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The document describes 20 different weed species found in dry lands and wastelands in India. For each species it provides the family, common name in English and Kannada (local language), morphology, habit/growth form, propagation method, and habitat/location where commonly found. The weeds described include species from families like Euphorbiaceae, Compositae, Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae and others. Many are described as common or troublesome weeds of dry lands, wastelands, cultivated fields, and roadsides.

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Ex. No. 2 & 3 STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF DRY LAND AND WASTELAND WEEDS
Family: EUPHORBIACEAE Common name: INDIAN ACALYPHA Kannada: Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Erect, annual, pubescent herb growing to a height of 20 to 60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Distributed profusely in wastelands and pastures particularly soon after rains. In cultivated areas grown with crops requiring frequent inter cultivation. Acalypha indica
Family: Compositae(Asteraceae) Common name: Star Burr Kannada: Kadle mullu Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Erect branched, hairy herb, up to 50cm height, annual. Propagation: Achenes Habitat: Common weed of dry lands, roadsides and wastelands. Acanthospermum hispidum
Family: Amaranthaceae Common name: Prickly Chaff Flower Kannada: Uttarani Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Erect herb about 90 cm high; sparingly branched, biennial or perennial. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common in waste lands and on bunds in dry lands. Achyranthus aspera
Family: Amaranthaceae Common name: Khaki Weed Kannada : Nayi Mullu Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Trailing, diffusely branched, biennial, branches attaining a length of 60cm or more. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: An introduced weed from tropical America, now common in dry land, waste lands and roadsides. The plant is gregarious in habit and produces roots at the nodes for vegetative propagation. Alternanthera echinata
Family: Amaranthaceae Common name: Spiny Amaranth Kannada: Mullu keere Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Erect spinous herb, glabrous, annual, bushes with branches growing to a height of 30-60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common wasteland weed and along bunds in cultivated lands. Amaranthus spinosus L.
Amaranthus viridis Family: Amaranthaceae Common name: Amaranthus Kannada: keere soppu Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: The plant is a perennial with long prostrate or ascending branches and a woody main stem growing to a height of 30-60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common wasteland weed and along bunds in cultivated lands
Argemone mexicana Family: Papavaraceae Common name: Prickly Poppy Kannada name: Arisina Ummatthi Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: An erect branching prickly annual herb, with yellow latex, grows to a height of 60 -120cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A troublesome weed commonly growing in dry lands.
Borreria stricta Family: Rubiaceae Common name: Borreria Kannada name: Madanaganti Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: A hispid procumbent annual herb with long internodes. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common dry land weed associated with ragi, groundnut and pulses. A weed with many biotypes capable of adjusting to the drought conditions.
Calotropis gigantea Family: Asclepiadaceae Common name: Gigantic Swallow wort Kannada name: Ekka Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Large shrub, trunk stout, pale, shoots woolly, perennial. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common in all plains, waste lands, dry lands, especially in black soil.
Cassia Spp Family: Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) Common name: Cassia Kannada name: Thagache Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Diffuse, sub glabrous, annual under shrub, growing 2-5 feet high. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: An introduced weed from West Indies now wild in waste lands, along roadsides and dry places. C. occidentalis C. uniflora
Family: Papilionoideae (Faboideae) Common name: Conch flower creeper Kannada name: Sanku pushpa Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Vine to 6m. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Abundant in forest clearings. Clitoria ternatia
Commelina benghalensis Family: Commelinaceae Common name : Commelina Kannada: Kanne Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Glabrous or pubescent, herb, growing upto 60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common in all districts in dry lands and semi irrigated areas except very wet areas up to 1300 m.
Datura sp D. metal D. stramonium Family: Solanaceae Common name: Datura Kannada name: Visha Umatthi Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A shrubby herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A poisonous weed, found sparcely distributed in waste lands.
Digera arvensis Family: Amaranthaceae Common name: Digera Kannada name: Gorji soppu Habit: Erect or prostrate, annual herb becoming perennial with wide spreading branches, prostrate below. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common weed of drylands, roadsides and waste places
Eclipta alba Family: Asteraceae Common name: Eclipta Kannada name: Garagada Soppu Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Diffusely branched hirsutely strigose, annual herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: The weed is present at all elevations in wet and garden lands particularly in sugarcane plots and dried paddy fields.
