Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document provides information on canopy management techniques for guava trees. It discusses:
1. Guava is an important tropical fruit crop native to tropical America that is now widely grown in India.
2. Canopy management techniques include using dwarfing rootstocks, training trees using open center or modified leader systems, and annual pruning to develop a strong framework and maximize fruit production.
3. The use of growth retardants and pruning can help regulate flowering and fruiting seasons to produce higher quality winter crops with better prices.
The document discusses guidelines for mulberry cultivation under rainfed conditions. It recommends planting mulberry cuttings or saplings in pits filled with soil and FYM during the start of the monsoon season for establishment. Ideal conditions include temperatures between 20-30°C, 9-13 hours of sunshine per day, and 50-60mm of water per week. Weeds should be controlled through integrated methods like cultural practices, mechanical removal, and chemical spraying after pruning.
Cocoyams are a type of root and tuber crop that are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. The two main species grown in West Africa are Colocasia esculenta and Xanthosoma sagittifolium. Cocoyams can be processed into foods like fufu, flour, chips and soup thickeners. They are also used as animal feed and their leaves are eaten as a vegetable. Cocoyams are nutrient rich and contribute to food security, though they are typically grown on a small scale intercropped with other crops. They require rainfall of around 1800mm annually and prefer well-drained soil between pH 5.5-6.5.
T ultimate guide for pomegranate farming 2018Amar Sawant
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important fruit crop grown in India.it is originated in Iran and extensively Pomegranate farming in done in the Mediterranean countries like Spain, Morocco, Egypt, Iran, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. It is cultivated to some extort in Myanmar, China, USA, and India.
India ranks first in pomegranate cultivation in the world. In India major pomegranate producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan.
Maharashtra is leading with 90 thousand ha area with annual production of 9.45 lakh Mt tones and productivity of 10.5 Mt/ha. Maharashtra state accounts for 78 percent of the total area in India and 84 percent of the total production in the country.
Pomegranate is one of the most favorite table fruits. The fresh fruits are used for table purpose and also can be used for the preparation of processed products like juice, syrup, squash, jelly, anar rub, juice concentrates, carbonated cold-drinks, anar dana tablets, acids, etc.
Pomegranate fruit is nutritious, rich in minerals, vitamins, and proteins. The juice is useful for leprosy suffering patients.
1. Hevea brasiliensis, commonly known as the Para rubber tree, is the primary source of natural rubber. It is native to the Amazon basin and was introduced to tropical areas of Asia and Africa in the late 19th century.
2. Rubber trees are cultivated by establishing nurseries to grow seedlings and budded plants. Seedlings are bud grafted with clones to propagate desired traits, then planted on farms.
3. Optimal growing conditions for rubber trees include well-drained, acidic soils; high rainfall; and temperatures between 20-34°C. Intercropping provides additional income during the trees' early years, though erosion risks must be managed on slopes.
Rejuvenation of Old/senile orchards-A success storyParshant Bakshi
The document discusses rejuvenation of old or senile orchards as a way to restore their productive capacity. It describes how orchards become uneconomic over time due to issues like wild shrub growth, overcrowding of trees, damage from weather/pests, and use of inferior varieties. Rejuvenation involves pruning trees to renew growth from latent buds and improve the root to shoot ratio. Examples provided include heading back mango and guava trees to develop a new canopy in 2 years and increase yields by 4-5 times.
1) The document discusses recent advances in cultivation and processing of rubber. It covers the origin, distribution, production, varieties, botany, propagation, nursery practices, land preparation, planting, manuring, pruning, and intercropping of rubber.
2) Key aspects covered include rubber being an important plantation crop for India, its introduction from Brazil in 1873, major producing countries like Thailand and India, and varieties commonly planted.
3) Propagation methods discussed are seed propagation, green budding, and young budding carried out in nurseries with details on spacing and maintenance provided.
This document provides information on canopy management techniques for guava trees. It discusses:
1. Guava is an important tropical fruit crop native to tropical America that is now widely grown in India.
2. Canopy management techniques include using dwarfing rootstocks, training trees using open center or modified leader systems, and annual pruning to develop a strong framework and maximize fruit production.
3. The use of growth retardants and pruning can help regulate flowering and fruiting seasons to produce higher quality winter crops with better prices.
The document discusses guidelines for mulberry cultivation under rainfed conditions. It recommends planting mulberry cuttings or saplings in pits filled with soil and FYM during the start of the monsoon season for establishment. Ideal conditions include temperatures between 20-30°C, 9-13 hours of sunshine per day, and 50-60mm of water per week. Weeds should be controlled through integrated methods like cultural practices, mechanical removal, and chemical spraying after pruning.
Cocoyams are a type of root and tuber crop that are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. The two main species grown in West Africa are Colocasia esculenta and Xanthosoma sagittifolium. Cocoyams can be processed into foods like fufu, flour, chips and soup thickeners. They are also used as animal feed and their leaves are eaten as a vegetable. Cocoyams are nutrient rich and contribute to food security, though they are typically grown on a small scale intercropped with other crops. They require rainfall of around 1800mm annually and prefer well-drained soil between pH 5.5-6.5.
T ultimate guide for pomegranate farming 2018Amar Sawant
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important fruit crop grown in India.it is originated in Iran and extensively Pomegranate farming in done in the Mediterranean countries like Spain, Morocco, Egypt, Iran, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. It is cultivated to some extort in Myanmar, China, USA, and India.
India ranks first in pomegranate cultivation in the world. In India major pomegranate producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan.
Maharashtra is leading with 90 thousand ha area with annual production of 9.45 lakh Mt tones and productivity of 10.5 Mt/ha. Maharashtra state accounts for 78 percent of the total area in India and 84 percent of the total production in the country.
Pomegranate is one of the most favorite table fruits. The fresh fruits are used for table purpose and also can be used for the preparation of processed products like juice, syrup, squash, jelly, anar rub, juice concentrates, carbonated cold-drinks, anar dana tablets, acids, etc.
