This document discusses primary and secondary data. It defines primary data as data collected directly by the researcher through methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and surveys. Secondary data is data that has already been published through sources like books, journals, websites, and government records. The document outlines the merits and limitations of both primary and secondary data. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating secondary data for availability, relevance, accuracy, and sufficiency before using it in research.

2. Primary andPrimary and
Secondary DataSecondary Data
INTRODUCTION
SUBMITTED BY –
ABDUL SALIM
ID NO ABM-12192

3. Objectives of this lesson:
Primary and Secondary Data
DEFINITION AND TYPES OF DATA
DESCRIBE PRIMARY DATA,METHODE
OF COLLECTION,MERIT AND DEMERIT.
DESCRIBE SECONDARY
DATA,SOURCE,MERIT AND DEMERIT
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
QUESTION AND ANSWER

4.  DATA- Data is information in raw or unorganized
form(such as alphabet, number or symbols) that
refers to or represent ,ideas, object. data is
limitless and present everywhere in the universe.
 TYPES:-
 PRIMARY DATA - collected by the researcher
himself
 SECONDARY DATA - collected by others to be
"re-used" by the researcher
TYPES OF DATA

5. Data that has been collected from first-hand-
experience is known as primary data. Primary data
has not been published yet and is more reliable,
authentic and objective. Primary data has not been
changed or altered by human beings, therefore its
validity is greater than secondary data
PRIMARY DATA

6. A. Observation method
B. Indirect Oral Interviews
C. Questionnaire method
D. Schedule Method
E. From Local Agents
F. Survey Method
A.
B.
C.
METHOD OF COLLECTION OF
PRIMARY DATA

7. A. DIRECT PERSONAL
OBSEVATION
STRUCTURED
UNSTRUCTURED
PARTICIPATIVE
NON
-PARTICIPATIVE

8. Standardized interviews
a. Structured
b. Unstructured
Non-standardized interviews
a. One to one
1.Face to face,
2.telephonic,
3.internet mediated interviews
b. One to many(focus group)
INDIRECT ORAL INTERVIEW

9.  Questionnaire- A questionnaire is a research
instrument consisting of a series of question and other
prompts for the purpose of gathering information from
respondent.
Self administered questionnaire
Interviewer -administered
questionnaire
Telephone questionnaire
Delivery and questionnaire
Postal or mail questionnaire
Questionnaire method

10.  SURVEY- A detailed study of geographical area to
gather data attitudes, impressions, opinions, satisfaction
level etc., by polling a section of the population
 TYPE
1.CENSUS SURVEY
2.CONTINOUS OR REGULAR
SURVEY
3.AD-HOC SURVEY
SURVEY

11. Degree of accuracy is quite high.
It does not require extra caution.
It depicts the data in great detail.
Primary source of data collection frequently
includes definitions of various terms and units used.
For some investigations, secondary data are not
available.
MERIT OF PRIMARY
DATA

12. Collection of data requires a lot of time.
Requires lot of finance.
In some enquiries it is not possible to collect
primary data.
Requires a lot of labour.
Requires a lot of skill.
DEMERIT OF PRIMARY
DATA

13. Data collected from a source that has
already been published in any form is
called as secondary data. The review
of literature in any research is based
on secondary data. Mostly from
books, journals and periodicals.
SECONDARY DATA

14. • Published printed source
 Books
 Journals/periodicals
 Magazines/Newspapers
• Published Electronic Sources
 e-journals
 General websites
 Weblogs
SOURCE OF SECONDADRY
DATA

15. • Unpublished Personal Records
Diaries
Letters
• Government Records
Census Data/population statistics:
Health records
Educational institutes records
Contd…………

16. • Public Sector Records:
NGOs's survey data
Other private companies records
Contd……..

17. MERIT OF SECONDARY DATA
 Use is very convenient.
 Saves time and finance.
 In some enquiries primary data cannot be
collected.
 Reliable secondary data are generally available for
many investigations.
MERIT OF SECONDARY DATA

18. DEMERIT OF SECONDARY
DATA
 Very difficult to find sufficiently accurate
secondary data.
 Very difficult to find secondary data which exactly
fulfils the need of present investigation.
Extra caution is required to use secondary data.
 Not available for all types of enquiries.
DEMERIT OF SECONDARY
DATA

19. Because of the above mentioned disadvantages of secondary data, we will
lead to evaluation of secondary data. Evaluation means the following four
requirements must be satisfied:-
 Availability- It has to be seen that the kind of data you want is available or
not. If it is not available then you have to go for primary data.
 Relevance- It should be meeting the requirements of the problem. For this
we have two criterion:-
 Units of measurement should be the same.
 Concepts used must be same and currency of data should not be outdated.
 Accuracy- In order to find how accurate the data is, the following points
must be considered: -
 Specification and methodology used;
 Margin of error should be examined;
 The dependability of the source must be seen.
 Sufficiency- Adequate data should be available.
EVALUATION OF SECONDARY
DATA

20. • Secondarydataareinformationpreviouslygatheredforadif
ferentpurposethatmayberelevanttotheproblemathand.
• Secondarydatacancomefromsourcesinternaltotheorgani
zationorexternal.
• Theinternetandsyndicatedfirmshave,inmanyways,enabl
edthegatheringofsecondarydata.
• Secondarydataaregenerallyuseful,low-
cost,rapidlyavailablesourcesofinformation.
• Always look for secondary data first
•
CONCLUSION

21. REFRENCES
• INTERNET
• C.R.KOTHARI
• CLASS NOTES

23. Question and
Answer