The document outlines 11 basic principles of planning for civil engineering projects: aspect, prospect, privacy, roominess, grouping, circulation, furniture requirement, flexibility, sanitation, elegance, and economy. It describes each principle in detail, explaining how to properly apply each one to maximize comfort, functionality, and efficiency in building design and layout. For example, it discusses using windows and doors to take advantage of natural light and airflow (aspect), arranging rooms by their functions for logical flow (grouping), and designing for adaptability over time (flexibility).

1. Basic Civil engineering

2. Principles of Planning-
 The basic principles of planning are -
1.Aspect,
2. Prospect,
3. Privacy,
4. Roominess,
5. Grouping,
6. Circulation,
7. Furniture requirement,
8. Flexibility,
9. Sanitation,
10. Elegance, and
11. Economy.

3. 1. Aspect-
 It is the proper placement of different rooms of the
building so that the occupants can
enjoy the gifts of nature such as sun-shine, breeze, view
of the landscape at different hours of the day.
 Aspect not only provides comfort but it is important
from hygienic point of view. By careful disposition of
doors and windows in external walls, it is possible to
admit sun's rays and air into any desired room.
 Aspect depends upon the direction of the sun
light. air, rain etc.

5. 2.Prospect-
 Prospect refers to the view as seen of the outside
from the windows in general and doors in external
walls.
 It is determined by the view as desired from
certain rooms of the building such as view of the
garden, beautiful scene, a nearby hill etc.
 Prospect includes taking full advantage of the
beauties of nature in the landscape by revealing to
the occupant certain pleasant features and at the
same time concealing some undesirable views in a
given outlook.
 Prospect depends upon the surroundings of the
building

7. 3.Privacy-
 Privacy is the one of the most important
considerations in the planning of buildings of all
types in general and residential buildings in
particular.
• Privacy is of two types :
(1) Privacy of all parts of a building with reference
to the surrounding buildings, streets and by-ways.
 This can be achieved by growing plants, trees and
also by keeping windows high enough with
respect to roads or ground near by

8. 2)Privacy of one room from another -
 i.e. Bed-room, kitchen, bath-room etc. This can be
attained by carefully positioning of doors and openings
of shutters.
 The shutters should open in such a way that a person
entering the room should get the minimum view.
 For maximum privacy such as in bed-room single
shutters are better than double shutters."
 Privacy is of great importance in bed-rooms,
water-closet (W.C), urinals, and bath-rooms etc. Bed-
rooms should never be placed at the
entrance.
 Bathrooms and W.C. should have independent access.

9.  Privacy is not only for the above purpose but for
Library, study rooms and prayer halls may be located in
a particular part of a building.

10. 4. Roominess –
 It refers to the effect achieved by making the best of
small portions of room by deriving
maximum benefit from minimum dimensions.
 It appears to be simple at first but really difficult to
achieve.
 A rectangular room is relatively bigger than a square
room of the same area. It is also found more
convenient from utility point of view.
 For a rectangular room the length to width ratio
should be between 1.2 : 1 and 1.5 : 1
 A ratio 2 : 1 or more will cause "tunnel" effect and
create bad feeling which should be avoided

12. 5.Grouping-
 Grouping means arrangement of various rooms in the
layout in such a fashion that all the rooms are placed
with reference to their functions and in due proximity
with each other.
 The building consists of units, or rooms in general. Each
room or unit has to perform certain function or functions
and there is also some sort of sequence in between them.
 Bad grouping lacks in privacy.

13.  Generally people like to sit in the verandah as such living
room should naturally be next to it.
 Dining room must be close to the kitchen. At the same
time, the kitchen should be away from the drawing or
living room, otherwise the bad smell and smoke will
cause nuisance for the occupants.
 Sanitary arrangements should be adjacent to the bed-
rooms but away from the kitchen, dining room. There
should be an independent access to sanitary units.

14.  The kitchen should be so located that the house-wife
who is busy for the major part of the day, can keep a
watch through the window. 'W1 ' on the children playing
in front yard and also entry of any intruder.

15. 6.Circulation-
 Circulation is the access or the internal movement
provided.
 Circulation is of two types-
i. horizontal circulation
ii. vertical circulation.
i. horizontal circulation -
 If the movement is for the same floor and may be from
one room to another or within the room itself, then it is
called horizontal circulation.
 The horizontal circulation can be achieved by providing
passages, corridors, lobbies, verandahs, and halls.

