SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Listening
Listening
the process of receiving, constructing
meaning from, and responding to a
spoken and/ or non-verbal message
(International Reading Association)
Types of
Listening
Types of Listening
• Appreciative Listening
• Emphatic Listening
• Comprehensive/Active Listening
• Critical/ Analytical Listening
Appreciative Listening
-listening for pleasure and enjoyment,
as when we listen to music, to a
comedy routine, or to an
entertaining speech
-describes how well speakers choose
and use words, use humor, ask
questions. tell stories, and argue
persuasively.
Emphatic Listening
-listening to provide emotional
support for the speaker, as when a
psychiatrist listens to a patient or
when we lend a sympathetic ear to a
friend
-focuses on understanding and
identifying with a person’s situation,
feelings, or motives
-there is an attempt to understand
what the other person is feeling
-listener does not necessarily agree or
feel the same way with the speaker
instead understand the type and
intensity of feelings the speaker is
experiencing without judgement
Comprehensive/
Active Listening
-listening to understand the message of a
speaker, as when we attend a classroom
lecture or listen to directions for finding a
friend’s house
-focuses on accurately understanding the
meaning of the speaker’s words while
simultaneously interpreting non-verbal cues
such as facial expressions, gestures, posture,
and vocal quality
Steps in Active Listening
1. listening carefully by using all available
senses
2. paraphrasing what is heard both
mentally and verbally
3. checking your understanding to ensure
accuracy
4. providing feedback
 During a question-and-answer
sessions, speakers use
comprehensive listening skills to
accurately interpret the audience’s
questions.
Critical/ Analytical Listening
-listening to evaluate a message for purposes of
accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to
the sales pitch of a used-car dealer or the
campaign speech of a political candidate
Critical/ Analytical Listening
-focuses on evaluating whether a message is
logical and reasonable
-asks you to make judgements based on your
evaluation of the speaker’s arguments
-challenges the speaker’s message by
evaluating its accuracy and meaningfulness,
and utility
-uses critical thinking skills
Listening
53%
Reading
17%
Speaking
16%
Writing
14%
Proportions of tiem spent by college
students in communication activities
References
Engeleberg, I. N. and John A. Daly. (2013). Think:
Public Speaking. USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Lucas, Stephen E. (2009). The Art of Public
Speaking. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
Pearson, J. et. al. (2008). Human
Communication. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc.

More Related Content

What's hot

Desuggestopedia
DesuggestopediaDesuggestopedia
Desuggestopedia
Fabrizia Costa
 
Teaching speaking
Teaching speakingTeaching speaking
Teaching speaking
Imed Sdiri
 
How to improve Speaking skill
How to improve Speaking skillHow to improve Speaking skill
How to improve Speaking skill
PatoEva
 
A LESSON PLAN ON LISTENING SKILLS
A LESSON PLAN ON LISTENING SKILLSA LESSON PLAN ON LISTENING SKILLS
A LESSON PLAN ON LISTENING SKILLSFatima Gul
 
Teaching Vocabulary
Teaching VocabularyTeaching Vocabulary
Teaching Vocabulary
A Faiz
 
Teaching Grammar
Teaching GrammarTeaching Grammar
Teaching Grammar
Irina K
 
How to teach vocabulary
How to teach vocabularyHow to teach vocabulary
How to teach vocabulary
serginho0208
 
Teaching reading 1
Teaching reading 1Teaching reading 1
Teaching reading 1
Alexis Centrella Vegas
 
Teaching writing
Teaching writing Teaching writing
Teaching writing
abderrahim bellahcen
 
the principles of teaching speaking
the principles of teaching speakingthe principles of teaching speaking
the principles of teaching speakingRead Wan
 
Listening Demonstration Plan in English Grade 7
Listening Demonstration Plan in English Grade 7Listening Demonstration Plan in English Grade 7
Listening Demonstration Plan in English Grade 7
Pristine Estorque
 
