2. WHAT SPEAKERS DO
1. Speech production
– Conceptualization and formulation
– formulation
– Articulation
1. Self-monitoring and repair
2. Automaticity
3. Fluency
4. Managing talk
3. SPEECH PRODUCTION
- is the process by which spoken words
are selected to be produced, have
their phonetics formulated and then
finally is articulated by the motor
system in the vocal apparatus.
4. Three stages:
1. Conceptualization and formulation
• to create speech links a desired
concept to a particular spoken word
to be expressed
1. Formulation
• the linguistic form required for that
word's expression is created.
5. 3. Articulation
• involves the retrieval of the particular
motor phonetics of a word and
the motor coordination of
appropriate phonation and articulation
by the lungs, glottis,
larynx, tongue, lips, jaw, and other
parts of the vocal apparatus
6. SELF-MONITORING AND
REPAIR
Self-monitoring happens concurrently with the stages of
conceptualization, formulation, and articulation… A re-think
at the planning stage may result in the abandonment of the
message altogether, as when someone starts to gossip
and realizes the subject of the gossip is within hearing
distance!...
Hand in hand with monitoring is the ability to make running
repairs … Repair can take the form of an immediate
correction or ‘retrace-and –repair’ sequences, that is, when
the speaker retraces or ‘re-winds’ an utterance, and starts
again, but with a different sequence of words or phrases…
7. AUTOMATICITY
In order to achieve any degree of fluency, some
degree of automaticity
is necessary. It allows speakers to focus on their
attention on
the aspects of the speaking task …
In this sense, speaking is like any other skill, such as
driving or playing a musical instrument: the more
practice you get, the better it is …
9. 5 Speaking Rules
1. Don't study grammar too much
2. Learn and study phrases
3. Reading and Listening is NOT
enough. Practice Speaking what
you hear!
4. Submerge yourself
5. Study correct material
11. WHAT SPEAKERS KNOW
1. Linguistic knowledge
2. Psycholinguistic knowledge
3. Sociolinguistic knowledge
4. Discourse knowledge
12. TYPES OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE
A. Monologue
1. Planned
2. Unplanned
B. Dialogue
1. Interpersonal
a. Familiar
b. Unfamiliar
2. Transactional
a. Familiar
b. unfamiliar
13. WHAT MAKES SPEAKING
DIFFICULT?
1. Clustering
2. Redundancy
3. Reduced form
4. Performance variables
5. Colloquial language
6. Rate of delivery
7. Stress, rhythm, and intonation
8. Interaction
14. MICROSKILLS OF SPEAKING
1. Produce chunks of language of different length.
2. Orally produce differences among the English phonemes and
allophonic variants.
3. Produce English stress patterns and intonational contours.
4. Produce reduced forms of words and phrases.
5. Use an adequate number of lexical units (words) to accomplish
pragmatic purposes.
6. Produce fluent speech at different rates of delivery.
7. Monitor your own oral production and use various strategic devices –
pauses, fillers, self-correction, backtracking – to enhance the clarity of
the message.
8. Use grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc.), systems (tenses,
agreement, etc), word order, etc
9. Produce speech in natural constituent – in appropriate phrases, pause
groups, breath groups, and sentences.
15. MICROSKILLS OF SPEAKING
10. Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms.
11. Use cohesive devices in spoken discourse.
12. Accomplish appropriately communicative functions according to their
contexts.
13. Use appropriate registers, implicature, pragmatic conventions, and
other sociolinguistic features.
14. Convey links and connections between events and communicate such
relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, and
generalization.
15. Use facial features, kinesics, body language, and other nonverbal
cues along with verbal language to convey meanings.
16. Develop and use a battery of speaking strategies, such as
emphasizing key words, providing a context for interpreting the
meaning of words, and accurately assessing how well your interlocutor
is understanding you.
Articulation involves the use of the organs of speech to produce sounds. A stream of air is produced in the lungs, driven through the vocal cords, and ‘shaped’ by, among other things, the position and movement of the tongue, teeth, and lips … At the same time as these articulatory processes are engaged, continual changes in loudness, pitch direction, tempo, and pausing serve to organize the sounds into meaningful word form, and the words into meaningful utterances…