Gomphrena decumbens Family: Amaranthaceae Common name: Gomphrena Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Prostrate, trailing, much branched annual herb; Leaves and stem covered with long hairs. Propagation: By seed. Habitat: An introduced weed from Central America, now common in dry, wet, cultivated and garden land, pastures and roadsides.
Heliotropium indicum Family: Boraginaceae Common name: Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Annual hirsute herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Dry land weed, common on roadside and waste places.
Lantana camera Family: Verbenaceae Common name: Lantana Kannada name: Roja gida Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A prickly shrub, often strongly smelling. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A wildly growing weed especially in waste lands, difficult to control.
Parathenium hysterophorus Family: Compositeae (Asteraceae) Common name: Congress Weed. Kannada name: Congress Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Annual herb, up to 1.5 m. Propagation: Seed. Habitat: Cultivated fields and road side.
Solanum spp S. kasianum S. xanthocarpum Family: Solanaceae. Common name: Garden-night shade. Kannada name: Ganike hannu Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: An erect, much branched, unarmed, annual herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A cosmopolitan weed of roadside and cultivated land.
Portulaca oleracea Family: Portulacaceae Common name: Indian Purslane Kannada name: Gandada soppu Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Herbs, usually succulent. Propagation: By seed. Habitat: In all dry areas.
Tephrosia purpurea Family: Leguminosae Common name: Wild Indigo Kannada name: Kadu nerale Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Erect perennial copiously branched pubescent under shrub. Propagation: By seed. Habitat: A common waste land weed, also found in drylands and roadsides
Tribulus terrestris Family: Zygophyllaceae. Common name: Ground Bur nut Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A herbaceous annual with a deep root. Propagation: By seeds carried in cocci (bits of fruit) Habitat: A common dry land weed; also of medicinal value.
Tridax procumbens Family: Compositeae (Asteraceae). Common name: Tridox Kannada name: Vibuthi gida Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Procumbent, hispid, weak, straggling perennial herb. Propagation: By achenes. Habitat: Roadsides and waste places in all dry areas.
Xanthium strumarium Family: Compositae (Asteraceae). Common name: Bur-Weed. Kannada name: Marule ummatthi. Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A herb. Propagation: By the hooked fruit. Habitat: Waste places and rubbish heaps
Chloris barbata Family: Poaceae Common name: Chloris Tamil name: Ganjala Hullu Morphology: Grass Habit: A tufted perennial, commonly found as a weed in dry cultivated fields and waste places. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: This is a good fodder grass, also known to serve as alternate host for shootfly of Jowar. A common dry land grass.
Cyanodon dactylon Family:Graminae (Poaceae) Common name: Bahama Grass, Hariyli Kannada: Garike Hullu Morphology: Grass Habit: A perennial grass extensively creeping by means of scaly rhizomes or by strong flat stolons, very common in plains and hills; culms 7.5 to 30 cm high, slender. Propagation: Seeds and stolons Habitat: It is a highly nutritious fodder grass and is extensively used as lawn grass. In black soils and in dryland is a noxious weed and once a field is infested with it, cultivation becomes impossible. It is considered as one of the ten worst weeds in the world and problematic in all tropical and subtropical areas in dry land and garden lands.
Dactylactenium aegyptium Family: Poaceae Common name: Buffalo Grass Kannada name: Konanathale Hullu. Morphology: Grass Habit: An annual, grass growing in waste places and dry cultivated lands. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Cattle graze this readily. A common dry land weed associated with ragi crop, often distributed in waste places along road sides.
Elusine indica Family: Poaceae Common name: Wild ragi Kannada name: Kadu ragi Hullu. Morphology: Grass Habit: An annual, grass growing in waste places and dry cultivated lands. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Cattle graze this readily. A common dry land weed associated with ragi crop, often distributed in waste places along road sides.
Ergrostis chinensis Family: Poaceae Common name: Ergrostis Kannada name: Morphology: Grass Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Cattle graze this readily. A common dry land weed associated with ragi crop, often distributed in waste places along road sides.