16.  It should be straight, short, sufficiently
lighted and well ventilated to provide comfort,
convenience, efficiency and safety.
 Desirable horizontal circulation has short, straight and
independent passages. It helps to provide privacy of the
room.

17. ii. Vertical circulation-
 Vertical circulation is the movement from one floor to
another floor.
 It can be achieved by means of stairs, lifts and escalators.
 These should be easily accessible from entrance, various
rooms without intruding privacy.
 They should also be properly lighted and ventilated.
 Stairs should be sufficiently wide with strong balusters or
parapets and handrails on both the sides.

19. 7. Furniture requirement-
 The requirement of furniture depends on the type of
buildings, the number of persons using the room and
functions of the room.
 Therefore, the requirement of furniture, their sizes etc. is
an important consideration because the furniture will
decide the size of the room.
 To make best use of the available space in the room,
minimum furniture should be provided

20.  So at the time of planning, the proper position of
furniture such as sofas, chairs, tables, television, wall
units in living room, beds, easy chairs, cupboards,
dressing table in bedroom; dining table with chairs in
dining room, racks, fridge in kitchen etc. is to be decided
with proper circulation and roominess.
 The placement of furniture will finalize the location of
the doors, windows, closets, electrical switches in the
rooms.

21.  Here are some important hints to be borne in mind,
while arranging the furniture.
 Furniture should satisfy the functional purpose as well
as decorative purpose.
 Furniture should be proportional to the size of the room.
 The arrangement of furniture should be well balanced.
 Furniture should be arranged parallel or perpendicular to
the wall but never at an angle.

22.  Minimum clearance for movement or circulation should
be provided.
 Traffic lanes should be clear of obstacles.
 Too many furniture pieces should be avoided in the
room to avoid a crowded and suffocated look.

23. 8. Flexibility-
 It means planning a room in such a way that even
though a room originally planned to satisfy a particular
purpose, it should also serve other desired purposes
when required in future.
 Space has maximum value now-a-days. So economy of
space is an important factor.

24. 9. Sanitation-
 Sanitation includes provision of sufficient light
ventilation, cleanliness and sanitary conveniences, in the
following way-
 Lighting:
 The object of lighting is to promote the work or any
activity to be carried in the building under safety
conditions, and pleasant environment which are helpful
to create interest, efficiency, and a sense of well being.
 Lighting is of two types. One is natural and
other is artificial.

25.  Natural Lighting:
 The sun is the main source of natural light. Sunlight
illuminates and also destroys bacteria and disease germs,
since it contains ultra-violet rays. The blue sky over our
head is also the source of day-light and brightness.
 Artificial lighting:
 Artificial lighting is nothing but a light is provided by
using electrical energy with tubes, bulbs, lamps, paints,
etc.

26.  Ventilation-
 Ventilation means a proper movement of air from one
side of room to other with doors and windows.
 A good ventilation is required for comfort, convenient,
healthy to each and every person who live in building.
 Sanitary Conveniences:
 This includes the provision of bath-rooms, water-closets,
lavatories, latrines, urinals, to remove unhygienic matter
away from the living place.
 Dust bins should also be provided to collect the garbage
and to carry away from the living place.

27. • Cleanliness:
 It is the responsibility of the occupant to maintain the
building clean and neat. However precaution should be
taken to provide facilities for cleaning and prevention of
dust accumulation.
 The dust is harmful to health. It allows the growth of
bacteria and diseases to spread. So dust should be
prevented to accumulate

28. 10. Elegance-
 Elegance means beauty and grace.
 This effect is produced by greater purity and delicacy of
ornamental enrichment of construction.
 Elegance is related to the appearance of the building. i.e
elevation, which can be made attractive, impressive and
pleasing.
 This elegance in a building can be achieved in three
ways.

29.  Firstly, it can be achieved by the treatment of walls, the
proportions of openings in the form of doors and
windows, relation of one storey to another etc.
 Secondly, it can be achieved by the treatment of exterior
of a building which is aesthetically significant as a whole,
such as the effect of a pitched or flat roof or a dome, the
rhythm of projections and recessions etc.
 Thirdly, it can be achieved by the treatment of the
interior, the arrangement of rooms, a graceful stair-case
etc.

