Programmed instruction is a self-instructional process that breaks down learning into small, manageable steps, aiming to facilitate mastery of complex knowledge. Its history dates back to figures like Socrates and E.L. Thorndike, emphasizing clear objectives and immediate feedback. Despite its advantages, such as enhancing engagement and supporting individualized learning, challenges include the potential for guessing and a reliance on appropriate programming resources.

1. PROGRAMMED
INSTRUCTION
Mrs. Gayathri R
First year MSc Nursing
Upasana College Of
Nursing

2. DEFINITION
• A process of arranging material to be learned in a series of
small steps designed to lead a learner via self-instruction
from what he knows to the unknown of new & more complex
knowledge & principles.
• “Programmed instruction is planned sequence of
experiences, leading to proficiency in terms of stimulus
response relationship”
-James E Espich &Williams

3. HISTORY
• PI engaged out of experimental researches on operant
conditioning.
• PI instruction offers possibility of providing a conceptual
framework.
• Socrates' is the first programmer who developed program in
geometry.
• Gita is the first programmed text in the world.
• E L Thorndike in his law of effect used programmed instruction.
• Sydney L Prissy developed PI for testing the items, i.e., multiple
choice question.

4. CHARACTERISTICS
•Assumptions stated clearly in writing.
•Explicitly stated objectives.
•Logical sequence of small steps.
•Active Responding.
•Immediate feedback of information.
•Individual rate.
•Constant evaluation.

5. PRINCIPLES
•Objective specification.
•Empirical testing.
•Self pacing.
•Principles of active responding.
•Student testing.

6. DYNAMICS
• Selection of the subject to be programmed.
• The programmer list the objectives of the materials to be
programmed.
• Construct the item in accordance with established
learning technique.
• Short sequence.
• Sequence can be analyzed for errors & short comings.

7. T
Y P E S

8. ADJUNCT PROGRAMMING
(SYDNEY L PRISSY)

9. MATH ETIC PROGRAMMING (GILBERT)

10. COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION (CAI)

11. LINEAR OR EXTRINSIC PROGRAMMING

12. BRANCHING OR INTRINSIC STYLE

13. LIMITATIONS
• Guessing.
• Difficulty in praising branches.
• Diagnostic may not suit.
• Branching style can’t be used below 5th class.
• Cost effective.
• There is no guarantee that pupil has learned everything.
• The program is unable to control the student.
• Specific remedial measures is needed.

14. ADVANTAGES
• Student kept active & alert.
• Teacher gets relieved of doing ordinary jobs.
• Social & emotional problems can be eliminated.
• Problem of discipline automatically solved.
• A well programmed self instructional device is tailored.
• Make learning interesting.
• Every student can work his own place.
• Useful in memorization of facts.

15. ADVANTAGES
• PI is useful in situations where the human instructions
are not available.
• Can improve the communication potential.
• Intellectual & motor skills will be taught more efficiently.
• Learner is challenged his own capabilities.
• Re-inforcement for the student.
• More complex concepts will be known.
• Useful in memorization of facts.

16. STEPS IN PROGRAM WRITING
• PREPARATION
• PROGRAM WRITING
• TRY OUT & REVISION

17. APPLICATION OF PROGRAMMED
INSTRUCTION IN EDUCATION
•Regular instruction
•Enrichment of curriculum
•Remedial instruction
•Industrial application
•Successfully introduced in certain jobs
•Correspondence course

18. APPLICATION OF PI IN EDUCATION
•Used in banks to train cashiers
•Modification of deviant behavior
•Vocational & Psychotherapy training
•Used to enrich the curriculum
•Improve sanitary habit of public
•Non formal education

19. PROBLEMS IN APPLICATION
•Quality & Quantity
•Shortage of good teachers
•Lack of good programmers
•Resistance
•Lack of funds & facilities