Aeschymone indica
Gabbu soppu Agyratum conyzoides
-Gokantaka -Kolavalike Astercantha longifolia
Celosia argentea – Anne soppu
Chenopodium album Hucchu chakkota (bale soppu)
Chromelina odarata – Communist weed
Koli kalina gida Cleome monophylla
Euphorbia geniculata Euphorbia hirta Alpa Bhedi Gida
Thumbe Leucas aspera
Papus kalli Opuntia spp
Sunti hullu Panicum repens
Nelanelli Phyllanthus niruri
Physalis minima Guppate
Sida spp
Abutilon hirtum Abutilon indicum Pettige gida
Alternanthera A. pungens Honagone soppu Alternanthera sessilis
Centella asiatica Ondelaga
Colocasia esculenta Kesave dantu
Croton bonplandianum Convolvulus arvensis Bachhalu balli
H. micranthus H. vitifolius Hibiscus Kadu Dasavala
Ipomea I. alba I. pestrigridis I. sepiaria I. carnea Ganeshana kaddi
Ocimum canum Ocimum tenuiflorum Syn. O. sanctumTulasi
Orobanche sp Beru kasa
Oxalis corniculata Oxalis latifolia Huli Soppu
Spilanthes acmella Stachytarpheta indica Kaadu uttarani
Erigeron mucronatus Heteropogon contortus
Panicum P. flavidum P. javanicumP. repens
Pennisetunm cenchroides Perotis indica
Cyperus C. castaneus C. difformis C. iria C. nutans C. rotundus
Fimbristylis F. aestivalis F. argenteaF. complanata F. milliacea F. woodrowii
Pycerus polystachyos Syn: P. odoratus
Ex. No. 4 & 5 STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF WETLAND WEEDS
Ammania baccifera Family: Lythraceae Common name: Blistering Ammania Kannada: Morphology : Broad leaved weed Habit: An erect annual herb growing up to 30 cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common wet land weed.
Astercantha longifolia -Gokantaka -Kolavalike
Bergia amannoides Family: Elatinaceae. Common name: Water Firewort. Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Erect, gregarious, stout, terrestrial branching herb, branches decumbent, smooth or thinly pubescent, hairs glandular capitate, growing to a height of 15-45cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A wet land weed, commonly found in marshy places also.
Centella asiatica Family: Apiaceae Common name: Indian Pennywort Kannada name: Vandelaga Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Prostrate, trailing perennial herb rooting at nodes. Propagation: Rooting stems Habitat: A common wet land weed usually found along bunds in rice fields and other wet places, plains up to 2000 m.
Cleome chelidoni Family: Capparaceae Common name: Cleome Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Erect, glabrous much branched annual herb, growing to a height of 30- 60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Weed of moist places on the borders of rice fields and dry tank bunds.
Commelina benghalensis Family: Commelinaceae Common name : Commelina Kannada: Kanne Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Glabrous or pubescent, herb, growing upto 60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common in all districts in dry lands and semi irrigated areas except very wet areas up to 1300 m.
Cyanotis axillaries Family: Commelinaceae Common name: Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: A branched prostrate or sub-erect, fleshy annual rooting at the nodes. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Particularly abundant by riverbanks.
Eclipta alba Family: Asteraceae Common name: Eclipta Kannada name: Garagada Soppu Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Diffusely branched hirsutely strigose, annual herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: The weed is present at all elevations in wet and garden lands particularly in sugarcane plots and dried up paddy fields.
Eichhornia crassipes Family : Pontederiaceae Common name : Water hyacinth Kannada : Anthara Thavare Habitat : An aquatic herb. The plant is either free floating or partly fixed in mud in shallow waters.
Gomphrena decumbens Family: Amaranthaceae Common name: Gomphrena Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Prostrate, trailing, much branched annual herb; Leaves and stem covered with long hairs. Propagation: By seed. Habitat: An introduced weed from Central America, now common in dry, wet, cultivated and garden land, pastures and roadsides.
Family: Asteraceae Common name: Tamil name: Masipatri. Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Pubesent or villous, suberect or prostrate herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common weed usually growing on sandy soils and in waste places. Grangea maderaspatana
Ipomea cornea Family: Convolvulaceae Common name: Ipomea Kannada name: Ganeshana Kaddi / Potle Kaddi Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Erect shrub to 2(3) m. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Planted by household fences, canal banks, etc.
Ludwigia parviflora Family: Onagraceae Common name: Ludwigia Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: An erect annual aquatic herb growing up to 60 cm. Propagation: By seeds Habitat: A common weed in rice fields and other wet places.
Marsilea quadriflata Family: Marsileaceae Common name: The Water Fern. Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Amphibious herb with procumbent rhizomes Propagation: Stolons and spores Habitat: Occurs in marshy areas, also in rice fields and floating in running water.
