MALNUTRITION in children under five years is a major challenge for child survival all over the world especially in india.
this presentation is based on my experience as pediatrician as well as professor of community medicine.
shifting focus from underfive to under one will see a dramatic reduction in malnutrition in our country.we have done in thousands of children and it is absolutely possible to prevent protein energy malnutrtion.
Urine sugar testing was established as a clinical laboratory procedure during the 19th century. A glucose in urine test measures the amount of glucose in urine. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is our body’s main source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move glucose from our bloodstream into our cells. If too much glucose gets into the blood, the extra glucose will be eliminated through our urine. A urine glucose test can be used to help determine if blood glucose levels are too high, which may be a sign of diabetes. If sugar levels remain high and don’t receive treatment, complications may develop and may have serious condition like type-I and type-II diabetes.
Si, it is an important test for detecting diabetes.
This ppt gives you the details about the NRHM scheme. The SWOT analysis has been done which helps you to know the strength and weakness part of the NRHM program.
BY: Dr.Pavithra R (M.H.A)
Every year more than 10 million children die in developing countries due to acute respiratory infections (mostly pneumonia), diarrhea, measles, malaria, or malnutrition - and often to a combination of these illnesses. In 1990s, the WHO, in collaboration with UNICEF and many other agencies, institutions and individuals, responded to this challenge by developing a strategy known as the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMNCI).This strategy adopted in India as Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI). IMNCI caters to two groups of children
• 0-2 months, referred to as young infants.
• 2 months to 5 years, referred to as children.
Urine sugar testing was established as a clinical laboratory procedure during the 19th century. A glucose in urine test measures the amount of glucose in urine. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is our body’s main source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move glucose from our bloodstream into our cells. If too much glucose gets into the blood, the extra glucose will be eliminated through our urine. A urine glucose test can be used to help determine if blood glucose levels are too high, which may be a sign of diabetes. If sugar levels remain high and don’t receive treatment, complications may develop and may have serious condition like type-I and type-II diabetes.
Si, it is an important test for detecting diabetes.
This ppt gives you the details about the NRHM scheme. The SWOT analysis has been done which helps you to know the strength and weakness part of the NRHM program.
BY: Dr.Pavithra R (M.H.A)
Every year more than 10 million children die in developing countries due to acute respiratory infections (mostly pneumonia), diarrhea, measles, malaria, or malnutrition - and often to a combination of these illnesses. In 1990s, the WHO, in collaboration with UNICEF and many other agencies, institutions and individuals, responded to this challenge by developing a strategy known as the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMNCI).This strategy adopted in India as Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI). IMNCI caters to two groups of children
• 0-2 months, referred to as young infants.
• 2 months to 5 years, referred to as children.
This presentation is a keynote address delivered by me in regional level conference of indian association of preventive and social medicine(IAPSM) in oct.2013 at goverment medical college haldwani,uttrakhand
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Terminus Infrastructures India Private Limited (TIIPL) formed by Mr. SP Reddy in June’10.
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TIIPL obtains sanction from State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) a Project Loan of Rs.50 Crores.
TIIPL utilizes only Rs.34 cr out of the project Loan of SBH. The repayment of the Loan commenced from 1st July’2014
All the area falling to the share of the TIIPL sold out.
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On course to repay the Project Loan of SBH by December’2014, 18 months ahead of the original repayment schedule.
TIIPL has built a dedicated team of professionals with great execution capabilities and robust operational processes over the past 3 years.
Success stories & innovative approach for prevention of childhood malnutr...Harivansh Chopra
in this presentation i have shown few success stories of low birth weight children attaining normal weight by the end of first year by implementing an innovative BIGWIN APPROACH. Bigwin is an acronym for the best practices described aptly in this presentation.if we can shift the strategy to prevent malnutrition in children from under six to under one than we can overcome malnutrition in five years time provided if we are able to reach every pregnant women and newborn child.
