This document discusses different types of pressure transducers and gauges. It describes Bourdon tube gauges, strain gauges, quartz gauges, and piezoresistive gauges. It also discusses U-tube manometers and how they use hydrostatic law to measure pressure differentials. Finally, it provides details on diaphragm pressure transducers, how they work, common materials used, and their applications in measuring low pressures.
You'll find a wonderful explanation of the following topics:-
Sensing Elements,Bellows ,Bourdon tube,Impact of Operating Environment ,Diaphragm,Differen,capacitance,tial Pressure Transmitters,strain gauge
You'll find a wonderful explanation of the following topics:-
Sensing Elements,Bellows ,Bourdon tube,Impact of Operating Environment ,Diaphragm,Differen,capacitance,tial Pressure Transmitters,strain gauge
In fluid Mechanics course pressure measurement with different devices is much important. In this slides we will learn different pressure measuring devices.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
It is useful all type of students, Professionals, Teachers and Industry persons. It includes various types of pressure gauge like Pressure Measurement, Absolute pressure, Vacuum Pressure, Gauge pressure, Diaphragm pressure GaugeBellows pressure gauge, Simple Manometer, Differential Manometer, Inclined Leg Manometer, U tube Manometer, Bourdon Pressure, Dead Weight.
The company stands tall as an Exporter and Supplier of Liquid Turbine Flow Meters in New Delhi. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters, offered by the company, are known for their corrosion resistant properties and superior quality. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters provide hassle-free performance and high durability. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters are demanded in various sectors
Details For Liquid Turbine Flow Meters
Rotational speed proportional to the velocity of the fluid
Truly represents the volume of the fluid flowing through the line
Exceptional performance
Corrosion resistant and highly durable
Specifications
Size 4"~20"
Temperature 20C~120C
Output 4~20mA DC and Pulse(Standard)
Accuracy +/-1.0%
Connection Screwed or Flange
Power Supply AC 85~230V, 50/60Hz or DC 24V or Battery (3 year)
Operating Temperature -20 ~ 120 Deg C
Ambient Temperature -20 ~ 50 Deg C
Accuracy ±1.0 %, ±± 0.5%
Output Signal 4~20mA DC and Pulse (Standard)
Display L C D 2 Line x12 character (Rate Flow /Total Flow)
Service Clear Liquid, Gases ,Air, solvent.
Flange Screwed and Flange (As per standard)
Enclosure IP67,IP65
In fluid Mechanics course pressure measurement with different devices is much important. In this slides we will learn different pressure measuring devices.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
It is useful all type of students, Professionals, Teachers and Industry persons. It includes various types of pressure gauge like Pressure Measurement, Absolute pressure, Vacuum Pressure, Gauge pressure, Diaphragm pressure GaugeBellows pressure gauge, Simple Manometer, Differential Manometer, Inclined Leg Manometer, U tube Manometer, Bourdon Pressure, Dead Weight.
The company stands tall as an Exporter and Supplier of Liquid Turbine Flow Meters in New Delhi. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters, offered by the company, are known for their corrosion resistant properties and superior quality. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters provide hassle-free performance and high durability. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters are demanded in various sectors
Details For Liquid Turbine Flow Meters
Rotational speed proportional to the velocity of the fluid
Truly represents the volume of the fluid flowing through the line
Exceptional performance
Corrosion resistant and highly durable
Specifications
Size 4"~20"
Temperature 20C~120C
Output 4~20mA DC and Pulse(Standard)
Accuracy +/-1.0%
Connection Screwed or Flange
Power Supply AC 85~230V, 50/60Hz or DC 24V or Battery (3 year)
Operating Temperature -20 ~ 120 Deg C
Ambient Temperature -20 ~ 50 Deg C
Accuracy ±1.0 %, ±± 0.5%
Output Signal 4~20mA DC and Pulse (Standard)
Display L C D 2 Line x12 character (Rate Flow /Total Flow)
Service Clear Liquid, Gases ,Air, solvent.