Mimosa pudica Family: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) Common name: Touch Me Not Kannada name: Muttidare muni. Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Fast spreading, diffuse, copiously branched, prostrate perennial herb. a number of 1 seeds bits. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: An introduced weed form Tropical America now wild in dry, wet and garden lands, gregarious in habit.
Monochoria vaginalis Family: Pontederiaceae Common name: Monochoria Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A rooted aquatic herb, commonly growing in fresh water and marshy areas. Propagation: By seed and also by root- stock. Habitat: A common wet land weed.
Rungia repens Family: Acanthaceae Common name: Kannada name: Kodaga saleh. Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Decumbent or procumbent angular pubescent diffuse annual herb. Propagation: By means of seed. Habitat: A wet land weed common on bunds along water channels and other moist places; rarely in cultivated fields; flowering and fruiting from June - February.
Sphaeranthus indicus Family: Compositae(Asteraceae). Common name: Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Strong smelling annual. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Wet land weed common in rice fields and other moist areas in all plain districts.
Stachytarpheta indica Family: Verbenaceae. Common name: Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A tall herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common weed of roadside and wet places.
Echinochloa crusgalli Family:Gramineae (Poaceae) Common name: Barnyard Grass Kannada name: Gandu Bhatta Morphology: Grass. Habit: A tufted annual usually met with in rice fields and other wet places. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: This species is very common in rice fields. They cause considerable damage to rice production and is difficult to control by cultural practices. It is also considered as number one weed in its adverse effects on paddy.
Echinochloa oryzoides
Panicum repens Family: Gramineae (Poaceae) Common name: Ginger Grass. Kannada name: Morphology: Grass. Habit: A very common perennial species, thrives in moist places. Propagation: By underground stems and grains. Habitat: It is much relished by cattle. A very common weed of garden and wet lands especially on bunds of paddy fields.
Typha angustata Family : Typhaceae Common Name : Typha Kannada Name : Jendu / Aapu Feature : Gregarious, robust grass like herb. Terminal spike
Cyperus difformis Family: Cyperaceae Common name: Cyperus Kannada name: Jondu Morphology: Sedge Habit: A very common slender, weak plant found in marshes and in shallow ponds; stems tufted, 12.5 to 37.5 cm long. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common weed in paddy fields.
Cyperus iria Family: Cyperaceae Common name: Sedge Weed Kannada name: Jondu Morphology: Sedge Habit: An erect glabrous annual Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A widely distributed species in all marshy situations and also occurs as a very common weed in paddy fields and in shallow pond
Cyperus rotundus Family: Cyperaceae Common name: Nut Grass, Nutsedge Kannada name: Geku Habit: Stoloniferous, stolons not bulbiferous; stems trigonous, up to 1 m high; tubers not zoned, perennial. Propagation: Seeds and nutlets Habitat: A very troublesome perennial weed, occurring in dry cultivated lands, gardens and in semi irrigated land. It is an obnoxious weed with a very high propagation potential. This is one of the worlds top ten worst weeds.
Fimbristylis miliaceae Family: Cyperaceae Common name: Kannada name: Morphology: Sedge Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Wet land weed
PARASITIC WEEDS
Cuscuta chinensis Family: Convolvulaceae Common name: Dodder Kannada name: Amaru balli Morphology: Parasitic Broad leaved weed. Habit: The most common species in South India distributed in all plains and district up to 2000 m. Propagation: Seeds and stem bits Habitat: A total stem parasite now found to parasitise many cultivated crops like onion, Amaranthus, flowering herbs like jasmine etc. Cuscuta reflexa
Loranthus longiflorus Loranthus Loranthus longiflorus Family : Loranthaceae Feature : This weed parasitises perennial fruit plants such as Mango, Custard apple and Sapota. Loranthus has green leaves and thus photosynthetically active, but draws nutrients and water from host plant.
Striga spp Family: Scrophulariaceae. Common name: Witch Weed Kannada name: Bile kasa Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: An erect scabrous, hirsute, branching semi parasitic herb occurring on roots of graminaceous hosts Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common semi – parasitic weed on roots of sorghum and sugarcane. This weed is known for its abundant seed production and the seeds remain viable for along period. Once a field is infested with this weed it would be very difficult to control.
Orobanche spp Family: Orobanchaceae Common name: Orabanche Kannada name: Bangu Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: An erect, parasitic herb, annual herb growing upto 6-12 inches. Propagation: By seeds. Habitat: A common complete (holo) root parasitic weed on tobacco.

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Weeds IDENTIFICATION photos

  • 1.