How to Teach Pronunciation: Getting Started
How to Teach Pronunciation: Getting StartedHow to Teach Pronunciation: Getting Started
How to Teach Pronunciation: Getting Started
Judy Thompson
 
Teaching writing
Teaching writingTeaching writing
Teaching writing
abderrahim bellahcen
 
Teaching grammar
Teaching grammarTeaching grammar
Teaching grammar
Montse Irun
 

What's hot (20)

Listening skills teaching
Listening skills teachingListening skills teaching
Listening skills teaching
 
Listening & speaking skills teaching
Listening & speaking skills teachingListening & speaking skills teaching
Listening & speaking skills teaching
 
Desuggestopedia
DesuggestopediaDesuggestopedia
Desuggestopedia
 
Teaching vocabulary
Teaching vocabularyTeaching vocabulary
Teaching vocabulary
 
Teaching speaking
Teaching speakingTeaching speaking
Teaching speaking
 
How to improve Speaking skill
How to improve Speaking skillHow to improve Speaking skill
How to improve Speaking skill
 
A LESSON PLAN ON LISTENING SKILLS
A LESSON PLAN ON LISTENING SKILLSA LESSON PLAN ON LISTENING SKILLS
A LESSON PLAN ON LISTENING SKILLS
 
Teaching Vocabulary
Teaching VocabularyTeaching Vocabulary
Teaching Vocabulary
 
Teaching Grammar
Teaching GrammarTeaching Grammar
Teaching Grammar
 
How to teach listening
How to teach listening How to teach listening
How to teach listening
 
How to teach vocabulary
How to teach vocabularyHow to teach vocabulary
How to teach vocabulary
 
Teaching reading 1
Teaching reading 1Teaching reading 1
Teaching reading 1
 
Teaching writing
Teaching writing Teaching writing
Teaching writing
 
the principles of teaching speaking
the principles of teaching speakingthe principles of teaching speaking
the principles of teaching speaking
 
Listening
ListeningListening
Listening
 
Listening Demonstration Plan in English Grade 7
Listening Demonstration Plan in English Grade 7Listening Demonstration Plan in English Grade 7
Listening Demonstration Plan in English Grade 7
 
How to Teach Pronunciation: Getting Started
How to Teach Pronunciation: Getting StartedHow to Teach Pronunciation: Getting Started
How to Teach Pronunciation: Getting Started
 
Teaching writing
Teaching writingTeaching writing
Teaching writing
 
Teaching grammar
Teaching grammarTeaching grammar
Teaching grammar
 
Teaching of writing
Teaching of writingTeaching of writing
Teaching of writing
 

Similar to Types of listening activities

Types of Listening
Types of Listening Types of Listening
Types of Listening
Urjit Dave
 
Raj Soni
Raj SoniRaj Soni
Raj Soni
gdndgndgd
 
Listening Skills.pptx
Listening Skills.pptxListening Skills.pptx
Listening Skills.pptx
Isabel Chua
 
Listening Lecture in psychology and education
Listening Lecture in psychology and educationListening Lecture in psychology and education
Listening Lecture in psychology and education
faizimukhtar821
 
Listening Lecture in psychology and education
Listening Lecture in psychology and educationListening Lecture in psychology and education
Listening Lecture in psychology and education
faizimukhtar821
 
The art of listening
The art of listeningThe art of listening
The art of listening
Mudassar Iqbal
 
Analytical Listening in Problem Solving
Analytical Listening in Problem SolvingAnalytical Listening in Problem Solving
Analytical Listening in Problem Solving
MaDonnaGeroleo
 
Chapter 5 (what is listening + types)
Chapter 5 (what is listening + types)Chapter 5 (what is listening + types)
Chapter 5 (what is listening + types)metalkid132
 
Listening skill
Listening skillListening skill
Listening skill
Pavitra kumar v
 
Listening is a fundamental skill that influences personal an (1).pdf
Listening is a fundamental skill that influences personal an (1).pdfListening is a fundamental skill that influences personal an (1).pdf
Listening is a fundamental skill that influences personal an (1).pdf
KoustovMukherjeeME
 