Nutrition assessment in children- dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
Assessment of nutritional status especially in vulnerable population is important for taking prompt action. young children are the most affected proportion of the population in the world.In community settings, rapid methods of assessment are important tools to identify children suffering from both macro and micro deficiencies .This is pictorial presentation showing various methods as well as pictures of deficiencies
A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Postnatal Mothers Regarding Breast Engorge...ijtsrd
AIM the present study aims to assess the knowledge of postnatal mothers regarding breast engorgement in nerkundrum. METHODS AND MATERIALS A quantitative research design was used for the present study. A total 30 samples were collected using convenience sampling technique. The demographic variable and clinical variables was assessed by structured questionarie, and data was gathered and analyzed. RESULTS The results the study revealed that among postnatal mothers, 17 56.67 had moderately adequate knowledge and 13 43.33 had inadequate knowledge regarding breast engorgement among postnatal mothers. CONCLUSION In this study the majority of postnatal mothers had average knowledge regarding breast engorgement. In demographic variables education was found to be significantly related and other factors were not found to be significantly related to knowledge of postnatal mothers. Major deficit area of study are factors leading to breast engorgement, complications of breast engorgement and management of breast engorgement. Mrs. C. Muthulakshmi | G. Girthiga | M Rishikesh | A. Tharani "A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Postnatal Mothers Regarding Breast Engorgement in Nerkundrum II" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52204.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/52204/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-of-postnatal-mothers-regarding-breast-engorgement-in-nerkundrum-ii/mrs-c-muthulakshmi
Enhancing child survival means keeping the normal child as normal as well as bringing low birth weight child to normal.this presentation describe four real stories of low birth weight children attaining normal weight by the end of first year. for this intensive child caring practices are to be implemented. in fact a BIGWIN APPROACH is applied. if this strategy is scaled up then we can make india and other developing countries free of malnutrition in five years thereby giving a big boost to child survival.videotalk can be seen at https://youtu.be/7Ey07cV2clw
NCCR 2020: Conference Of Very Important Disease (COVID-19) | 24 - 26 August 2020
Young Investigator Awards Presentation
Mohammad Hasnan Ahmad
Nutritionist
Principal Investigator
Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research
Institute for Public Health
National Institutes of Health
Ministry of Health Malaysia
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4004505
This presentation will be very useful for students who are pursuing Public health, Food and nutrition.
It gives information about History of nutrtion, global, regional and national(Nepal) scenario of nutrition programme.
Promotion of child survival -Experiences, innovations and opportunitiesHarivansh Chopra
In this presentation, i have discussed the normal growth in children. the focus of attention must be an infant as it is the time of maximum growth and chances of growth faltering are also high. if one has to reduce underfive mortality and promote child survival than aBIGWIN APPROACH is to be followed. i have also shared few success stories of low birth weight babies attaining the target at one year of age.causes of malnutrition are also discussed and what type of opportunities are there for public health professional in the community settings.focus from under six has to be shifted to ist year of life
Dr. Leah Dorman - Antibiotic Free (ABF), No Antibiotics Ever (NAE) - What’s I...John Blue
Antibiotic Free (ABF), No Antibiotics Ever (NAE) - What’s It to Me? - Dr. Leah Dorman, Director, Food Integrity & Consumer Engagement, Phibro Animal Health, from the 2016 NIAA Annual Conference: From Farm to Table - Food System Biosecurity for Animal Agriculture, April 4-7, 2016, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2016_niaa_farm_table_food_system_biosecurity
Can the health system sustain population explosion in indiaHarivansh Chopra
The present pandemic has taught us many lessons as far as health care delivery system is concerned in india. population growth is a neglected issue for many decades in india and it is well known that till we are able to control the growth ,all remedial action to improve health care go in vain.this presentation is highlighting the existing gaps in the provision of primary health care in india. we definitely need to increase the percentage of GDP on health as well as control the population.
Lesson learned and not learned in COVID -19 PANDEMICHarivansh Chopra
in march 2019 WHO declared covid -19 as pandemic and since than we have come long way to understand the epidemiology of covid -19. we also have learned quite a number of unpleasant/pleasant lessons in the control and management of covod -19. vaccines have been developed by a quite rapid pace across the globe and similarly vaccine hesitancy and utilisation has also been seen across the globe . this is a very simple presentation highlighting the the importance of correct knowledge and strategies to control this pandemic
Bio psycho social and spiritual dimension and chdHarivansh Chopra
This presentation is a part of webinar on prevention and reversal of chd and type 2 diabetes mellitus . in this presentation prof rahul bansal has emphasised the role of mind body connection and role of stress in causation as well its removal in prevention and reversal of chd.he has given ample evidence of use of meditation, yoga, as well as of prayers and diet in the reversal of chd
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE is a modern epidemic in india. due to changes in living conditions and habits its prevalence is increasing day by day . in this presentation i have explained the various risk factors and innovations in diagnosis of CAD. IT is very useful for primary health care physicians and community medicine specialist
crying in infant is a normal phenomenon but can be troublesome when an infant cry excessively. colic is an acronym and it is important to rule out every physiological and pathological cause before making a diagnosis of colic.this presentation will help you in doing so . happy viewing.