    Ex. No. 2& 3 STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF DRY LAND AND WASTELAND WEEDS
  • 2.
    Family: EUPHORBIACEAE Common name:INDIAN ACALYPHA Kannada: Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Erect, annual, pubescent herb growing to a height of 20 to 60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Distributed profusely in wastelands and pastures particularly soon after rains. In cultivated areas grown with crops requiring frequent inter cultivation. Acalypha indica
  • 3.
    Family: Compositae(Asteraceae) Common name:Star Burr Kannada: Kadle mullu Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Erect branched, hairy herb, up to 50cm height, annual. Propagation: Achenes Habitat: Common weed of dry lands, roadsides and wastelands. Acanthospermum hispidum
  • 4.
    Family: Amaranthaceae Common name:Prickly Chaff Flower Kannada: Uttarani Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Erect herb about 90 cm high; sparingly branched, biennial or perennial. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common in waste lands and on bunds in dry lands. Achyranthus aspera
  • 5.
    Family: Amaranthaceae Common name:Khaki Weed Kannada : Nayi Mullu Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Trailing, diffusely branched, biennial, branches attaining a length of 60cm or more. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: An introduced weed from tropical America, now common in dry land, waste lands and roadsides. The plant is gregarious in habit and produces roots at the nodes for vegetative propagation. Alternanthera echinata
  • 6.
    Family: Amaranthaceae Common name:Spiny Amaranth Kannada: Mullu keere Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Erect spinous herb, glabrous, annual, bushes with branches growing to a height of 30-60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common wasteland weed and along bunds in cultivated lands. Amaranthus spinosus L.
  • 7.
    Amaranthus viridis Family: Amaranthaceae Commonname: Amaranthus Kannada: keere soppu Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: The plant is a perennial with long prostrate or ascending branches and a woody main stem growing to a height of 30-60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common wasteland weed and along bunds in cultivated lands
  • 8.
    Argemone mexicana Family: Papavaraceae Commonname: Prickly Poppy Kannada name: Arisina Ummatthi Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: An erect branching prickly annual herb, with yellow latex, grows to a height of 60 -120cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A troublesome weed commonly growing in dry lands.
  • 9.
    Borreria stricta Family: Rubiaceae Commonname: Borreria Kannada name: Madanaganti Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: A hispid procumbent annual herb with long internodes. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common dry land weed associated with ragi, groundnut and pulses. A weed with many biotypes capable of adjusting to the drought conditions.
  • 10.
    Calotropis gigantea Family: Asclepiadaceae Commonname: Gigantic Swallow wort Kannada name: Ekka Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Large shrub, trunk stout, pale, shoots woolly, perennial. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common in all plains, waste lands, dry lands, especially in black soil.
  • 11.
    Cassia Spp Family: Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) Commonname: Cassia Kannada name: Thagache Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Diffuse, sub glabrous, annual under shrub, growing 2-5 feet high. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: An introduced weed from West Indies now wild in waste lands, along roadsides and dry places. C. occidentalis C. uniflora
  • 12.
    Family: Papilionoideae (Faboideae) Common name:Conch flower creeper Kannada name: Sanku pushpa Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Vine to 6m. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Abundant in forest clearings. Clitoria ternatia
  • 13.
    Commelina benghalensis Family: Commelinaceae Commonname : Commelina Kannada: Kanne Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Glabrous or pubescent, herb, growing upto 60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common in all districts in dry lands and semi irrigated areas except very wet areas up to 1300 m.
  • 14.
    Datura sp D. metal D.stramonium Family: Solanaceae Common name: Datura Kannada name: Visha Umatthi Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A shrubby herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A poisonous weed, found sparcely distributed in waste lands.
  • 15.
    Digera arvensis Family: Amaranthaceae Commonname: Digera Kannada name: Gorji soppu Habit: Erect or prostrate, annual herb becoming perennial with wide spreading branches, prostrate below. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common weed of drylands, roadsides and waste places
  • 16.
    Eclipta alba Family: Asteraceae Commonname: Eclipta Kannada name: Garagada Soppu Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Diffusely branched hirsutely strigose, annual herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: The weed is present at all elevations in wet and garden lands particularly in sugarcane plots and dried paddy fields.
  • 17.
    Gomphrena decumbens Family: Amaranthaceae Commonname: Gomphrena Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Prostrate, trailing, much branched annual herb; Leaves and stem covered with long hairs. Propagation: By seed. Habitat: An introduced weed from Central America, now common in dry, wet, cultivated and garden land, pastures and roadsides.