Effective listening presentation
Effective listening presentationEffective listening presentation
Effective listening presentationshafiqahshukri
 
Communication & Skills
Communication & SkillsCommunication & Skills
Communication & Skills
Jinal Patel
 
Inter personal communication
Inter personal communicationInter personal communication
Inter personal communicationKrishna Kanth
 
ENG 3A | Nature of Listening
ENG 3A | Nature of ListeningENG 3A | Nature of Listening
ENG 3A | Nature of Listening
Rizza Mae Samalca
 
Teaching Listening
Teaching ListeningTeaching Listening
Teaching ListeningTahaneeH
 
Listening
ListeningListening
Typesandbarrierstolistening 131024073704-phpapp02
Typesandbarrierstolistening 131024073704-phpapp02Typesandbarrierstolistening 131024073704-phpapp02
Typesandbarrierstolistening 131024073704-phpapp02
Carlito Malvar Ong
 
The-Listening-Process.ppt
The-Listening-Process.pptThe-Listening-Process.ppt
The-Listening-Process.ppt
sordillasecondsem
 
Listening Skills.pptx
Listening Skills.pptxListening Skills.pptx
Listening Skills.pptx
Mary91291
 

Similar to Types of listening activities (20)

Types of Listening
Types of Listening Types of Listening
Types of Listening
 
Raj Soni
Raj SoniRaj Soni
Raj Soni
 
Listening Skills.pptx
Listening Skills.pptxListening Skills.pptx
Listening Skills.pptx
 
Listening Lecture in psychology and education
Listening Lecture in psychology and educationListening Lecture in psychology and education
Listening Lecture in psychology and education
 
Listening Lecture in psychology and education
Listening Lecture in psychology and educationListening Lecture in psychology and education
Listening Lecture in psychology and education
 
The art of listening
The art of listeningThe art of listening
The art of listening
 
Analytical Listening in Problem Solving
Analytical Listening in Problem SolvingAnalytical Listening in Problem Solving
Analytical Listening in Problem Solving
 
Chapter 5 (what is listening + types)
Chapter 5 (what is listening + types)Chapter 5 (what is listening + types)
Chapter 5 (what is listening + types)
 
Listening skill
Listening skillListening skill
Listening skill
 
Listening is a fundamental skill that influences personal an (1).pdf
Listening is a fundamental skill that influences personal an (1).pdfListening is a fundamental skill that influences personal an (1).pdf
Listening is a fundamental skill that influences personal an (1).pdf
 
Effective listening presentation
Effective listening presentationEffective listening presentation
Effective listening presentation
 
Communication & Skills
Communication & SkillsCommunication & Skills
Communication & Skills
 
Inter personal communication
Inter personal communicationInter personal communication
Inter personal communication
 
ENG 3A | Nature of Listening
ENG 3A | Nature of ListeningENG 3A | Nature of Listening
ENG 3A | Nature of Listening
 
Levels of listening
Levels of listeningLevels of listening
Levels of listening
 
Teaching Listening
Teaching ListeningTeaching Listening
Teaching Listening
 
Listening
ListeningListening
Listening
 
Typesandbarrierstolistening 131024073704-phpapp02
Typesandbarrierstolistening 131024073704-phpapp02Typesandbarrierstolistening 131024073704-phpapp02
Typesandbarrierstolistening 131024073704-phpapp02
 
The-Listening-Process.ppt
The-Listening-Process.pptThe-Listening-Process.ppt
The-Listening-Process.ppt
 
Listening Skills.pptx
Listening Skills.pptxListening Skills.pptx
Listening Skills.pptx
 

Recently uploaded

Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdfLapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Jean Carlos Nunes Paixão
 
Language Across the Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
Language Across the  Curriculm LAC B.Ed.Language Across the  Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
Language Across the Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
Atul Kumar Singh
 
