The document outlines Van Duzer's view that a speaker's skills and habits can impact the success of communication. It also defines communication as the process where people create and transmit symbols that are received and responded to by others. The communication process involves a sender encoding an idea and sending a message through a channel to a receiver, who decodes it, providing feedback. Interference can impede understanding and the context shapes messages at multiple levels.

2.  According to Van Duzer:
> A speaker’s skills and speech habits have an
impact on the success of any exchange.
 Speakers must be able to anticipate and then
produce the expected patterns of specific
discourse situations like:
1.producing the sounds
2.using grammar accurately
3.assessing characteristics of the target audience
including interest levels, status and power relations
of participants and differences in perspectives.
4. selecting vocabulary that is understandable and
appropriate for the audience.
5. the topic being discussed
6.the setting in which the speech act occurs

3.  Communication- is the process by which
people create and send symbols that
are received, interpreted, and
responded to by other people.
 Process- is a series of stages or steps
during which something is transformed
 People includes the following as a part
of the communication process:
1. sender –source- speaker
2. receiver- listener-audience

4. 1.The speaker initiates the message.
2.The listeners or receiver (audience) are those for
whom the message was intended.
3.Ideas, opinions, information are encoded
( they are transformed into verbal and nonverbal
symbols)
SYMBOLS- are the verbal and non verbal
signs used to represent thoughts,
things, and actions.
The combination of symbols forms the message
4. Messages are sent through verbal and nonverbal
channels, such as physical senses or media.

5.  FRAME OF REFERENCE – includes the listener’s
experience, knowledge, goals, beliefs, feelings,
values, attitudes.
 NOISE or INTERFERENCE (both internal and
external)
 Internal interference could be sleepiness, hunger
pains, pre-occupations
 External interference could be the sound outside
or within the parameter
5. Feedback ( both verbal and nonverbal) is the
receivers’ response to the message and includes
facial expressions, questions, and comments

6. 1.Communication is symbolic and personal: ---
we each have different fields of experience
and use different encoding and decoding
processes.
> Ex. the sender and the receiver are affected
by the situation and context: time, social
environment and physical setting.
2.Communication is transactional– the model
changes from linear to transactional.
> Ex. > the model starts with a speaker and
some listeners.
> the message travels along a channel,
as does feedback from the audience.

7.  Interference can impede the communication
process, and the situation (the time and the place,
among others) can shape the message.
3. Communication is not static– and it is not the mere
transmission of messages.
4. Communication is both verbal and nonverbal,
intentional and unintended–

8. > three levels of communication are contained in
messages:
1.content level- is the explicit subject and content of
the message.
2. relationship level- is the way the speaker views
the status relationship with the other participants
(dominant, equal, or subservient).this is often
revealed in tone of voice or word choice.
3. affective level- are the emotions, or how the
speaker feels about the messages, the participants,
and the situation.

9. There is only one thing in the
world worse than being talked
about, and that is not being
talked about.
-Oscar Wilde
( Irish poet and playwright)
Thank you!

10. There is only one thing in the
world worse than being talked
about, and that is not being
talked about.
-Oscar Wilde
( Irish poet and playwright)
Thank you!