  • 18.
    Heliotropium indicum Family: Boraginaceae Commonname: Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Annual hirsute herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Dry land weed, common on roadside and waste places.
  • 19.
    Lantana camera Family: Verbenaceae Commonname: Lantana Kannada name: Roja gida Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A prickly shrub, often strongly smelling. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A wildly growing weed especially in waste lands, difficult to control.
  • 20.
    Parathenium hysterophorus Family: Compositeae(Asteraceae) Common name: Congress Weed. Kannada name: Congress Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Annual herb, up to 1.5 m. Propagation: Seed. Habitat: Cultivated fields and road side.
  • 21.
    Solanum spp S. kasianum S.xanthocarpum Family: Solanaceae. Common name: Garden-night shade. Kannada name: Ganike hannu Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: An erect, much branched, unarmed, annual herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A cosmopolitan weed of roadside and cultivated land.
  • 22.
    Portulaca oleracea Family: Portulacaceae Commonname: Indian Purslane Kannada name: Gandada soppu Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Herbs, usually succulent. Propagation: By seed. Habitat: In all dry areas.
  • 23.
    Tephrosia purpurea Family: Leguminosae Commonname: Wild Indigo Kannada name: Kadu nerale Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Erect perennial copiously branched pubescent under shrub. Propagation: By seed. Habitat: A common waste land weed, also found in drylands and roadsides
  • 24.
    Tribulus terrestris Family: Zygophyllaceae. Commonname: Ground Bur nut Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A herbaceous annual with a deep root. Propagation: By seeds carried in cocci (bits of fruit) Habitat: A common dry land weed; also of medicinal value.
  • 25.
    Tridax procumbens Family: Compositeae(Asteraceae). Common name: Tridox Kannada name: Vibuthi gida Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Procumbent, hispid, weak, straggling perennial herb. Propagation: By achenes. Habitat: Roadsides and waste places in all dry areas.
  • 26.
    Xanthium strumarium Family: Compositae(Asteraceae). Common name: Bur-Weed. Kannada name: Marule ummatthi. Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A herb. Propagation: By the hooked fruit. Habitat: Waste places and rubbish heaps
  • 27.
    Chloris barbata Family: Poaceae Commonname: Chloris Tamil name: Ganjala Hullu Morphology: Grass Habit: A tufted perennial, commonly found as a weed in dry cultivated fields and waste places. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: This is a good fodder grass, also known to serve as alternate host for shootfly of Jowar. A common dry land grass.
  • 28.
    Cyanodon dactylon Family:Graminae (Poaceae) Commonname: Bahama Grass, Hariyli Kannada: Garike Hullu Morphology: Grass Habit: A perennial grass extensively creeping by means of scaly rhizomes or by strong flat stolons, very common in plains and hills; culms 7.5 to 30 cm high, slender. Propagation: Seeds and stolons Habitat: It is a highly nutritious fodder grass and is extensively used as lawn grass. In black soils and in dryland is a noxious weed and once a field is infested with it, cultivation becomes impossible. It is considered as one of the ten worst weeds in the world and problematic in all tropical and subtropical areas in dry land and garden lands.
  • 29.
    Dactylactenium aegyptium Family: Poaceae Commonname: Buffalo Grass Kannada name: Konanathale Hullu. Morphology: Grass Habit: An annual, grass growing in waste places and dry cultivated lands. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Cattle graze this readily. A common dry land weed associated with ragi crop, often distributed in waste places along road sides.
  • 30.
    Elusine indica Family: Poaceae Commonname: Wild ragi Kannada name: Kadu ragi Hullu. Morphology: Grass Habit: An annual, grass growing in waste places and dry cultivated lands. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Cattle graze this readily. A common dry land weed associated with ragi crop, often distributed in waste places along road sides.
  • 31.
    Ergrostis chinensis Family: Poaceae Commonname: Ergrostis Kannada name: Morphology: Grass Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Cattle graze this readily. A common dry land weed associated with ragi crop, often distributed in waste places along road sides.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
    Chromelina odarata –Communist weed
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
    Abutilon hirtum Abutilonindicum Pettige gida
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
    H. micranthus H.vitifolius Hibiscus Kadu Dasavala
  • 52.
    Ipomea I. alba I. pestrigridisI. sepiaria I. carnea Ganeshana kaddi
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
    Oxalis corniculata Oxalislatifolia Huli Soppu
  • 56.
