The document discusses principles of communication including definitions, concepts, theories, and elements. It defines communication as the sharing of ideas and feelings between two or more people through various channels and symbols. Two key theories of communication mentioned are cognitive dissonance theory, which discusses how people seek to avoid conflicting beliefs, and communication accommodation theory, which examines how people adjust their communication styles when interacting with others. The document also outlines the basic components and cycle of the communication process, including the sender, message, medium, receiver, and potential issues that can occur at each stage.

1. Communication Skill
Principles of
Communication
M.Vijayalakshmi
Assistant Professor

2. Unit – 1 :
Principles of Communication
1.1 Communication - Definition and concept - Theories
of communication - communication cycle.
1.2 Barriers to communication - causes of barriers to
communication and ways of overcoming them.
1.3 A four-fold analysis of Communication skills - Skill of
Listening, Speaking, Reading and writing.
1.4 Values of Communication skills in the modern
context - Visual and Multimedia Communication.
1.5 Importance of Communication skills for teachers -
Communication in the classroom - Teaching as
communication.

3. Unit I
Principles of Communication
1.1 Communication - Definition and
Concept - Theories of Communication
- Communication Cycle.

4. Communication?
• The activity of conveying information through the
exchange of
Thoughts
Messages
Information
Speech,
Visuals, signals, writing, or behavior.

6. The Goals of Communications
To change behavior
To get action
To ensure understandingTo persuade
To get and give
Information

8. Meaning
• ‘Communis’ – Latin word – ‘to make
common’
• Having common experiences with
others
• Edgar Dale –
Communication is the sharing of ideas
and feelings in a mood of mutuality
• Communication Media

9. • Latin root word – ‘communicare’
• Means –
• ‘to make common’ – which is probably
derived from either 2 or 3
• cum + munus – having gifts to share in a
mutual donation
• Cum + munire – building together a
defense like the walls of a city

11. • Louis Allen –
• Communication is the sum of all
things a person does when he wants
to create an understanding in the
mind of another. It involves a
systematic and continuous process
of telling, listening and
understanding

12. • Keith Davis –
• It is the process of passing
information and understanding from
one person to another. It is
essentially a bridge of meaning
between people. By using this bridge
of meaning, a person can safely cross
the river of misunderstanding that
separates all the people

13. • Act of communicating
• Ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc. or transfer any
type of information and knowledge to others
• Instruments, appliances, devices
• Telephone, teleprinter, telegram, fax, e – mail,
radio broadcasting and telecasting
• Two-sided affair
• Sharing process
• Process of Exchange
• Verbal or non-verbal
• Mutual understanding of a fact, principle or
theory

14. Concept

15. Concept
• Sharing of ideas and feelings in a mood of
mutuality
• Involving interaction which encourages give
and take
• A process of sharing of experiences till it
become common possession
• A two-way process including feed-back and
interaction

16. Features of Communication

17. Characteristics of Communication
• It involves at least two persons
• In it message is a must
• It is written, oral or gestural
• It is a two way process
• Its primary purpose is to motivate a response
• It is formal or informal
• It flows up and down and also from side to
side
• It is an integral part of the process of
exchange

18. Objectives of Communication
• To convey the right message
• To serve coordination
• To create industrial relations
• To develop managerial skill
• To create effectiveness of polices
• To boost morale

19. The Purpose of Communication
To gain or maintain good will
To inquire
To inform
To persuade

20. Elements of Communication
• Physical (the classroom &
surroundings)
• Social (the relationship between
teacher and learner)
• Psychological (formal / informal)
• Temporal (time and period)

21. Elements of Communication
Communicator /
Source
A person or an event which provides
verbal or nonverbal cues to which
someone can respond when the source
is a person, he is called a sender
(Teacher)
Receiver /
Communicatee
A person who receives and interprets
the message (Student)
Message A set of verbal or nonverbal symbols,
gestures, cues, movements, figures or
words sent by the source

22. Symbol A symbol is something that denotes an idea /
thing / fact etc.
They can be verbal or non-verbal (eg. Words
are symbols – speech)
Channel It is the means through which message is
conveyed. The channels are senses of
perception which include visual (sight), auditory
(hearing), tactile (touch), gustatory (taste) and
olfactory (smell)
Encoding It is the process of using symbols to send the
message
Decoding The process involves understanding &
interpretation of the message sent