This is a most basic presentation on balanced diet and RDA. Unfortunately the basic requirements are easily forgotten and right kind of nutrition education is thus not provided to population. Remembering the right requirement in vulnerable periods is of utmost important to prevent the occurrence of deficiency and its deleterious effects
Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin and thus is not stored in the body . It is potent antioxidant and in this covid-19 arena ,there is lot of emphasis of its role in enhancing immunity. it is required daily in 40-80 mgm. This requirement can be easily fulfilled by eating food which are the rich sources of this vitamin.Hope this presentation will clear lots of myths which are prevalent like taking tablet 500-1000mgm daily
CORONARY HEART DISEASE is the modern epidemic facing the developing world. Among all the modifiable risk factors ,diet plays an important role in all of them. adequate knowledge is the first step towards behaviour change . in this presentation I have tried to impress upon food items which are beneficial as well as harmful for individuals having risk factors or disease . hope it will stimulate the viewer to understand and change the eating habits in the society.
Nutritional deficiencies are very common in india as well as in other developing countries.both macro and micro nutrients are not eaten in adequate quantities in india due to poverty and ignorance. A number of national program are there to combat these deficiencies.But unfortunately effective implementation is lacking due to which nutritional deficiency is not being overcome in our country. Now due to covid -19 these are bound to increase
Stress is the gift of modern society which has got a lot of bearing on the mental and physical health of the people . the stress can't be eliminated in totality but can be minimised by using this simple presentation and applying it in day to day life .the answer of stress is in the word stress only.kindly view and use and share it further.
Medicine is considered as one of the best profession in the world and Doctors are still considered next to GOD because they save human life. now a days doctors in developing countries are under tremendous stress. lot of changes are happening in medical education and recently national medical commission has started a new initiative to to change the teaching learning practices medical colleges. Now the upcoming doctors are to be trained keeping in mind the necessary attributes and skills which are required to fulfil their responsibility in fitting manner in future.
This presentation is based upon my more than 3 decades of experience in medical college.
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to reduce mortality and morbidity caused by vaccine preventable diseases. in this part i am going to describe regarding cold chain ,frequently ask questions regarding vaccines and how to manage acute and life threatening adverse reactions at most peripheral level
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
japenese encephalitis is an important vector borne disease which carries a high mortality as well as high disability. it is a preventable disease and an effective vaccine is available for it.the vaccine is an important part of universal immunization program in india. Environmental modification and control of vector will go long way in the control of this disease.
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
meningococcal meningitis is a very serious and fatal disease if not treated in time. the case fatality rate can go upto 50% in untreated cases .there are many strains which are responsible for its occurrence .it tend to occur both in endemic as well as in epidemic form. a qudrivalent vaccine is available for protection. recipient of this vaccine are to be given chemo prophylaxis .recently a vaccine against type b strain has been made avialable in canada for use in routine immunization
This presentation describes the Evolution of Community Medicine from the word hygiene to public health to preventive and social medicine to community medicine . It is a very simple presentation which describes difference between doctor ,good doctor and a very good doctor. It also includes recent IAPSM ( INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE) definition of Community Medicine and what are the key functions of Community Medicine Specialist. it also describes concept of Socialized Medicine.
immunization is one of the best public health intervention to reduce morbidity as well as mortality. in developing countries workers as well as doctors face multiple problems which are of four types viz operational ,knowledge based ,skill based and adverse reactions . this presentation is going to highlight these issues and suggest possible solutions
vitamin d is one of the fat soluble vitamin on which there is great emphasis in the present scenario. it is present in breast milk in very minute amount so it is recommended that it must be supplemented right after birth to prevent it deficiency which in children can result in rickets. if not diagnosed and treated in time it may result in number of bony deformities . in adults besides oesteomalacia it is associated with n umber of non communicable diseases.
Nipah virus : New emerging disease with high mortality Harivansh Chopra
Nipah Virus is one of the emerging viral infection with high mortality. Can be prevented by simply using hand washing and by good food and fruit hygiene, Still no vaccine is available for human although trials are underway. Ribavarin can be used for treatment with variable results. Prevention is still the best method for treatment. Strong IEC is required for effective prevention.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Prevention of childhood malnutrition dr harivansh chopra
1. Prevention of Childhood
Malnutrition
Dr. Harivansh Chopra,
DCH, MD
Professor,
Department of Community Medicine,
LLRM Medical College, Meerut.
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
2. Objectives
1. To study the magnitude of Protein Energy
Malnutrition and causes associated with it.
2. To study methods of prevention,
treatment, and rehabilitation of PEM.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
3. ? ?
Whether this child will grow normally
or become malnourished?
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
6. Protein Energy Malnutrition
Defined as “chronic pathological condition
which arises due to absolute or relative lack
of protein and energy in the diet over an
extended period of time and is commonly
associated with infection albeit infestation
in young children”.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
7. Nutritional Status of children
below 3 years : NFHS II
46 47
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
16
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 510
Percentage
Stunted Underweight Wasted
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8. Nutritional Status of children
below 3 years : NFHS II
Percentage Stunted Underweight Wasted
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
35.6
48.6
38.4
49.6
13
16.2
50
40
30
20
10
0
Urban Rural
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9. Nutritional status of under-three
children in relation to living index
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
26.8
46.8
56.9
28.5
45.3
53.7
10.2
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
14.3
19.7
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage
UNDER WT STUNTED WASTED
NFHSII
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10. Nutritional status of under-three
children in relation to age
Percentage Underweight Stunted Wasted
30.9
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
37.5
11.9
58.5 58.4
15.4
57.5 56.5
9.3
13.2
21.9
13.2
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
< 6 months
6 - 11 months
12 - 23 months
24 - 35 months
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11. Percentage of underweight children –
Comparison between NFHS I & II
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
52
47
NFHS I
NFHS II
20 18
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage
Underweight Severely Underweight
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12. Nutritional Status of children below
3 years : NFHS III
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
38
46
19
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 510
Percentage
Stunted Underweight Wasted
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13. Nutritional Status of children below
3 years : NFHS III
Percentage Stunted Underweight Wasted
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
31.1
40.7
36.4
49
16.9
19.8
50
40
30
20
10
0
Urban Rural
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14. Percentage of underweight children –
Comparison between NFHS II & III
47 46 46
38
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
16
NFHS II
NFHS III
19
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Percentage
Underweight Stunted Wasted
08/29/14 observerzparadise.com 14
15. Distribution of 1-5 years children
(Gomez classification)
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
Income
Weight as percentage of normal
≥ 90% 75 – 90% 60 – 75% < 60%
HIG 48.2 40.8 10.5 0.5
MIG 38.8 45.0 15.7 0.5
LIG 20.2 47.6 28.7 3.5
IL 19.4 46.1 31.1 3.4
SLUM 12.7 40.7 38.6 8.0
RURAL 13.0 41.9 37.0 8.1
08/29/14 observerzparadise.com NNMB15
18. Causes of Malnutrition
7. Poor sanitary conditions.
8. Low birth weight.
9. Lack of knowledge regarding
normal growth of children.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
19. Causes of Malnutrition
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
10. Poor hygiene.
11. Incorrect child rearing practices.
12. Inaccessible and Inadequate
health services.
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20. Causes of Malnutrition
13. Lack of Comprehensive Child
Health Care Programme.
1. Lack of political will.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
21. 1. Big problem needs a Big solution.
2. If one wants to Win the battle, the effort
has to be intensive and focused.
3. So, it has to be a BIG WIN against
MALNUTRITION.
4. BIGWIN approach is to be applied.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
22. Shift Strategy
A shift in strategy is the need of the hour.
Infants must be made the focus of attention
for mothers as –
• NEITHER a mother would like to deliver a
low-birth weight baby;
• NOR any mother would like to have a
malnourished child.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
23. The BIGWIN Approach
Exclusive Breast Feeding for 6 months.
Infection Prevention/Treatment and Immunization.
Growth Promotion / Monitoring.
Appropriate Weaning Practice. Safe Water
Iron Supplementation.
Nutrition education & Extra-Nutrition in
pregnancy & lactation, and illness in child.
No to next pregnancy.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
24. Weight gain in the first
five years of life
1st Year 2 - 5 years
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
8
8
Kg.
Kg.
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25. Weight gain in the first year of life
First 4 months Next 8 months
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
4
4
Kg.
Kg.
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26. Weight gain in the next
four years of life
2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
2
2
2
2
Kg.
Kg. Kg.
Kg.
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27. v/s
Monitor the Weight
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
FI
RS
T
S
E
C
OND
Weight gain in 1st year of life.
Weight gain in next 4 years of life.