Pomegranate fruit is nutritious, rich in minerals, vitamins, and proteins. The juice is useful for leprosy suffering patients.
1. Hevea brasiliensis, commonly known as the Para rubber tree, is the primary source of natural rubber. It is native to the Amazon basin and was introduced to tropical areas of Asia and Africa in the late 19th century.
2. Rubber trees are cultivated by establishing nurseries to grow seedlings and budded plants. Seedlings are bud grafted with clones to propagate desired traits, then planted on farms.
3. Optimal growing conditions for rubber trees include well-drained, acidic soils; high rainfall; and temperatures between 20-34°C. Intercropping provides additional income during the trees' early years, though erosion risks must be managed on slopes.
Rejuvenation of Old/senile orchards-A success storyParshant Bakshi
The document discusses rejuvenation of old or senile orchards as a way to restore their productive capacity. It describes how orchards become uneconomic over time due to issues like wild shrub growth, overcrowding of trees, damage from weather/pests, and use of inferior varieties. Rejuvenation involves pruning trees to renew growth from latent buds and improve the root to shoot ratio. Examples provided include heading back mango and guava trees to develop a new canopy in 2 years and increase yields by 4-5 times.
1) The document discusses recent advances in cultivation and processing of rubber. It covers the origin, distribution, production, varieties, botany, propagation, nursery practices, land preparation, planting, manuring, pruning, and intercropping of rubber.
2) Key aspects covered include rubber being an important plantation crop for India, its introduction from Brazil in 1873, major producing countries like Thailand and India, and varieties commonly planted.
3) Propagation methods discussed are seed propagation, green budding, and young budding carried out in nurseries with details on spacing and maintenance provided.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), an alternative rice growing methodology developed in Madagascar that can potentially increase rice production while benefiting poor farmers and the environment. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings with wide spacing in unsaturated, aerated soil and can double or triple yields compared to conventional methods using fewer inputs like water, seeds, and fertilizer. Field trials in multiple countries found SRI increased average yields from 2-7 tons/hectare compared to conventional methods. SRI principles aim to help rice plants achieve their genetic yield potential through improved soil and plant management practices tailored to local conditions.
We know that the mulberry crop have very much importance as it can be use as both purpose i.e. for fruit and for silkworm rearing. This slide may become very helpful for farmers and for the agriculture students.
This is short and effective notes for mulberry cultivation. This slide contain the ecological condition and the various practices of the mulberry cultivation.
This document provides information on raising mulberry saplings for sericulture farming. It discusses advantages of using saplings over direct planting of cuttings, which include higher survival rates and uniform garden development. The document outlines best practices for establishing a mulberry nursery, including site selection, land preparation, planting cuttings, maintenance, and harvesting saplings after 4 months of growth. Using saplings produced from a nursery allows for removal of undesirable varieties and quicker field establishment compared to direct field planting of cuttings.
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
cultivation practices of guar/cluster beanAparna Veluru
Guar is an annual legume plant grown for its gum, vegetable, fodder, and green manure values. It is drought tolerant and fits well into crop rotations with cotton, grains, vegetables, and flax. Guar requires moderate rainfall and lots of sunshine to grow well. It can grow in various soil types but does best in medium sandy loam soils. Farmers typically plant 5-8 kg of seed per acre after monsoon rains in rows spaced 45-60 cm apart and 20-30 cm within rows. Proper fertilization, weed control, irrigation of 2-3 times for heavy soils or 4-5 times for light soils, and insecticide applications can result in average yields of 14-15
Economic importance and Production technology of Oil PalmGhulam Asghar
Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms, primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis, and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa.
Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high beta-carotene content. It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit.
This document provides information on advances in seed production methodology for cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). It discusses the botany, varieties, climate and soil requirements, and production practices for the crop such as land preparation, sowing, manure and fertilizer application, irrigation, weeding, pest and disease management, and harvesting. When following proper production practices like selecting suitable varieties, soil and weather conditions, applying fertilizers and protecting from pests and diseases, cluster bean seed yields of 7-8 quintals per hectare can be achieved under rainfed conditions and 12-15 quintals per hectare under irrigated conditions.
This document discusses seed characteristics, germination, sowing methods, and crop density and geometry. It provides definitions and details on:
1. The key parts and functions of seeds. Good quality seeds are genetically pure, free from impurities, have high germination rates, and are healthy.
2. The two main types of germination - epigeal and hypogeal. Methods of sowing seeds including broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and transplanting.
3. How crop density and geometry influence plant growth and yields. Crop geometry refers to the shape of space for individual plants, such as square, rectangular, or triangular patterns. Crop density and geometry impact light interception, root growth
Helping Farmers Help Themselves: CIAT’s contribution to cassava production in...CIAT
CIAT has worked with Asian countries since the 1970s to improve cassava production through training programs and by stationing staff in key countries. This has led to higher yielding cassava varieties being adopted across 50% of Asia's cassava area. Yields have increased from 12.7 to 18.7 tons/ha due to new varieties and improved practices. However, soil erosion and depletion remain issues if not addressed. Through farmer participatory research, soil conservation techniques like contour hedgerows have been widely adopted, improving sustainability and incomes. Emerging pests and diseases now threaten these gains if not effectively addressed.
The document discusses methods for producing yam mother plants and cuttings for propagation. It describes selecting healthy mother plants with balanced nutrient content and avoiding nitrogen fertilizer before taking cuttings. Cuttings should contain a node, leaf, and stem pieces and be treated with fungicide before planting. With good management, cuttings can root within 10 days without hormones.
