This document provides information about data collection and analysis. It discusses the purpose and types of data collection, including primary and secondary sources. It also outlines various methods of data collection like surveys, interviews, questionnaires and observation. The document then discusses data processing steps like editing, coding, classification and tabulation. It describes various techniques for data analysis including parametric and non-parametric tests. It also discusses measures of central tendency, dispersion and different types of graphical representations. Finally, it touches upon report writing and the key elements of a good report.

1. Dr. Md. Atiar Rahman
Associate Professor
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology
University of Chittagong
Chittagong 4331

2. Data collection is a term used to describe a
process of Systematic gathering of data for
a particular purpose from various sources, that
has been systematically observed, recorded,
organized
INTRODUCTION

3. To obtain information
To keep on record
To make decisions about important issues,
To pass information on to others
For research study
PURPOSE OF DATA COLLECTION

4.  Steps in Data Analysis
 Data Collection & Preparation
 Exploration of Data
 Data Analysis Method (s)/ Techniques

5.  Information
 Data
120557
Date
12/05/57
Time
12:05:57 Money
120,557
Data VS Information

6. Nature , scope & Objective of the enquiry
Sources of information
Availability of fund
Techniques of data collection
Availability of trained persons
Factors to be Considered
Before Collection of Data

7. Qualitative
Deals with descriptions.
Data can be observed
Data can not measured
e.g. –Colour of body coat,
feather colour in poultry
etc
Quantitative
Deals with numbers.
Data which can be
measured.
e.g. –height ,weight ,
length of the animals
TYPE OF DATA

8. Sources of Data
External sources Internal sources
Primary data Secondary data
Example:
Documents
Creative works
Interviews
Man-made materials
Surveys
Example:
Unpublished thesis
and dissertations
Manuscript
Books
Journals

9. Internal sources of
Data
o Many institutions and
departments have information
about their regular functions ,
for their own internal
purposes
o When those information are
used in any survey is called
internal sources of data.
o Eg…social welfare socities.
External sources of
data
o When information is
collected from outside
agencies is called external
sources of data.
o Such types of data are either
primary or secondary.
o This type of information can
be collected by census or
sampling method by
conducting survey.
Internal & External
Sources of Data

10. Data that has been collected from first-hand-
experience is known as primary data
Primary data has not been changed or altered
by human beings, therefore its validity is
greater than secondary data
Primary data has not been published yet and is
more reliable, authentic and objective
PRIMARY DATA

11. Demerits
Evaluated cost
Time consuming
More number of resources
are required
Inaccurate feedback
Required lot of skill with
labour
Targeted issued are
addressed
Data interpretation is better
Merits
High accuracy of data
Greater control
Address as specific research
issues

12. Factor effect method of
Data collection
2.Type of research subject
3)Purpose of research study
4)Size of study sample
5)Distribution of target population
6)Time frame of the study
7)Literacy level of subjects

14. Observation-: is a methodical way of recognising
& noting a fact of occurrence
TYPE OF OBSERVATION
 STRUCTURED
 UNSTRUCTURED
 PARTICIPATIVE
 NON –PARTICIPATIVE
 CONTROLLED
 UNCONTROLLED

15. Merits
Subject bias eliminated
Information related to
current state of affairs
Independent to
respondent
Demerits
Time consuming
Expensive
Limited amount of
information available
Extraneous factors
may interfere

16. Presenting stimuli to the respondents in the form of question
& note down their oral –verbal response
TYPE OF INTERVIEW
 Standardized interviews
a. Structured
b. Unstructured
 Non-standardized interviews
a. One to one
1.Face to face,
2.telephonic,
3.internet mediated interviews
b. One to many(focus group)

17. Merits
More accurate responses
Get response from all persons
Overcome resistance of
respondents
Response to difficult question
may obtained
Demerits
Not suitable for More
respondents
Wider geographical area
More time & cost
Selection , training &
supervision of field staff

18. Questionnaire method
 Questionnaire- A questionnaire is a research
instrument consisting of a series of question and other prompts
for the purpose of gathering information from respondent.
 Self administered questionnaire
 Interviewer -administered
questionnaire
 Telephone questionnaire
 Delivery and questionnaire
 Postal or mail questionnaire

19.  Techniques of data collection in which each person
is asked to respond to the same set of questions in
a predetermined order.
 Questionnaire is sent to persons with request to
answer the question and return the questionnaire.
 Questionnaire can be sent through-
1. postal, 2. over internet (e-mail, forum), 3. manual delivery
and collection

20. Types of questionnaire
Figure 11.1 Types of questionnaire

21. Stages that must occur if a question is to be
valid and reliable
Figure 11.2 Stages that must occur if a question is to be valid and reliable

22. Main considerations
 Order and flow of questions
 Questionnaire layout
Key factors
• Precisely defined questions
• Representative and accurate sampling
• Relationships between variables – dependent, independent and
extraneous
• Types of variable

23.  A schedule is a structure of set of questions on a
given topic which are asked by the interviewer or
investigator personally.
 Like questionnaire but filled by enumerators who
are especially appointed for filling questionnaire.
 Enumerator explain the aims and objectives to
respondents and fill up the answer in provided
space.
 It contains direct questions as well as questions
in tabular form.