    Spilanthes acmella Stachytarphetaindica Kaadu uttarani
  • 57.
  • 58.
    Panicum P. flavidum P.javanicumP. repens
  • 59.
  • 60.
    Cyperus C. castaneus C. difformis C.iria C. nutans C. rotundus
  • 61.
    Fimbristylis F. aestivalis F.argenteaF. complanata F. milliacea F. woodrowii
  • 62.
  • 63.
    Ex. No. 4& 5 STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF WETLAND WEEDS
  • 64.
    Ammania baccifera Family: Lythraceae Commonname: Blistering Ammania Kannada: Morphology : Broad leaved weed Habit: An erect annual herb growing up to 30 cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common wet land weed.
  • 65.
  • 66.
    Bergia amannoides Family: Elatinaceae. Commonname: Water Firewort. Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Erect, gregarious, stout, terrestrial branching herb, branches decumbent, smooth or thinly pubescent, hairs glandular capitate, growing to a height of 15-45cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A wet land weed, commonly found in marshy places also.
  • 67.
    Centella asiatica Family: Apiaceae Commonname: Indian Pennywort Kannada name: Vandelaga Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Prostrate, trailing perennial herb rooting at nodes. Propagation: Rooting stems Habitat: A common wet land weed usually found along bunds in rice fields and other wet places, plains up to 2000 m.
  • 68.
    Cleome chelidoni Family: Capparaceae Commonname: Cleome Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: Erect, glabrous much branched annual herb, growing to a height of 30- 60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Weed of moist places on the borders of rice fields and dry tank bunds.
  • 69.
    Commelina benghalensis Family: Commelinaceae Commonname : Commelina Kannada: Kanne Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Glabrous or pubescent, herb, growing upto 60cm. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Common in all districts in dry lands and semi irrigated areas except very wet areas up to 1300 m.
  • 70.
    Cyanotis axillaries Family: Commelinaceae Commonname: Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed Habit: A branched prostrate or sub-erect, fleshy annual rooting at the nodes. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Particularly abundant by riverbanks.
  • 71.
    Eclipta alba Family: Asteraceae Commonname: Eclipta Kannada name: Garagada Soppu Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Diffusely branched hirsutely strigose, annual herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: The weed is present at all elevations in wet and garden lands particularly in sugarcane plots and dried up paddy fields.
  • 72.
    Eichhornia crassipes Family :Pontederiaceae Common name : Water hyacinth Kannada : Anthara Thavare Habitat : An aquatic herb. The plant is either free floating or partly fixed in mud in shallow waters.
  • 73.
    Gomphrena decumbens Family: Amaranthaceae Commonname: Gomphrena Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Prostrate, trailing, much branched annual herb; Leaves and stem covered with long hairs. Propagation: By seed. Habitat: An introduced weed from Central America, now common in dry, wet, cultivated and garden land, pastures and roadsides.
  • 74.
    Family: Asteraceae Common name: Tamilname: Masipatri. Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Pubesent or villous, suberect or prostrate herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common weed usually growing on sandy soils and in waste places. Grangea maderaspatana
  • 75.
    Ipomea cornea Family: Convolvulaceae Commonname: Ipomea Kannada name: Ganeshana Kaddi / Potle Kaddi Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Erect shrub to 2(3) m. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Planted by household fences, canal banks, etc.
  • 76.
    Ludwigia parviflora Family: Onagraceae Commonname: Ludwigia Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: An erect annual aquatic herb growing up to 60 cm. Propagation: By seeds Habitat: A common weed in rice fields and other wet places.
  • 77.
    Marsilea quadriflata Family: Marsileaceae Commonname: The Water Fern. Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Amphibious herb with procumbent rhizomes Propagation: Stolons and spores Habitat: Occurs in marshy areas, also in rice fields and floating in running water.
  • 78.
    Mimosa pudica Family: Leguminosae(Mimosoideae) Common name: Touch Me Not Kannada name: Muttidare muni. Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Fast spreading, diffuse, copiously branched, prostrate perennial herb. a number of 1 seeds bits. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: An introduced weed form Tropical America now wild in dry, wet and garden lands, gregarious in habit.
  • 79.
    Monochoria vaginalis Family: Pontederiaceae Commonname: Monochoria Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A rooted aquatic herb, commonly growing in fresh water and marshy areas. Propagation: By seed and also by root- stock. Habitat: A common wet land weed.