Mulberry is cultivated for the leaves that are the sole food of silkworms. There are over 20 mulberry species but the most useful for silk production are Morus alba, M. serrata, M. indica, and M. latifolia. Mulberry can be propagated through seeds or vegetatively. It grows best in temperatures between 24-37°C, with rainfall of 600-2500 mm and humidity of 65-80%. Soil pH should be between 6.5-7.0. Proper planting methods, spacing, manure application, weeding, pruning, and leaf harvesting techniques are required to maximize mulberry leaf yield and quality for silkworm rearing.
Safflower was introduced to Pakistan in 1960 and is mainly cultivated in Sindh and Baluchistan provinces. It is a drought tolerant crop recommended for rainfed areas. Safflower seed contains 26-37% oil and its oil is popular for its high quality. Improved production practices include selecting light clay to heavy clay land, sowing from October 15 to November 30, using recommended seed rates and varieties, applying fertilizers, and doing weed control and insect pest management. The crop is harvested when seeds are ready and then dried, threshed, cleaned, and sold through purchase points set up by the Ghee Corporation.
Guar is a drought-tolerant annual legume grown for its seeds which contain large amounts of galactomannan gum. The major producers are India, Pakistan, the US, and Australia. Guar gum forms a viscous gel in water and is used as a thickener in foods, pharmaceuticals, and industrial applications. Guar requires warm temperatures and sandy soil to germinate and grow. It improves soils and fits into crop rotations. Production involves selecting high quality seed, inoculation, and managing weeds, diseases, and insects. Guar is harvested when pods dry and threshed using a combine. Yields vary significantly based on soil and climate conditions.
Different sowing methods of sugarcane in different regionSuman Dey
1. There are various sugarcane planting methods used in different regions of India depending on soil and climate conditions. These include flat bed planting, ridge and furrow planting, pit planting with drip fertigation, wider row planting, spaced transplanting, polybag seedling transplanting, chip-bud technique, tissue culture, trench planting, and rayungan, t-jeblock, skip furrow, and algin methods.
2. Ridge and furrow planting is used in areas with moderate rainfall and drainage problems, creating ridges and furrows 80-100cm apart. Pit planting involves creating pits 1.5x1.5m apart, 45cm deep for planting setts with drip fertigation
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is an economically important tree crop grown primarily for its latex. It grows well in tropical climates with high rainfall and temperatures between 21-35°C. Tapping rubber trees involves making controlled cuts in the bark to extract the latex, which is then processed into various rubber products. Proper agronomic practices such as weed control and fertilizer application are needed to maximize latex yields. Pests like termites and diseases like abnormal leaf fall can affect rubber plantations and require management. Vulcanization is the process of converting raw natural rubber into more durable rubber products through the addition of sulfur.
The document discusses the production technology of cluster bean, also known as guar. It is an annual legume grown for its seeds and guar gum. Varieties grown in Pakistan include BR-90, BR-99, and BR-2017. Cluster bean grows well in semi-arid regions and tolerates drought and salinity. It requires temperatures between 25-30°C and a pH of 7.0-8.0. Sowing is done from February to July, with a seed rate of 5-6 kg/acre. Fertilizer and two weedings are also needed. Pests include jassid, termites and beetles. Harvest occurs 50-80 days after sowing. Grain
Mango trees can grow over 35-40 meters tall and live for over 300 years. They produce small, sweet-smelling white flowers in panicles and bear fruit over a wide variety of varieties that ripen during the summer months.
The mango has been cultivated in India for over 4000 years and was first introduced outside of India in the 7th century. It was an important crop during Mughal rule in India, when the Mughal emperor Akbar planted an orchard of 100,000 mango trees.
Mango trees thrive in tropical and subtropical climates between 10-65 degrees Celsius, with an optimum temperature of 21-27 degrees. They grow best in areas with distinct dry
Guinea grass, Gamba grass, Setaria grass, and Hybrid Napier are popular fodder grasses suited for the agro-climatic conditions of Kerala. Guinea grass thrives in warm, moist climates from sea level to 1800m altitude, tolerates shade, and is well-suited as an intercrop. It provides high yields and is nutritious for livestock. Gamba grass tolerates drought and seasonal flooding. Setaria grass grows well with annual rainfall over 750mm and a temperature range of 20-25°C. Hybrid Napier was developed as a cross between Napier grass and bajra to combine high yields with fine texture, palatability, and drought resistance.
Sowing involves placing seeds in soil at an appropriate depth where conditions allow for germination and crop establishment. The optimal sowing time varies by crop and agro-climatic zone. Seed rate is calculated based on factors like plant spacing, row spacing, purity, and germination percentage. Seeds can be sown through broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, or transplanting seedlings from a nursery bed. Depth of sowing and plant density depend on seed size, soil texture, moisture, and season. Field conditions for sowing include dry, moist, or wet soil depending on the crop.
This document discusses strategies for efficiently producing moringa leaves to meet increasing demand. It recommends growing moringa as a high-density monocrop or intercropped with other plants. For high-density planting, direct seeding is most efficient using spacings of 10x10cm to 20x20cm. Intercropping involves transplanting seedlings or direct seeding moringa 2-5m apart between rows. The document provides details on soil preparation, fertilization, irrigation, pest and disease management, and harvesting moringa leaves every 35-40 days to promote regrowth. Yield trials in Nicaragua achieved up to 259 metric tons of fresh biomass per hectare per year using different planting densities and
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document provides suggested cultural practices for growing the moringa tree. Some key points:
- Moringa is one of the world's most nutritious crops and has many uses for food, medicine, and more.
- It can be grown from seed, transplant, or stem cuttings. Spacing depends on the part of the plant being grown (leaves, pods, etc).
- Moringa grows in a wide range of climates and soils but prefers well-drained soil and temperatures between 25-35°C.
- Leaves, flowers, and young pods can all be harvested for food. Pruning encourages branching and higher yields.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), an alternative rice growing methodology developed in Madagascar that can potentially increase rice production while benefiting poor farmers and the environment. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings with wide spacing in unsaturated, aerated soil and can double or triple yields compared to conventional methods using fewer inputs like water, seeds, and fertilizer. Field trials in multiple countries found SRI increased average yields from 2-7 tons/hectare compared to conventional methods. SRI principles aim to help rice plants achieve their genetic yield potential through improved soil and plant management practices tailored to local conditions.
We know that the mulberry crop have very much importance as it can be use as both purpose i.e. for fruit and for silkworm rearing. This slide may become very helpful for farmers and for the agriculture students.
This is short and effective notes for mulberry cultivation. This slide contain the ecological condition and the various practices of the mulberry cultivation.
This document provides information on raising mulberry saplings for sericulture farming. It discusses advantages of using saplings over direct planting of cuttings, which include higher survival rates and uniform garden development. The document outlines best practices for establishing a mulberry nursery, including site selection, land preparation, planting cuttings, maintenance, and harvesting saplings after 4 months of growth. Using saplings produced from a nursery allows for removal of undesirable varieties and quicker field establishment compared to direct field planting of cuttings.
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
cultivation practices of guar/cluster beanAparna Veluru
Guar is an annual legume plant grown for its gum, vegetable, fodder, and green manure values. It is drought tolerant and fits well into crop rotations with cotton, grains, vegetables, and flax. Guar requires moderate rainfall and lots of sunshine to grow well. It can grow in various soil types but does best in medium sandy loam soils. Farmers typically plant 5-8 kg of seed per acre after monsoon rains in rows spaced 45-60 cm apart and 20-30 cm within rows. Proper fertilization, weed control, irrigation of 2-3 times for heavy soils or 4-5 times for light soils, and insecticide applications can result in average yields of 14-15
Economic importance and Production technology of Oil PalmGhulam Asghar
Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms, primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis, and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa.
Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high beta-carotene content. It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit.
This document provides information on advances in seed production methodology for cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). It discusses the botany, varieties, climate and soil requirements, and production practices for the crop such as land preparation, sowing, manure and fertilizer application, irrigation, weeding, pest and disease management, and harvesting. When following proper production practices like selecting suitable varieties, soil and weather conditions, applying fertilizers and protecting from pests and diseases, cluster bean seed yields of 7-8 quintals per hectare can be achieved under rainfed conditions and 12-15 quintals per hectare under irrigated conditions.
This document discusses seed characteristics, germination, sowing methods, and crop density and geometry. It provides definitions and details on:
1. The key parts and functions of seeds. Good quality seeds are genetically pure, free from impurities, have high germination rates, and are healthy.
2. The two main types of germination - epigeal and hypogeal. Methods of sowing seeds including broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and transplanting.
3. How crop density and geometry influence plant growth and yields. Crop geometry refers to the shape of space for individual plants, such as square, rectangular, or triangular patterns. Crop density and geometry impact light interception, root growth
Helping Farmers Help Themselves: CIAT’s contribution to cassava production in...CIAT
CIAT has worked with Asian countries since the 1970s to improve cassava production through training programs and by stationing staff in key countries. This has led to higher yielding cassava varieties being adopted across 50% of Asia's cassava area. Yields have increased from 12.7 to 18.7 tons/ha due to new varieties and improved practices. However, soil erosion and depletion remain issues if not addressed. Through farmer participatory research, soil conservation techniques like contour hedgerows have been widely adopted, improving sustainability and incomes. Emerging pests and diseases now threaten these gains if not effectively addressed.
The document discusses methods for producing yam mother plants and cuttings for propagation. It describes selecting healthy mother plants with balanced nutrient content and avoiding nitrogen fertilizer before taking cuttings. Cuttings should contain a node, leaf, and stem pieces and be treated with fungicide before planting. With good management, cuttings can root within 10 days without hormones.
Mulberry is cultivated for the leaves that are the sole food of silkworms. There are over 20 mulberry species but the most useful for silk production are Morus alba, M. serrata, M. indica, and M. latifolia. Mulberry can be propagated through seeds or vegetatively. It grows best in temperatures between 24-37°C, with rainfall of 600-2500 mm and humidity of 65-80%. Soil pH should be between 6.5-7.0. Proper planting methods, spacing, manure application, weeding, pruning, and leaf harvesting techniques are required to maximize mulberry leaf yield and quality for silkworm rearing.
Safflower was introduced to Pakistan in 1960 and is mainly cultivated in Sindh and Baluchistan provinces. It is a drought tolerant crop recommended for rainfed areas. Safflower seed contains 26-37% oil and its oil is popular for its high quality. Improved production practices include selecting light clay to heavy clay land, sowing from October 15 to November 30, using recommended seed rates and varieties, applying fertilizers, and doing weed control and insect pest management. The crop is harvested when seeds are ready and then dried, threshed, cleaned, and sold through purchase points set up by the Ghee Corporation.
Guar is a drought-tolerant annual legume grown for its seeds which contain large amounts of galactomannan gum. The major producers are India, Pakistan, the US, and Australia. Guar gum forms a viscous gel in water and is used as a thickener in foods, pharmaceuticals, and industrial applications. Guar requires warm temperatures and sandy soil to germinate and grow. It improves soils and fits into crop rotations. Production involves selecting high quality seed, inoculation, and managing weeds, diseases, and insects. Guar is harvested when pods dry and threshed using a combine. Yields vary significantly based on soil and climate conditions.
Different sowing methods of sugarcane in different regionSuman Dey
1. There are various sugarcane planting methods used in different regions of India depending on soil and climate conditions. These include flat bed planting, ridge and furrow planting, pit planting with drip fertigation, wider row planting, spaced transplanting, polybag seedling transplanting, chip-bud technique, tissue culture, trench planting, and rayungan, t-jeblock, skip furrow, and algin methods.