23. Feedback It is the response the receiver gives to
the sender as a result of sender’s
message
Noise It refers to anything that distorts the
message. It can be external or internal to
the source / receiver

24. What are the most common ways
we communicate?
Written Word

25. Types of Communication
• Verbal or Oral Communication
• Written Communication
• Formal and Informal Organizational
Communication
• Downward, Upward or Horizontal
Communication
• Cross Wise Communication

29. Types of communication in terms of
communication situation or environment
• One to one communication
• Small group communication
• Large group or public
communication
• Organizational or institutional
communication
• Mass communication

30. Modes of Communication
• Speaking-Listening (Oral Communication)
• Visualizing-Observing (Visual
Communication)
• Speaking-Visualizing (Oral-visual
Communiation)
• Writing-Reading

31. Theories of Communication
•Cognitive Dissonance
Theory
•Communication
Accommodation Theory

32. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
 It argues that the experience of dissonance
(or incompatible beliefs and actions) is
aversive and people are highly motivated to
avoid it.
 In their efforts to avoid feelings of
dissonance, people will avoid hearing views
that oppose their own, change their beliefs
to match their actions, and seek reassurance
after making a difficult decision.

33. Communication Accommodation Theory
• This theoretical perspective examines the
underlying motivations and consequences of
what happens when two speakers shift their
communication styles.
• Communication Accommodation theorists
argue that during communication, people will
try to accommodate or adjust their style of
speaking to others.

34. • This is done in two ways: divergence and
convergence.
• Groups with strong ethnic or racial pride
often use divergence to highlight group
identity.
• Convergence occurs when there is a strong
need for social approval, frequently from
powerless individuals.

35. Components
Of
Communication
Sender
Or
Source
Message
Or
Signal
Medium
Or
Channel of
Communication
Receiver
Or
Destination

36. • Sender or Source
• Technically called as encoder
• Must have correct information
• Transmit accurately at optimum speed
• Message or Signal
• Designed for a single person or a group of
people
• Conveyed by expressions, gestures, spoken or
written-symbols or by hand-drawn or
photographic pictures

37. • Medium or Channel of Communication
• May be one of the media or means
• Every medium exerts its influence on the
message and becomes a part of it
• Receiver or Destination
• Technically called decoder
• The receiver must understand the message
• Decode in or interpret it
• Must produce a desired response, which
must be received by the sender

38. Communication Cycle

39. Communication Cycle
Content Words Listener

40. Content
Listener
Words Effect
Effect Attitude
Changed
Knowledge or
Information
Acquired
Behaviour
The Effects of Spoken Communication

46. The Process of Communication
• Message Concieved – (Sender’s Role)
• (Believe in mind)
• Decision to send a message comes out
as a result of an impulse (a push)
• It is a thought process or external
stimulus, you may call it “rouse to act”

47. • Possible problem areas
• Message ill conceived
• Message is vagne
• Message is affected by relationship
of sender with receiver

48. • Message Encoded – (Sender’s Role)
• One should choose appropriate
‘language’,
• Oral
• Written
• Words
• Picture
• Non-verbal communication

49. • Possible Problem Areas
• Message encoded in wrong
‘Language’
• Tone-inappropriate

50. • Selection of Medium – (Sender’s Role)
• You should select right medium to send
your message
• Letters
• Interviews
• Electronic Mail
• Telex
• Fax etc

51. • Possible problem areas
• Wrong medium selected
• Time wasted
• Expense incurred
• No written records

52. • Message Decoded – (Receiver’s Role)
• Language is decoded from the
knowledge of terms or vocabulary
• Possible problem areas –
• Receiver unable to understand sender’s
language
• Vocabulary too difficult
• Specialist terms puzzle layman

53. • Message Interpreted – (Receiver’s Role)
• Interpretation underlying as well as
distinct meaning
• Possible problem areas
• Message wrongly interpreted
• Effect of relationship of receiver with
sender
• Ambiguity (The word used has double
meaning)

54. • Feedback supplied – (Receiver’s Role)
• Signals are passed back to sender by –
• Written reply
• Oral (spoken words)
• Possible problem areas-
• Feedback not given
• Wrongly given feedback
• Misinterpretation by feedback sender

55. Sources are taken from
•Slideshare.net
•Web sources