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Jisc
 
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCECLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
BhavyaRajput3
 
Operation Blue Star - Saka Neela Tara
Operation Blue Star   -  Saka Neela TaraOperation Blue Star   -  Saka Neela Tara
Operation Blue Star - Saka Neela Tara
Balvir Singh
 
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
siemaillard
 
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptxThe Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
DhatriParmar
 
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Sandy Millin
 
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptxChapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Mohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
 
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
MysoreMuleSoftMeetup
 
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with MechanismOverview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
DeeptiGupta154
 
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
EugeneSaldivar
 
Polish students' mobility in the Czech Republic
Polish students' mobility in the Czech RepublicPolish students' mobility in the Czech Republic
Polish students' mobility in the Czech Republic
Anna Sz.
 
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideasThe geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
GeoBlogs
 
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfWelcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
TechSoup
 
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdfAdversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Po-Chuan Chen
 
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdfUnit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Thiyagu K
 
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Ashokrao Mane college of Pharmacy Peth-Vadgaon
 
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptxSupporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
Jisc
 
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free downloadThe French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Vivekanand Anglo Vedic Academy
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdfLapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
 
Language Across the Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
Language Across the  Curriculm LAC B.Ed.Language Across the  Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
Language Across the Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
 
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
 
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCECLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
 
Operation Blue Star - Saka Neela Tara
Operation Blue Star   -  Saka Neela TaraOperation Blue Star   -  Saka Neela Tara
Operation Blue Star - Saka Neela Tara
 
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
 
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptxThe Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
 
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
 
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptxChapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
 
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
 
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with MechanismOverview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
 
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
 
Polish students' mobility in the Czech Republic
Polish students' mobility in the Czech RepublicPolish students' mobility in the Czech Republic
Polish students' mobility in the Czech Republic
 
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideasThe geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
 
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfWelcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
 
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdfAdversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
 
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdfUnit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
 
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
 
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptxSupporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
 
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free downloadThe French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
 

Types of listening activities

  • 2. Listening the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to a spoken and/ or non-verbal message (International Reading Association)
  • 4. Types of Listening • Appreciative Listening • Emphatic Listening • Comprehensive/Active Listening • Critical/ Analytical Listening
  • 5. Appreciative Listening -listening for pleasure and enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech
  • 6. -describes how well speakers choose and use words, use humor, ask questions. tell stories, and argue persuasively.
  • 7. Emphatic Listening -listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend
  • 8. -focuses on understanding and identifying with a person’s situation, feelings, or motives -there is an attempt to understand what the other person is feeling
  • 9. -listener does not necessarily agree or feel the same way with the speaker instead understand the type and intensity of feelings the speaker is experiencing without judgement
  • 10. Comprehensive/ Active Listening -listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend’s house
  • 11. -focuses on accurately understanding the meaning of the speaker’s words while simultaneously interpreting non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, and vocal quality
  • 12. Steps in Active Listening 1. listening carefully by using all available senses 2. paraphrasing what is heard both mentally and verbally 3. checking your understanding to ensure accuracy 4. providing feedback
  • 13.  During a question-and-answer sessions, speakers use comprehensive listening skills to accurately interpret the audience’s questions.
  • 14. Critical/ Analytical Listening -listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a used-car dealer or the campaign speech of a political candidate
  • 15. Critical/ Analytical Listening -focuses on evaluating whether a message is logical and reasonable
  • 16. -asks you to make judgements based on your evaluation of the speaker’s arguments -challenges the speaker’s message by evaluating its accuracy and meaningfulness, and utility -uses critical thinking skills
  • 17. Listening 53% Reading 17% Speaking 16% Writing 14% Proportions of tiem spent by college students in communication activities
  • 18. References Engeleberg, I. N. and John A. Daly. (2013). Think: Public Speaking. USA: Pearson Education, Inc. Lucas, Stephen E. (2009). The Art of Public Speaking. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pearson, J. et. al. (2008). Human Communication. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc.