Primary tuberculosis occurs during initial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is usually mild and asymptomatic, but can sometimes cause flu-like symptoms. Left untreated, the bacteria infect lung macrophages and lymph nodes, triggering an immune response. Primary tuberculosis most commonly affects infants and children under 5. It may result in positive tuberculin skin tests or lung abnormalities on chest x-ray. The infection forms small granulomas called tubercles in the lungs that later heal but remain visible on x-rays. During latency, the person cannot transmit tuberculosis. Treatment requires multiple antibiotics taken regularly for at least 6 months.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
About the path to the uska screenshot of the uska screenshot of the uska screenshot of the uska screenshot of the uska screenshot of the uska screenshot of the uska
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Primary tuberculosis is the initial infection of the
host, usually being mild and asymptomatic. A
healthy person recently infected with the
mycobacterium may exhibit flu-like symptoms and
has no reason to suspect tuberculosis. Left
untreated, the bacilli infect and multiply within
pulmonary alveolar macrophages, migrating to the
hilar lymph nodes. An immune response is
exhibited by the T-helper cells, and inflammation
develops at multiple sites.
Primary pulmonary tuberculosis is seen in
patients not previously exposed to M. tuberculosis.
It is most common in infants and children and has
the highest prevalence in children under 5 years of
age .
3. A person may test positive in the tuberculin
skin test at this point, and a chest x-ray may
shows opacities in the lungs. Tuberculosis gets
its name from the small granulomas called
tubercles, consisting of epitheliod cells, giant
cells, and lymphocytes, where the bacteria
are contained. In normal patients, the lesions
in the lung tissue become fibrotic and heal,
but are visible in x-rays for the patient's
lifetime. During latency, a person cannot
transmit tuberculosis to others.
4. parenchymal disease: usually manifests as
dense, homogeneous parenchymal
consolidation in any lobe; however,
predominance in the lower and middle lobes
(subpleural sites) is suggestive of the disease,
especially in adults 1
lymphadenopathy
miliary opacities
pleural effusion
5. The primary infection is usually
asymptomatic (majority of cases), although a
small number go on to have symptomatic
haematological dissemination which may
result in miliary tuberculosis. Only in 5% of
patients, usually those with impaired
immunity, go on to have progressive primary
tuberculosis.
6.
7. Primary tuberculosis is always result of
exogenous infection.
The infection penetrates into organism
by:
- aerogenic (the most often way of
penetration)
- alimentary;
- contact way.
8. Primary TB infection may be asymptomatic,cause
fevers and pleuritic pain or, rarely, progress to life
threatening disease. Dur ing the primary pulmonary
infection, symptoms may occur as the burden of
bacilli increases and the host mounts a systemic
immune response. Fever is the most common
symptom.
On examination, a patient with primary pulmonary TB
may have erythema nodosum, bluish red tender
subcutaneous nodules several millimetres to several
centimetres in diameter appearing on the legs, and
phlyctenular conjunctivitis, hard raised red 1 to 3 mm
nodules accompanied by a zone of hyperaemia
located near the limbus on the bulbar conjunctiva of
the eye.
9. dullness over lung component with a big
size.
Weakend breathing with streached
exhale.
Hemogram: Leucocytosis 10-13 T/l, insignificant
shift to the left, lymphopenia, monocytosis, ESR
20-25 mm/h
15. In primary pulmonary tuberculosis, the initial
focus of infection can be located anywhere
within the lung and has non-specific
appearances ranging from too small to be
detectable, to patchy areas or consolidation
or even lobar consolidation.
Radiographic evidence of parenchymal
infection is seen in 70% of children and 90%
of adults .
16. In most cases, the infection becomes localised
and a caseating granuloma forms (tuberculoma)
which usually eventually calcifies and is then
known as a Ghon lesion/Ghon complex/ primary
complex.
Consists of 3 components:
Pulmonary component (Ghon’s Focus)
Lymphatic component
Lymph node component – Hilar & Tracheo-
bronchial
17. Pulmonary component:
lesion in the lung (Ghon focus or primary focus)
1-2cm solitary area located peripherally in the
subpleural focus in the lower part of upper lobe or
upper part of lower lobe
Micro: the lung lesion show tuberculous granuloma with
caseous necrosis
Lymphatic component:
lymphatics draining lung lesion containing phagocytes
with M tuberculosis bacilli
Lymph node component:
Enlarged hilar and tracheo-bronchial lymph node
Gross: the affected lymph nodes are matted and
may show caseation necrosis
Micro: tuberculous granulomas, caseation necrosis
and fibrosis.
Nodal lesions are the potential source of
reinfection later.
18.
19. Complications connected with regional
lymphadenitis:
- hematogenic dissemination
- lymphogenic dissemination
- pleuritis
- extending of specific process from lymphatic
node
It’s results:
a) formation of fistula
b) dispersion of caseous masses,
bronchogenic dessemination, bronchi
tuberculosis
c) disorder of bronchial permeability,
atelectasis
20. The doctor or nurse will perform a physical exam. This may show:
Clubbing of the fingers or toes (in people with advanced disease)
Swollen or tender lymph nodes in the neck or other areas
Fluid around a lung (pleural effusion)
Unusual breath sounds (crackles)
Tests may include:
Biopsy of the affected tissue (rare)
Bronchoscopy
Chest CT scan
Chest x-ray
Interferon-gamma release blood test such as the QFT-Gold test to
test for TB infection
Sputum examination and cultures
Thoracentesis
Tuberculin skin test (also called a PPD test)
21. The treatment of tuberculosis (TB) must satisfy
the following basic therapeutic principles:
Any regimen must use multiple drugs to
which Mycobacterium tuberculosis is susceptible
The medications must be taken regularly
The therapy must continue for a period sufficient to
resolve the illness
New cases are initially treated with four drugs: isoniazid,
rifampin, pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol or
streptomycin. After 2 months, they are then treated with
a continuation phase of 4 months with isoniazid and
rifampin. Patients requiring retreatment should initially
receive at least 5 drugs, including isoniazid, rifampin,
pyrazinamide, and at least 2 (preferably 3) new drugs to
which the patient has not been exposed.
Editor's Notes
1. The primary complex of tuberculosis consists of local disease at the portal of entry and the regional lymph nodes that drain the area of the primary focus. In more than 95% of cases the portal of entry is the lung. M. tuberculosis within particles larger than 10 (xm usually are caught by the mucociliary mechanisms of the bronchial tree and are expelled. Small particles are inhaled beyond these clearance mechanisms. However, primary infection may occur anywhere in the body.
2. Ingestion of milk infected with bovine tuberculosis can lead to a gastrointestinal primary lesion.
3. Infection of the skin or mucous membrane can occur through an abrasion, cut, or insect bite.