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28. Exclusive Breast Feeding in India –
NFHS II
Exclusive Breast Feeding Not Exclusively Breast-fed
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
45
55
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34. Iron Supplementation v/s
Iron Therapy – Cost
Iron Supplementation Iron Therapy
30
70
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
35. The BIGWIN Approach
Exclusive Breast Feeding for 6 months.
Infection Prevention/Treatment and Immunization.
Growth Promotion / Monitoring.
Appropriate Weaning Practice. Safe Water
Iron Supplementation.
Nutrition education & Extra-Nutrition in
pregnancy & lactation, and illness in child.
No to next pregnancy.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
37. Empowering Women
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
1. Mass Media
2. Government Health System
3. Mahila Mandals
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38. Empowering Women
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
4. NGOs
5. Link Women
6. Anganwadi
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39. Empowering Women
7. Health Worker
8. School Health
9. BFCI
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
40. Nutrition Education
1. Education is a learning process by which a
change in behaviour is brought about.
2. For providing nutrition education, one
must have sound knowledge of locally
available foods.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
41. Nutrition Education
3. The timing of providing education is of
crucial importance.
4. All persons involved in decision making,
as well as responsible for cooking must be
sensitized.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
42. Nutrition Education
5. The typical jargon of nutritive value in
context of calories and proteins must be
avoided.
6. Beneficiaries should be sensitized on
protective, body building, and essential
foods.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
43. Nutrition Education
7. Vulnerable periods of life, specially
infancy, pregnancy, and lactation must be
taken into account.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
44. Nutrition Therapy
If one is not able to prevent the occurrence of
malnutrition, one has to go for treatment of
malnutrition. Although prevention is still
better than cure.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
45. Principles of Nutrition Therapy
1. Mild to moderate
degree of
malnutrition can
be managed at
home.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
46. Principles of Nutrition Therapy
2. Only severely malnourished children with
complications need to be hospitalized
first.
3. The aim is to provide 1.5 – 2 gms. of
protein/ kg per day and 150 – 180
calories/kg/day.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
47. Management of mild to moderate
degree of malnutrition
This is usually done
with the help of
protein and calorie
rich diets.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
51. Management of severely
malnourished children
1. With complications,
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
they should be
hospitalized.
2. Without complications,
put straightaway on
dietary management.
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52. 1. Dietary Management –
Initial Phase
1. Feeding must start gradually.
2. Initially approx. 80 Cal/kg/day and 0.7gm
protein/kg/day provided; actual body
weight rather than expected body weight
counted.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
54. 1. Dietary Management –
Initial Phase
3. Small frequent feeds
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
given.
4. Intake gradually
increased to 100
Cal/kg/day and 1gm
protein/kg/day.
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55. 1. Dietary Management –
Initial Phase
5. Milk is usually the starting food; for
lactose-intolerance, other foods like rice
gruel, chicken gruel, soya rice gruel, and
cereal pulse gruel are used.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
56. 1. Dietary Management –
Initial Phase
6. For enriching milk,
generally coconut oil is
used.
7. Fluids should be given
with cup and spoon;
bottle-feeding best
avoided.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
57. 2. Dietary management –
Phase of High Energy Feeding
1. Caloric intake gradually
increased to 150 – 180
Cal/kg/day.
2. Child moved from
predominant milk diet to
semi solids/solid diet.
3. Protein intake increased to
1.5 – 2gm/kg/day.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
58. 3. Dietary Management –
Transfer to Family type diet
1. Child should be taking
nutritionally wholesome
family-type diet (cereals,
pulses, vegetables) before
discharge from hospital.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
59. 3. Dietary Management –
Transfer to Family type diet
2. Involves nutrition
education of parents.
3. Snacks made from
peanuts, bengal
gram, jaggery, and
oil are useful.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
60. Nutritional Rehabilitation
1. Majority of children, after discharge from
hospital, again become victim of
Malnutrition.
2. To overcome this, Nutritional
Rehabilitation is carried out.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
62. Ambulatory Treatment
1. In most cases of malnutrition, education
alone is sufficient to correct situation.
2. Identify the most serious errors in diet eg.
distribution of available food in family,
inadequate use of vegetables, etc.
3. The problem may need assistance usually
as Food Supplements.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
63. Nutritional Rehabilitation
Centres (NRC)
1. Severely malnourished children, after
taking treatment from hospital, may be
transferred to NRCs.