30. 11.Economy-
 Economy is not the principle of planning but rather a
factor on which the planning can be based.
 No general rules can be made to achieve economy since
the ways and means to attain it are different in different
situation.
 Economy can be achieved by keeping the minimum
dimensions of the rooms, doors, windows; simple design
for windows, plain tiles as well as fixtures and fastening.

31.  The height of the building can be kept to a minimum of 3
m. for a residential building.
 Porches, lobbies can be avoided.
 If the land cost is high, multi-storeyed buildings can be
constructed to save the cost for foundation and roof.

32.  Building Bye-laws -
 A bye-law is the local law framed by a competent
authority. Every locality has its own peculiarities with
respect to the climatic conditions, geological conditions,
i.e. availability of materials for construction, labor etc.
 If a building is built in a definite planned way, the
construction becomes economically sound and safe. As
such there must be a law or regulations on the part of the
owner while building his own house.

33. Objectives of Building Bye Laws-
1.To give guide lines to the designer, architect or engineer.
2.To prevent haphazard development.
3.To control land development and to check un-authorised
construction. i.e. encroachment
on public and private land.
4.To limit or define the way the new structures are to be
built.
5.To specify the type of materials to be used.
6.To provide open spaces, air, breeze, etc.
7.To afford safety against fire, noise and smoke etc.

34. 1. Building & Control Line-

35.  Building line-
 Building line refers to the front line up to which a building
can lawfully extend.
 It is also called as 'set-back' or front building line.
 A minimum distance of this 'building line' from the centre
line of the accompanying road is laid down as the limit
beyond which no construction is allowed towards the
road.

36. Table - Limit of building line & control line

37. 2. Open Space requirement-
 Certain open space should be left around the building
particularly residential type.
 It depends on air required for the building.
 The open spaces shall be open to the sky and no weather
shade, or roof more than 0.75 m wide shall over-hung on
such open spaces.
 Open areas also provide facilities for parking, future
expansion of road-way, good approach or access to other
amenities such as water supply line or drainage line etc.

38. 2. Open Space requirement-

39. 3. Built up area-

40. 3. Built up area-
 The built-up area is the constructed area of the building
which includes wall thickness.
 Therefore, built-up area is the area remaining after
deducting open space area from plot area i.e. the total
area purchased for the proposed building plan.
 Carpet area is the built-up area less the area occupied by
walls.
 When open space area is restricted then the built-up area
of any building is automatically restricted.

41. 4. Floor Space Index (F.S.I.) or
Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.)
 The ratio of total built-up area of all floors to the plot
area of the building is called Floor Space Index (F.S.I.)
 It is a pure number.
 The F.S.I. is fixed by the local authority and is different
for different areas and different buildings in the city. As
such the built-up areas are governed by F.S.I.
 The F.S.L. therefore, checks the height of the building
and as a consequence, it controls the density of
population

42.  Generally, F.S.I. is fixed at 1 to 2 by the local authority.
 In the central places of cities, for commercial +
residential buildings, it is 2.
 In other places only for residential buildings it is 1.5,
while in all suburbs and colonies it is 1.
 But F.S.I. can be changed by the authority as and when
the circumstances arise to accommodate the over-
growing population. For example, in Pune and Mumbai,
it can be even 3 to 5.

43. 5. Height of Building-
 Tall buildings impair the value of small neighbouring
houses by cutting off sun-shine, air, breeze etc. and thus,
make the small houses un-suitable for inhabitation.
 They make the street narrow and increase the congestion
of traffic and affect the air and light etc.
 Hence, the height of the buildings especially high-rise
buildings or sky-scrapers must be controlled. It is done
by means of height zoning

44. 5. Height of Building-
 In first method the height of the building is regulated
according to the width of abutting road or minimum
width of the rear space.
 Generally, 45° and 63.5° Air plane Rules are adopted.
 The rule states that no part of the tall building should cut
the plane drawn from the edge of the road on other side
or from the rear space boundary [minimum 3 m] at an
angle of 45° and 63.5° to the horizontal
 The ratio of height to width of the road will be 1: 1 in
case of 45° air plane rule and 2: 1 in case of 63.5⁰ air
plane rule..

46. Plan of simple residential building-
 Plans are a set of drawings or two
dimensional diagrams used to describe a place or object,
or to communicate building or fabrication instructions.
 Usually plans are drawn or printed on paper, but they
can take the form of a digital file.