Introduction to civil engineering

1. UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING
 Definition -
 “Civil Engineering is the art of directing the great
sources of power in nature for the use and
convenience of man.”
 “ Civil Engineering is that field of engineering
concerned with planning, design and construction
for environmental Control, development of natural
resources, buildings, transportation facilities and
other structures required for health, welfare, safety,
employment and pleasure of mankind”.
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2. BRANCHES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING-
1. Surveying:-
2. Foundation engineering:
3. Fluid Mechanics
4. Quantity surveying:
5. Transportation engineering
6. Environmental engineering:
a) Water supply
b) Sanitary engg.
c) Environmental pollution
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3. 7. Irrigation engineering:-
8. Geotechnical engineering:
9. Structural engineering:-
10. Town planning:
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4. 1.Surveying:-
 It is used to determine relative positions of points on
the surface the earth & also to prepare maps &
plans.
 Surveying deals with linear, angular, and vertical
(levelling) measurement.
 Remote sensing is advanced method of the
surveying where pictures of the earth taken from the
satellite revolving around the earth.
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5. 2. Foundation engineering:
 This branch includes the planning, designing and
construction and maintenance of various types of
foundation.
 This engineer has to introduce new material, new
construction technique and methods for construction
of foundation.
 This has to deal with foundation in poor soil and
unstable ground.
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6. 3. Fluid Mechanics:
 It is branch of science in which study of fluids i.e.
liquids and gases, at rest and in motion is done.
 The mechanics dealing with water is known as
hydraulics.
 Its study helps in determining forces, moments
coming upon hydraulic structures like dams etc.
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7. 4. Quantity surveying:
 The study of this enables the engineers to estimate
in advance the quantities of various materials &
different items in a project.
 The estimation is useful in knowing the approximate
cost of the work to be taken up in hand.
 Similarly in the quantity surveying, the valuation of
an existing building or an old property is also done.
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8. 5. Transportation engineering:
 this subject deals with the transport of men and
materials through different communication routes
such as land, water and air.
 The railways and roads are the important modes of
communication by land.
 The water transport is feasible only where the
rivers, canals or sea coast is available.
 Transportation by air routes is also increasing day
by day. The knowledge of surveying and levelling is
very useful before deciding the alignments of roads
or railways & also to decide the alignments of
tunnels, which is to be done through the hilly region.
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9.  Transportation engineering:
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10. 6. Environmental engineering: It is an important branch
of civil engineering This covers both water supply and
sanitary engineering
a)Water supply- The water from source like river is
supplied to the people which is drinkable or fit for
drinking. The water is treated by adding chemicals as
well as earth partials are removed. Hence water supply
and treatment on water comes under the environmental
engg.
b)Sanitary engg.- If waste remain around the domestic
area then various diseases will occur. Therefore
disposal of waste water and treatment on waste water
become very important to avoid harm.
c)Environmental pollution- It is the part of environmental
engineering which deals with the study of air, water,
sound and land pollution. 10

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12. 7. Irrigation engineering:-
 This is a branch of civil engineering in which supply
of water is done to areas scarcity of rainfall either
for purposes of cultivation of crops or supplying
drinking water.
 The supply of water is done by construction of
dams or weirs and supplying water through open
canals or closed pipes.
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13. 8. Geotechnical engineering:
 This is also called as soil mechanics in which study
of soil. Its behaviour on application of load & its
application as an engineering material in the
construction of earth dams is done.
 The knowledge of this subject is useful in the design
of earth dams, different pile foundations, building,
foundations etc.
 The study of foundation engineering is
complimentary in nature while studying the
Geotechnical engineering.
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15. 9. Structural engineering:-
 This deals with design and construction of the
structural member (column, beam, slab etc.).
 The structural engineer has to do the design as
per loads coming on the member and have to fix
the position of all the members.
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16. 10. Town planning:
 It is the branch of civil engineering which deals with
the planning and layout of town, cities, layout of
available land in different zone.
 In the city town planner has to divide the city as per
industrial purpose, residential purpose, open space
for public utility facilities such as school, gardens,
playground shopping mall, transportation etc.
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17. ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEER IN VARIOUS
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES-
 In the completion of any project, the work is divided
into following stages:
1.Preparation of layout of the plot-
2. Preparation of drawing and approval of
drawing:
3. Preparation of structural design: -
4. Estimation of quantities: -
5. Preparation of tender document:
6. Execution of work: -
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