2. Ridge and furrow planting is used in areas with moderate rainfall and drainage problems, creating ridges and furrows 80-100cm apart. Pit planting involves creating pits 1.5x1.5m apart, 45cm deep for planting setts with drip fertigation
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is an economically important tree crop grown primarily for its latex. It grows well in tropical climates with high rainfall and temperatures between 21-35°C. Tapping rubber trees involves making controlled cuts in the bark to extract the latex, which is then processed into various rubber products. Proper agronomic practices such as weed control and fertilizer application are needed to maximize latex yields. Pests like termites and diseases like abnormal leaf fall can affect rubber plantations and require management. Vulcanization is the process of converting raw natural rubber into more durable rubber products through the addition of sulfur.
The document discusses the production technology of cluster bean, also known as guar. It is an annual legume grown for its seeds and guar gum. Varieties grown in Pakistan include BR-90, BR-99, and BR-2017. Cluster bean grows well in semi-arid regions and tolerates drought and salinity. It requires temperatures between 25-30°C and a pH of 7.0-8.0. Sowing is done from February to July, with a seed rate of 5-6 kg/acre. Fertilizer and two weedings are also needed. Pests include jassid, termites and beetles. Harvest occurs 50-80 days after sowing. Grain
Mango trees can grow over 35-40 meters tall and live for over 300 years. They produce small, sweet-smelling white flowers in panicles and bear fruit over a wide variety of varieties that ripen during the summer months.
The mango has been cultivated in India for over 4000 years and was first introduced outside of India in the 7th century. It was an important crop during Mughal rule in India, when the Mughal emperor Akbar planted an orchard of 100,000 mango trees.
Mango trees thrive in tropical and subtropical climates between 10-65 degrees Celsius, with an optimum temperature of 21-27 degrees. They grow best in areas with distinct dry
Guinea grass, Gamba grass, Setaria grass, and Hybrid Napier are popular fodder grasses suited for the agro-climatic conditions of Kerala. Guinea grass thrives in warm, moist climates from sea level to 1800m altitude, tolerates shade, and is well-suited as an intercrop. It provides high yields and is nutritious for livestock. Gamba grass tolerates drought and seasonal flooding. Setaria grass grows well with annual rainfall over 750mm and a temperature range of 20-25°C. Hybrid Napier was developed as a cross between Napier grass and bajra to combine high yields with fine texture, palatability, and drought resistance.
Sowing involves placing seeds in soil at an appropriate depth where conditions allow for germination and crop establishment. The optimal sowing time varies by crop and agro-climatic zone. Seed rate is calculated based on factors like plant spacing, row spacing, purity, and germination percentage. Seeds can be sown through broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, or transplanting seedlings from a nursery bed. Depth of sowing and plant density depend on seed size, soil texture, moisture, and season. Field conditions for sowing include dry, moist, or wet soil depending on the crop.
This document discusses strategies for efficiently producing moringa leaves to meet increasing demand. It recommends growing moringa as a high-density monocrop or intercropped with other plants. For high-density planting, direct seeding is most efficient using spacings of 10x10cm to 20x20cm. Intercropping involves transplanting seedlings or direct seeding moringa 2-5m apart between rows. The document provides details on soil preparation, fertilization, irrigation, pest and disease management, and harvesting moringa leaves every 35-40 days to promote regrowth. Yield trials in Nicaragua achieved up to 259 metric tons of fresh biomass per hectare per year using different planting densities and
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document provides suggested cultural practices for growing the moringa tree. Some key points:
- Moringa is one of the world's most nutritious crops and has many uses for food, medicine, and more.
- It can be grown from seed, transplant, or stem cuttings. Spacing depends on the part of the plant being grown (leaves, pods, etc).
- Moringa grows in a wide range of climates and soils but prefers well-drained soil and temperatures between 25-35°C.
- Leaves, flowers, and young pods can all be harvested for food. Pruning encourages branching and higher yields.
This document provides information about drumstick (Moringa oleifera), including its botany, uses, cultivation practices, varieties, pests and diseases, and nutritional benefits. It notes that drumstick is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree native to South Asia. All parts of the plant are used, including the leaves, pods, flowers, seeds, roots, and bark. The document outlines drumstick's cultivation requirements and production practices, and identifies several pests and diseases that affect the crop. It concludes by discussing drumstick's high nutritional value but also notes some cautions about consuming certain parts of the plant.
Bean is an important legume crop and source of protein in Zambia. The main producer is Northern Province. Among constraints are lack of improved seed varieties and pests like bean stem maggot and beetle. The recommended variety is A 197 which yields 800-1000 kg/ha and is tolerant to diseases and soil issues. Beans require land preparation similar to maize, fertilizer application, and weed control for high yields. Pests are controlled through seed treatments or soil applications while tolerant varieties help manage diseases. Timely harvest ensures good seed quality and yields of 800-1000 kg/ha can be achieved through proper crop management.
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This document provides information on banana production. It discusses the botany and classification of banana, describing it as a perennial herb in the order Zingiberales. It details banana's origin in Southeast Asia and lists its major varieties. The document also outlines banana's ecological requirements, cultivation practices including planting materials, spacing, fertilization, and pest and disease management. It notes banana's status as the fourth most important global crop and lists India as a major producer. In conclusion, it identifies constraints to banana production such as availability of quality planting materials and pest and disease problems.
Breadfruit trees are commonly propagated through vegetative methods like root shoots, root cuttings, and air layering of branches. Root shoots and cuttings are collected from healthy roots after the fruiting season, when carbohydrate levels are highest. Shoots begin developing after 3-4 weeks and are transplanted when 20-25cm tall. Air layering involves removing bark from branches and wrapping with media to encourage root growth over 2-6 months. Seed propagation is rare as seedlings are not true to type. Young plants require shade but mature trees full sun. Careful acclimation is needed when transplanting.
