing or when they reach 20–30 cm high. Dig seed-
lings using a trowel taking care that roots are not
damaged. Place the bare-root seedlings in a bucket
containing water and transplant them as soon as
possible.
Field planting. Spacings are similar to those rec-
ommended in the direct seeding method.
Moringa may also be planted 1 m apart or closer
in a row to establish living fence posts. Trees can
be planted in gardens to provide shade to veg-
etables less tolerant to direct sunlight. Moringa trees
are also used to support climbing crops such as
yam and pole beans. Trees are also planted in
hedgerows forming wide alleys where vegetables
are planted within (Fig. 8). Choose vegetables that
are adapted to alley cropping, such as shade-tol-
erant leafy vegetables and herbs, since moringa
hedgerows are highly competitive and can reduce
yields of companion plants significantly.
Fig. 8. Moringa hedgerows in alley cropping system
with lemongrass and herbs
4. 4
Fertilizing
Moringa grows well in most soils without additions
of fertilizer. Once established, the extensive and
deep root system of moringa is efficient in mining
nutrients from the soil.
For optimum growth and yields, fertilizers are
applied at planting time. Dig trenches around the
base of the plant (10–20 cm from the base) and
apply approximately 300 g of a commercial nitro-
gen fertilizer per tree. If commercial nitrogen fertil-
izer is not available, use compost or well-rotted
farmyard manure at the rate of 1–2 kg/tree.
Irrigating
Irrigate newly transplanted trees immediately after
transplanting to promote early root development.
In dry and arid climates, irrigate regularly for the
first two months. Once established, moringa rarely
need watering. The well-rooted tree tolerates
drought and needs irrigation only when persistent
wilting is evident.
Controlling weeds
Cultivate the soil thoroughly before planting to sup-
press early weed growth. Apply straw and/or plas-
tic mulch around the base of each young tree (Fig.
10). Maintain a weed-free planting by regularly cul-
tivating between beds and rows.
Controlling pests and diseases
Moringa is resistant to most pests and diseases,
but outbreaks may occur under certain conditions.
For example, diplodia root rot may appear in wa-
terlogged soils, causing severe wilting and death
of plants. Mite populations can increase during dry
and cool weather. These pests create yellowing of
leaves (Fig. 11), but plants usually recover during
warm weather. Other insect pests include termites,
aphids, leafminers, whiteflies, and caterpillars (Fig.
12).
Chemical control of insect pests should be used
only when severe infestations occur. Choose a
pesticide that targets the specific pest causing the
damage, and avoid pesticides that kill or inhibit the
development of beneficial organisms. Choose pes-
ticides that last only a few days.
Cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats will eat moringa
seedlings, pods and leaves. Protect moringa seed-
lings from livestock by installing fence or by plant-
ing a hedge around the plot.
Fig. 9. Stem cuttings grown
in clay pots and ready for
field planting
sandy soil. Plant one-
third of the length in
the soil (i.e., if the
cutting is 90 cm long,
plant it 30 cm deep).
Add a balanced fer-
tilizer or compost to
infertile soils to en-
courage root devel-
opment. Irrigate
regularly to keep the
soil moist but not wet.
Cuttings planted in a
nursery are ready for
field planting after 2–
3 months. Follow the
field planting recommendations mentioned for di-
rect seeding and transplanting.
Fig. 10. Young planting with mulch around base of
trees
Figs. 11, 12. Mites cause general yellowing of leaves;
close-up of caterpillar consuming leaf tissue
5. 5
Harvesting
Leaves can be harvested after plants grow 1.5–
2.0 m, which usually takes at least one year. Har-
vest leaves by snapping leaf stems from branches.
Harvesting young shoot tips will promote develop-
ment of side branches where cuts along the main
branches are made. Allow plants to develop new
shoots and branches before subsequent harvests.
If plants are grown at closer spacing and higher
density, cut plants about 10–20 cm above ground.
Older leaves will need to be stripped from their
tough and wiry stems. These leaves are more suited
Collecting and storing ripe seeds
Mature pods contain ripe seeds that are used for
planting the next crop or for extracting oil. When
producing seed for oil extraction, allow the pods to
dry and turn brown on the tree. Harvest pods be-
fore they split open and fall to the ground. Store
seeds in well-ventilated sacks in a cool, dry, and
shaded area. Seeds remain viable for planting for
two years.
Pruning
Moringa should be trimmed to promote branch-
ing, increase yields, and facilitate harvesting. If
left to grow without cutting the main trunk, the
fast-growing tree will grow straight and tall pro-
ducing leaves and pods only on the primary stem.
To encourage the development of many branches
and pods within easy reach from the ground, prune
the apical growing shoot when the tree is 1.0–2.0
m high. Use a sharp cutting knife, machete, or
pruning saw to make smooth cuts. New shoots
will emerge from just below where the cut is made
(Fig. 13). Thereafter, cut the growing tips of the
branches so that the tree will become bushier.
Another pruning strategy is to cut back each
branch by 30 cm when it reaches 60 cm in length.
This will produce a multi-branched shrub.
If the tree is being
grown for pod produc-
tion, remove flowers
during the first year.
This will channel all of
the young tree’s en-
ergy into vegetative
and root development
(rather than energy-
draining pods), leading
to more vigorous
growth and productive
yields in the future.
Older trees that are
unproductive or too
high for easy harvest-
ing can be pruned at
ground level. New shoots will emerge quickly from
the base.
Fig. 14. Fresh moringa leaves and pods in bundles
Fig. 13. New shoots
emerge from where
pruning cuts are made,
creating a bushier tree
to making dried leaf powder, since stems can be
removed during the sifting process.
For fresh vegetables, tie harvested leaves in
bundles and place them under shade to maintain
freshness (Fig. 14). Moringa leaves can easily lose
moisture after harvesting, therefore, harvest early
in the morning and sell the same day, if possible.
The leaflets can also be dried in the sun for a
few hours and then stored for consumption during
the hot-wet season, a time when minerals and vi-
tamins are most lacking in diets.
Flowers and pods are normally produced dur-
ing the second year of growth. Harvest pods when
they are young, tender, and green. They are eaten
as green beans. Older pods are fibrous and de-
velop a tough shell, but their pulp and immature
seeds remain edible until shortly before the ripen-
ing process begins. Immature seeds can be used
in recipes similar to green peas. Fresh or dried flow-
ers are used for making teas.
For the latest information on vegetable
production and research, go to the AVRDC
website at <www.avrdc.org>.
Miracle Trees