Flange Screwed and Flange (As per standard)
Enclosure IP67,IP65
Thermal plant instrumentation and controlShilpa Shukla
Detail working description of each components used in A Thermal or Coal based Plant for generation of electricity. Controlling and automation is described.
introduction to thermal powerplant,type of thermal powerplant,captive powerplant,rankin cycle,co-generation powerplant,subcritical powerplant,supercritical powerplant,theory of operation,working principle,parts of powerplant,boiler,turbine,etc
Reducing Shipping Vibration of Compressors in Roof Top Air-conditioning Units...HCL Technologies
This white paper is intended primarily for Designers / Engineers who are dealing with vibration related issues during Product design and wish to understand how vibrations on the basepan of a roof top unit could be minimized. This paper covers the overview of Modal Analysis, response of components within a roof top unit, different techniques used to minimize the response of the compressor on the basepan, evaluation of design alternatives and benefits of reducing the response level of the compressor
Diffuser in Steam Vent Silencer By Using Computational Fluid DynamicsIJERA Editor
Recently, research on new techniques for noise reduction of steam vent silencer has been addressed. However,
research work on shape optimization of steam vent silencer along with work on pressure drop has been sorely
neglected. Therefore, a numerical simulation has been investigated on the pressure drop using steam vent
silencer is introduced in this research work. This emphasizes the variation of pressure drop with the influence of
holes with various geometries like circular holes, square holes and square extrusion in pressurized inlet diffuser.
The sensitivity of pressure drop is less in square extrusion, compared to all other geometry. So it can conclude
that shape optimization of pressurized inlet diffuser in steam vent silencer is obtained with the application of
square extrusion.
One of the most popular methods of moving solids in the chemical industry is pneumatic conveying. Pneumatic conveying refers to the moving of solids suspended in or forced by a gas stream through horizontal and/or vertical pipes. Pneumatic conveying can be used for particles ranging from fine powders to pellets and bulk densities of 16 to 3200 kg/m3 (1 to 200 lb/ft3).
Hello Friends,
Please find Basics of Pipe stress analysis, this is in continuation to earlier posts (Walk through Piping & pipe Stress). If all read in conjunction, shall give you a very good OVERVIEW of pipe stress analysis.
Next will target individual equipment connected piping stress analysis methodology.
What Is A Control Valve
Process Control Terminology
Sliding-Stem Control Valve Terminology
Rotary-Shaft Control Valve Terminology
Control Valve Functions and Characteristics Terminology
Other Process Control Terminology
sliding stem control valve
Describe the workflow to integrate 3rd party devices
Describe the purpose of the Device Integration Center (DIC)
Import a device into the FF Library
Instantiate a device in the HSE subnet
Configure third party FF Devices
Identify the use of the different standards
Explain the FF architecture and protocols
Describe the purpose of CFF and DD files
Identify additional resources for further study
Identify which devices are already integrated
Add new devices out of the ABB Device Library
Synchronize Fieldbus Builder FF library and Object Type Structure
Handle different versions and update the FF library
Configure application code in Function Block Application Diagram.
Use Function Blocks and Signals
Configure H1 Scheduler
Download the configuration and verify live data
Upload HSE Subnet into the Control Structure
Check for live data in PPA
FIELDBUS , H1 LINK,Check the FF OPC Server Communication
Create the link between HSE Subnet and CBM hardware definition
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. 2
Pressure (P ) expresses the magnitude of normal force (F-N) per unit area
(A-m2) applied on a surface(Crowe et al. 2005)
Units: Pa(= N/m2), psi(=lbf/in2), bar (=105 Pa=100 kPa), mbar (=100 Pa=1
hPa),
atm (=101.3 kPa), mmHg (or Torr), inHg, etc.
Note: For every Unit: hUnit=hectoUnit=100 Unit
Where Pabs : Absolute pressure
Patm : Atmospheric pressure
(standard is: 101.3 kPa =14.696 psi=760 mmHg=29.92 inHg)
Pgage : Gage pressure
A
F
Por
A
F
P
gageatmabs PPP
5. 5
Quartz Gage
Applications: measurements with high accuracy, good repeatability, high resolution.
e g. Quartz Clock
Principles: ∆ Pressure ∆ Charge ∆ Voltage
http://www.ransohoff.com/images/systems/transducerlgr.jpg
Piezoelectric transducers
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/SchemaPi
ezo.gif
6. 6
Piezoresistive Gage
Applications: Very accurate for small pressure differentials
e.g. Difference between indoor and outdoor pressure
Principles: ∆Pressure = ∆Charge = ∆Resistance = ∆Voltage
Digital Manometer
9. 9
Click here to connect to UT’s Interactive Fluids Applets website
10. Like a diaphragm, bellows are also used for pressure measurement, and
can be made of cascaded capsules. The basic way of manufacturing
bellows is by fastening together many individual diaphragms. The
bellows element, basically, is a one piece expansible, collapsible and
axially flexible member. It has many convolutions or fold. It can be
manufactured form a single piece of thin metal. For industrial purposes,
the commonly used bellow elements are:
By turning from a solid stock of metal
By soldering or welding stamped annular rings
Rolling a tube
By hydraulically forming a drawn tubing
Working
The action of bending and tension operates the elastic members. For
proper working, the tension should be least. The design ideas given for a
diaphragm is applied to bowels as well. The manufacturer describes the
bellows with two characters – maximum stroke and maximum allowable
pressure. The force obtained can be increased by increasing the diameter.