This document provides information on cocoyam (Xanthosoma saggittifolium) and cassava (Manihot esculenta). It discusses the botanical characteristics, cultivation practices, processing, uses, and nutritional value of cocoyam. For cassava, it covers varieties, ecology, production practices, fertilization, maturity, harvesting, processing, toxicities, diseases, and pests. The document is an informative guide about these two important tropical root crops.
by Marco Felix Valdez
April 7, 2019
The purpose of this variety trial is to provide measurement by collecting data of the different varieties of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in terms of growth performance, provided with minimum management practices.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a protective capsule around cotton plant seeds. The document discusses the English, scientific and local names of cotton. It details cotton's uses including clothing, threads, absorbent cotton and stuffing. Cotton fibers are hollow tubes made of cellulose. India is a major producer of cotton globally. The document outlines cotton cultivation methods including variety selection, field preparation, sowing, irrigation, pest management and harvesting. It also discusses cotton fiber characteristics, diseases that affect cotton and major cotton producing countries.
Ryegrass is an important forage crop that is highly productive and adaptable to a wide range of soil types. It produces highly nutritious foliage that enables grazing animals to maintain high intake levels and performance. Ryegrass establishes quickly, develops an extensive root system, and can compete well with other plants. It grows best in well-drained, fertile soils with a pH between 6.2-6.8. Sowing times vary by location but generally occur in spring or fall. Seedbed preparation is followed by broadcasting seed, with or without pre-soaking. The seed must maintain soil contact for establishment. Fertilizer and weed management, as well as grazing practices after establishment, are important to the
The document provides information on quality seed production in maize. It discusses suitable climate, isolation distance, field preparation, sowing operations, irrigation, fertilizer application, weed management, insect and disease control, harvesting, sorting, drying, shelling, grading, storage, certification, and seed standards for maize seed production. The goal is to produce high quality maize seeds that meet certification standards.
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This document discusses canopy management practices for guava trees, specifically pruning. It notes that canopy management is an important practice that forms the basis for fruit tree precociousness and longevity. Regular pruning is essential to induce new growth and provide maximum fruit-bearing area over the tree. Pruning helps control tree size, stimulate flowering and fruiting, improve fruit quality by increasing sunlight penetration, and make other horticultural practices more efficient. The ideal guava tree structure from pruning is dwarf, spreading, with an open canopy.
Tissue culture is a technique where new plants are grown by removing plant tissue from the growing tip and placing it in an artificial medium where the cells divide rapidly to form a callus. The callus is then transferred to a medium containing hormones to promote growth and differentiation into plantlets. The plantlets are placed in soil to mature. Tissue culture allows many plants to be grown from one parent in disease-free conditions, and is commonly used for ornamental plants.
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Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) is an annual legume originating from India that has been cultivated as a fiber crop, green manure, forage, and cover crop. It fixes 50-60 kg of nitrogen per hectare, improves soil fertility, suppresses weeds and some plant-parasitic nematodes. Sunn hemp grows well in tropical and subtropical regions with temperatures between 15-27°C, and yields 18-27 tons per hectare of green biomass when grown for fiber or 5-19 tons per hectare of forage. It can be established through broadcasting or row sowing of seeds and is harvested for fiber around 60-90 days after sowing.
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1. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
1
Workshop 2
How to Produce Moringa Leaves Efficiently?
(anglophone group)
Presented by Newton Amaglo
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. For enquiries:
amaglonewton@yahoo.com.
Introduction
Moringa (Moringa spp.) is one of the world’s most useful plants. It is a fast-growing tree
and is grown throughout the tropics for human food, livestock forage, medicine, dye, and
water purification. Moringa is grown traditionally as backyard trees or hedges (Figs 1 and
2) for its leaves which are used domestically.
Fig 1. Moringa as a Backyard tree Fig2. Moringa as a Hedge
The increased awareness of the multiple uses of moringa leaves for both domestic and
industrial purposes is leading to an increased demand for it. This is creating the need to
find more efficient ways of producing moringa leaves to meet this demand. Recent trials
in Nicaragua by Dr Foidl (2001) have shown that the moringa crop is suitable for more
intensive production. In mostly subsistent farms it grows well as an intercrop in
association with other crops, producing a significant amount of leaves. This discussion
will now focus on how to produce moringa leaves effectively.
2. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
Climate and Soil Requirements
Moringa is basically a tropical crop. It grows best between 25 to 35oC, but will survive up
to 48oC. The drought-tolerant tree grows well in areas receiving annual rainfall amounts
that range from 250 to 1500 mm. Altitudes below 600 m are best for moringa, but this
adaptable tree can grow in altitudes up to 1200 m in the tropics. Moringa prefers a well-drained
sandy loam or loamy soils. It does not tolerate prolonged flooding or poorly
drained clay soils. In fact clay soils must be clearly avoided when selecting plots for
moringa cultivation. It will tolerate a soil pH of 5.0–9.0.
Choosing a Variety
Among moringa species, M. oleifera and M. stenopetala are the most commonly grown.
Among these two M. oleifera is more widely cultivated. It is however recommend that
growers use locally adapted lines. Characteristics of superior types include wide and dark
green leaves, long and tender pods, bushy habit, and rapid regeneration after trimming. A
promising new variety, PKM1 which was derived from M. oleifera is growing in
significance for its heavy biomass and tender leaves.
Field Preparation and Planting Methods
Moringa requires a thoroughly prepared land or seedbed. Moringa is planted either by
direct seeding especially in High Density Monocropping or transplanting usually in
intercropping with other crops. Hard wood stem cuttings can also be used and their length
can be anything ranging from one and half feet and upwards. The cuttings may be cured
by allowing it to ‘dry’ under shade for at least three days.
High Density Cropping
In High Density monocropping direct seeding is preferred. This is possible only when
there are plenty of seeds available and labour is limited. Dehulled seeds or seeds soaked
in water overnight and properly sowed at 2cm dept should germinate in 9-10 days.