  • 80.
    Rungia repens Family: Acanthaceae Commonname: Kannada name: Kodaga saleh. Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Decumbent or procumbent angular pubescent diffuse annual herb. Propagation: By means of seed. Habitat: A wet land weed common on bunds along water channels and other moist places; rarely in cultivated fields; flowering and fruiting from June - February.
  • 81.
    Sphaeranthus indicus Family: Compositae(Asteraceae). Commonname: Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: Strong smelling annual. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Wet land weed common in rice fields and other moist areas in all plain districts.
  • 82.
    Stachytarpheta indica Family: Verbenaceae. Commonname: Kannada name: Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: A tall herb. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common weed of roadside and wet places.
  • 83.
    Echinochloa crusgalli Family:Gramineae (Poaceae) Commonname: Barnyard Grass Kannada name: Gandu Bhatta Morphology: Grass. Habit: A tufted annual usually met with in rice fields and other wet places. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: This species is very common in rice fields. They cause considerable damage to rice production and is difficult to control by cultural practices. It is also considered as number one weed in its adverse effects on paddy.
  • 84.
  • 85.
    Panicum repens Family: Gramineae(Poaceae) Common name: Ginger Grass. Kannada name: Morphology: Grass. Habit: A very common perennial species, thrives in moist places. Propagation: By underground stems and grains. Habitat: It is much relished by cattle. A very common weed of garden and wet lands especially on bunds of paddy fields.
  • 86.
    Typha angustata Family :Typhaceae Common Name : Typha Kannada Name : Jendu / Aapu Feature : Gregarious, robust grass like herb. Terminal spike
  • 87.
    Cyperus difformis Family: Cyperaceae Commonname: Cyperus Kannada name: Jondu Morphology: Sedge Habit: A very common slender, weak plant found in marshes and in shallow ponds; stems tufted, 12.5 to 37.5 cm long. Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common weed in paddy fields.
  • 88.
    Cyperus iria Family: Cyperaceae Commonname: Sedge Weed Kannada name: Jondu Morphology: Sedge Habit: An erect glabrous annual Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A widely distributed species in all marshy situations and also occurs as a very common weed in paddy fields and in shallow pond
  • 89.
    Cyperus rotundus Family: Cyperaceae Commonname: Nut Grass, Nutsedge Kannada name: Geku Habit: Stoloniferous, stolons not bulbiferous; stems trigonous, up to 1 m high; tubers not zoned, perennial. Propagation: Seeds and nutlets Habitat: A very troublesome perennial weed, occurring in dry cultivated lands, gardens and in semi irrigated land. It is an obnoxious weed with a very high propagation potential. This is one of the worlds top ten worst weeds.
  • 90.
    Fimbristylis miliaceae Family: Cyperaceae Commonname: Kannada name: Morphology: Sedge Propagation: Seeds Habitat: Wet land weed
  • 91.
  • 92.
    Cuscuta chinensis Family: Convolvulaceae Commonname: Dodder Kannada name: Amaru balli Morphology: Parasitic Broad leaved weed. Habit: The most common species in South India distributed in all plains and district up to 2000 m. Propagation: Seeds and stem bits Habitat: A total stem parasite now found to parasitise many cultivated crops like onion, Amaranthus, flowering herbs like jasmine etc. Cuscuta reflexa
  • 93.
    Loranthus longiflorus Loranthus Loranthus longiflorus Family: Loranthaceae Feature : This weed parasitises perennial fruit plants such as Mango, Custard apple and Sapota. Loranthus has green leaves and thus photosynthetically active, but draws nutrients and water from host plant.
  • 94.
    Striga spp Family: Scrophulariaceae. Commonname: Witch Weed Kannada name: Bile kasa Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: An erect scabrous, hirsute, branching semi parasitic herb occurring on roots of graminaceous hosts Propagation: Seeds Habitat: A common semi – parasitic weed on roots of sorghum and sugarcane. This weed is known for its abundant seed production and the seeds remain viable for along period. Once a field is infested with this weed it would be very difficult to control.
  • 95.
    Orobanche spp Family: Orobanchaceae Commonname: Orabanche Kannada name: Bangu Morphology: Broad leaved weed. Habit: An erect, parasitic herb, annual herb growing upto 6-12 inches. Propagation: By seeds. Habitat: A common complete (holo) root parasitic weed on tobacco.