This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. It notes that map projections introduce distortions of shapes and distances. It then describes cylindrical, flat, conic, and scale as different projections used by cartographers to minimize distortions. The goal of different projections is to transfer the three-dimensional globe onto a two-dimensional map in a way that best preserves certain properties like directions, shapes, or areas, depending on the specific projection.

1. Projections
●
Maps are the
representation of either a
part or the whole of the
Earth´s surface.
●
The projections are used
for this.The repre-
sentation in flat from a
spheric surface is diffi-
cult. There are
distorsions both in forms
and in distances.

2. Cartographers
• Cartographers
reduce these
distorsions by
using different
projections.
Mercator

3. Cylindrical proyection
• The term "normal cylindrical
projection" is used to refer to
any projection in which
meridians are mapped to
equally spaced vertical lines
and circles of latitude
(parallels) are mapped to
horizontal lines.

4. Flat projection
• Flat projections have the property that
directions from a central point are
preserved

5. Conic projection
• is a conic map projection, which is often used for
aeronautical charts. In essence, the projection
superimposes a cone over the sphere of the Earth, with
two reference parallels secant to the globe and
intersecting it. This minimizes distortion from projecting a
three dimensional surface to a two-dimensional surface

6. Scale
• The scale is the mathematical relationship between the size and
representation on the map
• Numerical scale. It´s a fraction that relates the distance on the
map(numerator) with corresponding one in the field(denominator)
1:50.000
• Graphic Scale : It´s a segment which is divided into equal parts and
it is used to measure distances directly on map