Without treating the seeds they will still germinate well but in 14 days. Germination
percentage is normally within the range of 80-90%. Some high density spacing for
growing moringa includes 10x10 cm, 10x15 cm, 10x 20 cm and 20x20cm. Seed rates are
2
3. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
calculated by dividing 10,000 with the spacing being used in meters. For example
10x10cm (0.1m x 0.1m) spacing gives a plant population or seed rate of one million
plants per hectare i.e. 10,000/ 0.1m x 0.1m. High density monocropping of moringa gives
the highest leaves yields per unit area.
3
Fig. 3. 5x15cm spacing Fig 4. 10x10 cm spacing
The newly established field should be allowed enough time to develop strong roots that
are capable of absorbing the shocks of in initial cutting before the first harvest is done.
This demands that the plants are allowed a minimum of 60 days. Subsequent harvests
can be done every 35-40 days intervals
Intercropping
In intercropping, direct seeding can also be done, or transplantation of seedlings to allow
for flexibility in field planting (but this requires extra labour and cost in raising
seedlings). Space plants 2–5 m apart between rows and plants. Care should be taken in
order not to associate moringa with crops that tend to shade it as that will reduce moringa
growth. Choose crops that are adapted to alley cropping, such as shade-tolerant leafy
vegetables, legumes and herbs. Good examples could be moringa – cowpea, moringa -
cabbage associations.
Transplanting of moringa consists of two steps: seedling production and field planting.
4. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
Seedling production. Seedlings can be grown in divided trays, individual pots or plastic
bags (Figs. 5, 6). Use of divided trays and individual containers is preferred because there
is less damage to seedlings when they are transplanted. Moringa is quite sensitive to
transplanting shock that slows down the rate of initial growth. A 50-cell tray with cells 3–
4 cm wide and deep is suitable. Fill the tray with a potting mix that has good water-holding
4
capacity and good drainage.
Fig 5a Young Seedlings in Polythene Bags Fig 5b Young Seedlings in
Polythene Bags
Use peat moss, commercial potting soil, or a potting mix prepared from soil, compost or
rice hulls, and vermiculite or sand. AVRDC uses a mixture of 67% peat moss and 33%
coarse vermiculite. Transplant seedlings one month after sowing. Reduce the stress of
transplanting by planting the tree with its plastic bag (cutting the plastic in the bottom and
sides) or with its lump of earth when possible. Pots or bags may be used to grow larger
transplants. Fill the containers (0.5–1.0 kg by volume) with potting mix similar to that
used in seedling trays. If potting mix is not available, use 3 parts soil to 1 part sand. Sow
two or three seeds per pot or bag. One week after germination, thin to the strongest
seedling. These plants are transplanted in the field after they reach 50 cm high (Fig. 7).
5. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
Fig.6 Potted Plant of Moringa ( Courtesy AVRDC) Fig 7. Rooted Cutting (45
cm long)
The Use of Stem Cuttings
Stem cuttings are used when the availability of seed is limited but labour and adult trees
(to take to cuttings from) are plentiful. Compared to trees planted from seed, trees from
stem cuttings grow faster but develop a shallow root system that makes them more
susceptible to moisture stress and wind damage. Make stem cuttings using branches of a
tree that is at least one year old. Use hard wood and avoid using young green stem tissue.
Cuttings can be 45–150 cm long with diameters of 4–16 cm. Cuttings can be dried in the
shade for three days before planting in the nursery or in the field. Cuttings are then
planted directly or planted in plastic pots or bags in the nursery or screenhouse. When
planting directly, plant cuttings in light, sandy soil. Plant one third of the length in the
soil (i.e., if the cutting is 90 cm long, plant it 30 cm deep). Cuttings planted in a nursery
are ready for field planting after 2 – 3 months. Follow the field planting
recommendations mentioned for direct seeding and transplanting.
5
6. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
Fertilizer and Irrigating
In high density cropping systems, the need to start with a very fertile soil is crucial. Large
amounts of compost, well decomposed manure or mineral fertilizers will still be needed
per hectare per year to maintain productivity at an appreciably high level. A systematic
evaluation of the fertilizer requirement research is also needed. Sulphur containing foliar
fertilizers is recommended especially when it is easily available as it appears to increase
protein contents of the leaves harvested. However it must be applied when there are
enough leaves on the plant to allow for easy assimilation of nutrients into the plant. By
allowing enough time after the application before harvesting will give the plant enough
time to utilize nutrients as well as avoid chemical residues that might still remain in the
leaves. Grass or plastic mulching is equally possible which facilitates soil moisture
conservation.
6
Fig 8 Compost Application Fig 9 Grass Mulching
Newly transplanted trees must be irrigated immediately after transplanting to promote
early root development. In dry and arid climates, irrigate regularly for the first two
months. The well-rooted tree tolerates drought and needs irrigation only when persistent
wilting is evident. Irrigate regularly to keep the soil moist but not wet. Intensively
cultivated plants will demand more regular watering and fertilization. Mulching with
grass can also be done to conserve moisture. (Figs. 8 and 9)
7. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
Weed, Diseases and Pests Control
Cultivate the soil thoroughly before planting to suppress early weed growth. Maintain a
weed-free planting by regularly cultivating between beds and rows. In high density or
intensive production early weed control is critical and after that, weed control does not
pose any serious treat to production. Moringa is resistant to most pests and diseases, but
outbreaks may occur under high density cultivation conditions. Mite populations can
increase during dry and cool weather. These pests create yellowing of leaves (Fig. 10),
but plants usually recover during warm weather. Other insect pests include termites,
aphids, leafminers, whiteflies, and caterpillars. Using neem seed preparation as foliar
spray or commercial preparations containing Azadirachtin easily controls this problem.
Chemical control of insect pests should be used only when severe infestations occur.