2. The objective is to teach the mother the
various methods of preparing nutritious
and tasty foods so that the relapse of
malnutrition can be prevented. 08/29/14 observerzparadise.com 63
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
64. Nutritional Rehabilitation Centres
(NRC)
Day care NRCs Residential NRCs
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
65. Day care NRCs
1. Similar to crěche or kindergarden.
2. Children spend 6 – 8 hrs daily for 6 days a
week in these centres, and take there 3
meals each day.
3. Mothers may attend centre and help
preparation of meals, or may attend
weekly meeting at centre.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
66. Day care NRCs
4. Food stuffs and utensils
used are familiar to the
mothers, and available in
local market.
5. Adequate medical
supervision is essential at
the centres.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
67. Residential NRCs
1. Larger staff and equipments
than day-care NRCs.
2. Children & their mothers live
in these as inpatients.
3. Serves mostly children
discharged from hospital after
treatment for severe
malnutrition.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
68. Nutrition Supplementation
1. Approach by which both prevention and treatment
of malnutrition can be met.
2. Supplementary food supplies 500 Cal/day and 12 –
15 gm(rs 4) protein/day to children,
3. Severely malnourshied 800 cal/day and 20-25gm
Proteins/day (rs 6)
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
1. .
69. Nutrition Supplementation
Pregnant and lactating mothers
600 Cal/day and 18-20 gm
protein/day(rs 5) to mothers
for 300 days in an year
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
70. Nutritional Surveillance
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
1. Surveillance is
defined as “Data
Collection for
Action”.
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71. Objectives of Nutrition
Surveillance
1. To aid long term planning in health and
development.
2. To provide input for programme
management and evaluation.
3. To give timely warning and intervention
to prevent short-term food consumption
crisis. 08/29/14 observerzparadise.com 71
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
72. Triple-A approach
ASSESSMENT
of the situation
ACTION
based on the analysis
and available resources
ANALYSIS
of the causes of problem
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
Perceptions &
Understanding
Resources
Capabilities
Effective
Demand
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73. Conclusion
1. Malnutrition is a preventable problem.
2. Shift in strategy is the need of the hour.
3. Infants must be made the focus of
attention in totality.
4. Application of multiple interventions like
BIGWIN will produce the desired result.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
75. MCQs
1. Following is false about weight gain in
first year of life except:
1. Weight gain is 4 kg in 1st year.
2. Weight gain is 4 kg in 1st 4 months.
3. Weight gain is maximum during 6 – 12
months of age.
4. None of the above.
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
Ans. – 2.
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76. MCQs
2. “Hyderabad Mix”, an energy dense
supplement, used for malnourished
children does not contain :
1. Bengal gram.
2. Groundnut.
3. Soyabean.
4. Jaggery.
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
Ans. – 3.
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77. MCQs
2. “Hyderabad Mix”, an energy dense
supplement, used for malnourished
children does not contain :
1. Bengal gram.
2. Groundnut.
3. Soyabean.
4. Jaggery.
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
Ans. – 3.
08/29/14 observerzparadise.com 77
78. MCQs
3. In dietary management of malnutrition,
following is provided to children :
1. 100 Cal/kg and 1gm protein/kg.
2. 180 Cal/kg and 2 gm protein/kg.
3. 300 Calorie and 15 gm protein.
4. 500 Calorie and 25 gm protein.
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
Ans. – 2.
08/29/14 observerzparadise.com 78
79. MCQs
4. NRC is :
1. Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre.
2. Nutrition Rehabilitation Council.
3. Natural Resources Council.
4. Natural Rights of Community.
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
Ans. – 1.
08/29/14 observerzparadise.com 79
80. MCQs
5. Giving “timely warning” about food
consumption crisis is an objective of :
1. Disaster Management.
2. Food Census.
3. Nutrition Surveillance.
4. Food & Agriculture Research.
DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
Ans. – 3.
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81. THERAPEUTIC FOOD
The therapy used in this phase is F-75,
a milk-based liquid food containing
modest amounts of energy and protein
(75 kcal/100 mL and 0.9 g protein/100
mL)
and the administration of parenteral
antibiotics.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
82. THERAPEUTIC FOOD
When an improvement in the child’s
appetite and clinical condition is observed,
the child is then entered into phase two of
the treatment. This phase uses F-100 for
feeding the child. F-100 is a “specially
formulated, high-energy, high-protein
(100 kcal/100 mL, 2.9 g protein/100 mL)
milk-based liquid food”.
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DDrr.. HHaarriivvaannsshh CChhoopprraa
Editor's Notes
LOW IMMUNIZATION COVEREAGE IS A BIG PROBLEM IN OUR COUNTRY.