The stroke length can be increased by increasing the folds or
convolutions.
10
11. For selecting a specific material for an elastic member like
bellows, the parameters to be checked are:
Range of pressure
Hysteresis
Fatigue on dynamic operation
Corrosion
Fabrication ease
Sensitivity to fluctuating pressures
Out of these hysteresis and sensitivity to fluctuating
pressures are the most important ones. Hysteresis can be
minimized by following a proper manufacturing technique.
For instance, a diaphragm when machined from a solid
stock shows less hysteresis compared to the one produced
by stamping. The same technique could be adopted for
bellows as well. In the latter case, the dynamic nature of the
variable is likely to induce resonance quickly depending on
the natural frequency of the system. The natural frequency
is calculable from the dimensions of the system and the
gauge.
11
12. For strong bellows, the carbon steel is selected as the main
element. But the material gets easily corroded and is
difficult to machine. For better hysteresis properties you can
use trumpet bass, phosphor bronze, or silicon bronze. Better
dynamic performance can be achieved by using beryllium
copper. Stainless steel is corrosion resistive, but does not
have good elastic properties. For easy fabrication soft
materials are sought after.
All bellow elements are used with separate calibrating
springs. The springs can be aligned in two ways – in
compression or in expansion when in use. Both these types,
with internal compression springs or external tension
springs, are commercially known as receiver elements and
are used universally in pneumatic control loops. The figures
below show the compressed and expanded type. Spring
opposed bellows are also shown below. The open side of a
bellows element is usually rigidly held to the instrument
casing and because of the rigid fixing, the effective or active
length of the bellows element is smaller than its actual
length. This device is used in cases where the control
pressure range is between 0.2 to 1 kg/cm2.
12
14. A diaphragm pressure transducer is used for
low pressure measurement. They are
commercially available in two types – metallic
and non-metallic.
Metallic diaphragms are known to have good
spring characteristics and non-metallic types
have no elastic characteristics. Thus, non-
metallic types are used rarely, and are usually
opposed by a calibrated coil spring or any
other elastic type gauge. The non-metallic types
are also called slack diaphragm.
14
15. Working
The diagram of a diaphragm pressure gauge is
shown below. When a force acts against a thin
stretched diaphragm, it causes a deflection of
the diaphragm with its centre deflecting the
most.
15
16. Diaphragm Gauge
Since the elastic limit has to be maintained, the
deflection of the diaphragm must be kept in a
restricted manner. This can be done by
cascading many diaphragm capsules as shown
in the figure below. A main capsule is designed
by joining two diaphragms at the periphery. A
pressure inlet line is provided at the central
position. When the pressure enters the capsule,
the deflection will be the sum of deflections of
all the individual capsules. As shown in figure
(3), corrugated diaphragms are also used
instead of the conventional ones.
16
18. Diaphragm Pressure Transducer
Corrugated designs help in providing a linear deflection and also increase the
member strength. The total amount of deflection for a given pressure
differential is known by the following factors:
Number and depth of corrugation
Number of capsules
Capsule diameter
Shell thickness
Material characteristics
Materials used for the metal diaphragms are the same as those used
for Bourdon Tube.
Non-metallic or slack diaphragms are used for measuring very small
pressures. The commonly used materials for making the diaphragm are
polythene, neoprene, animal membrane, silk, and synthetic materials. Due to
their non-elastic characteristics, the device will have to be opposed with
external springs for calibration and precise operation. The common range for
pressure measurement varies between 50 Pa to 0.1 MPa.
The best example for a slack diaphragm is the draft gauge. They are used in
boilers for indication of the boiler draft. The device can control both
combustion and flue. With the draft, usually of pressure less than the
atmosphere, connected, the power diaphragm moves to the left and its motion
is transmitted through the sealing diaphragm, sealed link and pointer drive to
the pointer.
The power diaphragm is balanced with the help of a calibrated leaf spring.
The effective length of the spring and hence the range is determined by the
range adjusting screw. By adjusting the zero adjustment screw, the right hand
end of the power diaphragm support link as also the free end of the leaf
spring, is adjusted for zero adjustment through the cradle. 18