Choose a pesticide that targets the specific pest causing the damage, and avoid pesticides
that kill or inhibit the development of beneficial organisms. Choose pesticides that last
only a few days. After spraying with pesticide the next leaf harvest should be delayed to
avoid pesticide residual effect on leaves harvested.
7
Fig 10 Courtesy AVRDC Fig 11 Courtesy AVRDC
The roots of moringa are adapted for water storage and termites find it very convenient in
attacking moringa roots in search of water. In soils that are heavily infested with termites
their control may not be economical. Such soils should therefore be avoided as much as
during site selection. Cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, antelopes, rats and mole rats will eat
8. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
moringa seedlings, pods and leaves. Protect moringa seedlings from livestock by
installing fence or by planting a hedge around the plot.
Harvesting
Leaves from high density moringa fields can be harvested after plants grow 1.5–2.0 m,
which usually takes at least 60 – 90 days in well drained fertile soils. Harvest leaves by
cutting leaf stems manually with a sharp knife (Fig.15-18) at 20- 45 cm above ground.
Harvesting in this manner will promote the development of new shoots. Subsequent
harvesting can be done every 35- 40 days. According to Reyes, 2006 moringa shoots
intended for use as fodder can be harvested seventy five (75) days intervals. Under
conditions of intercropping plants can be harvested after two to four months of growth.
The initial cutting can be done manually at 20cm up to 1.5m height. Moringa plants
should be harvested at a height where they are high enough so that they are not shaded by
the companion crops if any.
Fig 12a Manual Harvesting with a Sickle Fig 12b Manual Harvesting with a
Sickle
(Courtesy C.Olivier 2005 in Senegal) (C .Olivier 2005 in Senegal)
As much as possible avoid heaping freshly harvested moringa leaves together, as they
easily start deteriorating under such conditions. Moringa leaves can easily lose moisture
after harvesting, therefore, harvest early in the morning and sell the same day, if possible.
8
9. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
Fig 13a Successive Harvests (Courtesy Foidl) Fig 14b Harvests (courtesy
9
David Makin 2006)
Fig 15 Moringa shoots being carried after harvest Fig 16 A bunch of moringa
leaves tied Courtesy AVRDC
(Courtesy C. Olivier 2005 in Senegal)
10. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
10
Yield Component Analysis and Production Trends
The productivity of Moringa in industrial plantations can be very high but there is a need
for continued research to find out whether, in the long term, this kind of productivity is
truly sustainable and at what costs Foidl et. al,. (2001). Large amounts of compost, well
decomposed manure or mineral fertilizers will be needed per hectare per year to maintain
such high productivity at the suggested planting density. A systematic evaluation of the
fertilizer requirement research is also needed.
Table 1.1 Production parameters of Moringa at first cutting (Foidl, et. al. 2001)
Plant density
Fresh Matter
(Plants / ha)
(Metric tons/ha/
cutting)
Dry Matter
(Metric tons/ha)
Protein
(kg/ha)
Loss of plants
after first cutting
95,000 19.6 3.33 566 n.d
350,000 29.7 5.05 859 n.d.
900,000 52.6 8.94 1,520 n.d.
1,000,000
78.0
13.26
2,254
4 million
97.4
16.56
2,815
16 million
259.0
44.03
7,485
Approx. 2%
Approx. 25%
Approx. 40%
n.d. = not determined
After the initial harvest 9 cuttings per year have been reported in Nicaragua. In the trials
with 1 million plant/ha and 9 cuttings/year over 4 years, the average fresh matter
production was 580 metric tons of fresh material per ha/year equivalent to about 174
metric tons of fresh leaves (30% of the total biomass harvested). In Senegal, in much
dryer conditions, the yield per cutting was as low as 45 metric tons / ha during the dry
season while during the rainy season the yield per cutting reached 115 metric tons/ha.
With hydroponics irrigation, 6 cuttings a year yielded 115 metric tons of fresh biomass,
or 34.5 tons of fresh leaves. The leaves constitutes 30-31% of the entire shoot yields with
the remaining being stems and petioles which can go into animal feeding.
The farm produced 100 kg of leaf powder per week, or 5 metric tons a year It required
8kg of fresh leaves (with stems removed) to produce one kg of dried leaves. The kilo of
11. Moringa et autres végétaux à fort potentiel nutritionnel : Stratégies, normes et marchés pour
un meilleur impact sur la nutrition en Afrique. Accra, Ghana, 16-18 novembre 2006
leaf powder cost 4 € to produce, without taking into account investment costs (building,
irrigation system and pump, mechanical mill…). It should be noted that large number of
cuttings per year are only possible with a strict regime of adequate fertilization and
irrigation.
Conclusion
Moringa leaf productions can viable economic ventures to meet the growing demand for
Moringa leaf products. Cultivation systems are varied, from intensive monocropping to
intercropping, from direct seeding to cuttings. It is important to make an appropriate
choice according to the local context and available means.
11
References:
Akinbamijo O. O., S. A. Adediran, S. Nouala and J. Saecker (2004) Moringa fodder in
ruminant nutrition in The Gambia International Trypanotolerance Centre, P. M. B. 14,
Banjul The Gambia
FOIDL, N., HARINDER, P. S. et K. BECKER, (2001). Potentiel du Moringa oleifera
pour les besoins agricoles et industriels in L’arbre de la vie, Les multiples usages du
Moringa. CTA et CWS, Dakar, pp.45 à 78.
FUGLIE, L J., (2001). Combattre la malnutrition avec le Moringa in L’arbre de la vie,
Les multiples usages du Moringa. CTA et CWS, Dakar, pp.119 à 139.
Reyes, S.N. (2006). Moringa oleifera and Cratylia argentea: potential fodder species for
ruminants in Nicaragua. Doctoral thesis ISSN 1652-6880, ISBN 91-576-7050-1
Prof. Dov Pasternak ICRISAT Sahelian Center P.O. Box 12404, Niamey, Niger
Miracle Trees