24. Following are the different types of schedules
used by social scientists and
anthropologists.
 Village or community schedule: It is used by
census researchers who collect general
information on populations, occupations, etc.
 Family or Household schedule: It gives full
demographic details of households, the status
of individuals, data on education, age, family
relations etc.
 Opinion or attitude schedule: To schedule the
views of population regarding an issue.

25.  Schedule is generally
filled by enumerator or
research worker
 Costly, requires field
workers
 Non response is low
 In schedule Identity of
person is known.
 Information is collected
well in time.
 Direct personal contact
 Questionnaires generally
sent through mail and no
further assistance from
sender.
 Questionnaire is cheaper
method.
 Non response is high.
 In questionnaire Identity of
respondent is unknown.
 Very slow method.
 No personal contact.

26.  Information can be
collected from illiterate
also.
 Sample area should not
be wider.
 Relatively more complete
and correct information.
 Depends on honesty and
competency of
enumerator.
 No necessary in schedule
method.
 Q can be used only when
respondent is educated
and cooperative.
 Wider distribution of
sample is possible.
 Incomplete and wrong
information is more.
 Depends on quality of
questionnaire.
 Physical appearance of
questionnaire should be
attractive.

27. Merits
Suitable for large
population
Suitable for large geographical
area
Less time & cost
Appropriate for sensitive &
personal type enquiry
Demerits
Difficulty in replying to
the question
Some question may remain
unanswered
Low rate of return of
questionnaire
Replies may be given by any
one other

28.  SURVEY- A detailed study of geographical area to
gather data attitudes, impressions, opinions, satisfaction
level etc., by polling a section of the population
 TYPE
1.CENSUS SURVEY
2.CONTINOUS OR REGULAR
SURVEY
3.AD-HOC SURVEY

29. Merits
Covered large population
Less expensive
Information is accurate
Demerits
On small scale survey
avoided
Time consuming
Information does not penetrate
deeply
Researcher must have good
knowledge

30.  It is the method of comprehensive study of social unit
which may be a person , a family , an institution , an
organisation or a community .
Merits
Direct behavioral study
Real & personal
experience record
Make possible the study of
social change
Increase analysis ability &
skills
Demerits
One case almost different
from another case
Personal bias
Use only in limit sphere
More time & money
consuming

31. Secondary data are those that have already been
collected by others.
These are usually in journals, periodicals, research
publication ,official record etc.
Secondary data may be available in the published
or unpublished form. When it is not possible to
collect the data by primary method , the
investigator go for secondary method.

32. EXAMPLE
Books
Journals/periodicals
Magazines/Newspapers
 Published Electronic Sources
e-journals
General websites
Weblogs

33. Merits
Quick and cheap source of
data
Wider geographical area
Longer orientation period
Leading to find primary
data
Demerits
No fulfill our specific
research needs
Poor accuracy
Data are not up to date
Poor accessibility in some
cases

34. Primary data
Real time data
Sure about sources of data
Help to give results/ finding
Costly and time consuming
Process
Avoid biasness of response data
More flexible
Secondary data
 Past data
 Not sure about of sources of
data
 Refining the problem
 Cheap and no time
consuming process
 Can not know in data
biasness or not
 Less flexible

35. Processing involves editing , coding , classification &
tabulation of the data
EDITING-: it is careful scrutiny of data to insure that the
data are is accurate
CODING-: it refers to the process of assigning numerals
or other symbols to answers so response can be put into
a limited number of category.
Editing Coding Classification
Data Entry Validation Tabulation

36. TABULATION-:
it is concise , logical & orderly arrangement of data in a
columns & rows
But now a days use of the computer in processing
of data
CLASSIFICATION-:
Data are classified on the basis of common
characteristics which may be qualitative or
descriptive & quantitative or numericals

37. ONE WAY TABLE
One way frequency table represents the distribution of
cases on only a single dimension or variable
TWO WAY TABLE
distribution in terms of two or more variables and the
relationship between two variable are shown in two way
table.

38. DEFINITION-: analysis mean the categorising ,
ordering , manipulating , & summerising of data to
obtain answers to research question
METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF DATA
1) Parametric Or standard test-:
# The sample is large
# Population have normal distribution
# The observation are independent
# Variables are expressed in interval or ratio scale
e.g. t-test , z-test, f-test , analysis of variance etc

39. NON-PARAMETRIC TEST
Also known as distribution –free test
CHARECTERISTICS
Use when normal distribution is doubtful
Sample size is small
Data expressed in terms of ranks
E.g. chi square test ,The Mann –whitney U-test
etc.

40. A) FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
The manner in which the total number of observations are
distributed over different classes is called a frequency
distribution or systematic arrangement of numeric values
Frequency distribution represent in
graphical form
1) Histogram
2) Bar Graph
3) Circle Graph /pie diagram
4) Frequency polygon
5) Cumulative frequency curve / ogive curve

41. Its is two dimensional frequency density
diagram
It represent continuous frequency
distribution
Class interval on X-axis &
frequency on Y-axis
Class interval must be exclusive

42.  It is simplest type of graphical
representation of data
 It is suitable for discrete frequency
distribution
 Simple bar graph
 Double bar graph
 Divided bar graph

43. PIE GRAPH
Definition: A graph that shows data in the
form of a circle
Advantages:
• Shows percentages
• Shows how a total is divided into parts
Disadvantages
• Not best for showing trends

44. FREQUENCY POLYGON
 It is use for ungrouped frequency
distribution
 Variable value on X-axis & frequency
on Y-axis
 Frequency plotted against the
corresponding mid-value

45. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE
 Cumulative frequency curve is also
called ogive
 It use when class interval are very small
 Y-value are obtained by adding
successive frequency
(cumulative frequency )

46. B) MEASURE OF CENTRAL
VALUE/TENDENCY/LOCATION
Five basic measures of central tendency
Arithmetic mean
Median
Mode
Geometrical mean
Harmonic mean

47. Mean
The sum of the value of individual in the data
divided by the number of individual in the
data.
FORMULA
Here,
∑, represents the summation
X, represents scores
N, represents number of scores

48. Median:
Is the value which is located in the middle of a series
when the observation are arranged in order of
magnitude
If the total number of numbers(n) is an odd
number, then the formula is
If the total number of the numbers(n) is an even
number, then the formula is

49. Mode
Mode:
The number that occurs most frequently in a
set of numbers

50. C) MEASURE OF DISPERSON
 It indicate the extend of scattering or
variability of item about a central value
RANGE
MEAN DEVIATION
STANDARD DEVIATION
QUARTILE DEVIATION
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

51. Range is difference between the smallest & largest of
observation
Range = largest value – smallest value
 it is defined as the square root of the arithmetic mean of the
squares of deviations of the observation from the arithmetic
mean
 Most commonly used measure of dispersion

52. Mean of absolute deviation of all value of data from average (
mean , mode , median )
μ is the mean
x is each value
N is the number of values
Mean Deviation =
Σ|x - μ|
N

53. Quartile Deviation:
 It is based on the lower quartile Q1 and the upper quartile Q3.
 The difference Q3−Q1 is called the inter quartile range.
The difference Q3−Q1 divided by 2 is called semi-inter-quartile
range or the quartile deviation.
Thus
Q.D=Q3−Q1
2
Q1=Value of (n/4 )

54. The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the ratio
of the standard deviation to the mean
Cv = Standard Deviation / Mean
Cv = σ /μ

55. t-Test
t-Test is used for comparing the means of two
independent group
Paired t-test
If there is any kind of correspondence between the
individual values in the two samples
The should be paired & differences taken and analysed
directly as

56.  Report writing is an essential skill for professionals in almost
every field
A report aims to inform, authority within the stipulated
period
Report help to know what has been done , why it was done
how it was done , what result was obtained & what conclusion

57.  it should be accurate & written in simple language
 It is Complete and Self-explanatory
 It is Comprehensive but Compact
 It has a Proper Date and Signature
 A good report should be able to sustain reader’s interest
Features

58. Types of report

59. Inductive report
• Initial stage
• Executive summary
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Conclusions
• Discussion
• references
Deductive report
• Initial stage
• Executive summary
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Discussion
• Conclusions
• references

60. Initial stage contain following items
Title page –: contain information related to title , author ,
year , month of submission & affiliation
Acknowledgement -: it indicate the name of person ,
institutions & organisations who have sanctioned & help in
various in conduct of research & preparation of report in
various ways
Content -: in this page the chapters and their page
number including bibliography & appendices

61. It contains all essential information in nutshell
Introduce the topic to readers in a comprehensive way
a) A clear & definite statement of problem
b) A brief review of literature
c) The concept of important term are explained

62.  Selection of study area , sample and sample procedure
method of data collection & their measurement
statistical tools
 Summary what you did and why
 Use the past tense

63. Findings or results
 describes what you discovered, observed, etc, in your
observations and experiments
 Use the past tense.
Discussion
 Discusses and explains your findings and relates them
to previous research
 Use the present tense to make generalisations

64.  Reports in written form are useful for future reference
 Reports provide adequate and correct information as well
as statistical data to management and helps in decision
making
 A report provides information of unknown facts
i.e. new ideas new vision new solution to problem new
research about a particular matter.

65.  Research method in social science & extension
education – G.L. RAY & SAGAR MANDAL
 Foundation of Behavioural research
KERLINGER , F.N.
 Class note of biostatistics
 Practical manual on biostatistics
 INTERNET