There are different types of pressure measuring devices that use various techniques. Absolute pressure is measured relative to a vacuum while gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure. Common pressure measuring devices include manometers, barometers, piezometers, and differential manometers. Manometers use a column of liquid, such as mercury, to measure pressure based on the height of the liquid. Barometers measure atmospheric pressure using a mercury-filled glass tube. Piezometers and u-tube manometers also use columns of liquid but have advantages over simple piezometers. Differential and inclined manometers are used to measure small pressure differences more accurately. The specific type of liquid used is important, with mercury being heavier than water, allowing for smaller,

1. Different types of Pressure measuring
Devices :
 What is pressure.
 There are two types of pressure:
o Absolute Pressure Pabs: Pressure measured relative to vacuum.
o Gauge Pressure PO: Pressure measured to local atmospheric Pressure.
Pabs = Po+ Patm
 Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure.
Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges.
 We use a column of liquid to measure the Pressure, which is referred to as a
“Manometer”.
 Instruments used to measure Presssure
 Barometer U-tube Manometer Piezometer
• Differential manometer inclined manometer

2. Barometer:
 An instrument for measuring local atmospheric Pressure.
 The barometer, is calibrated to read zero when there is a complete vacuum;
the pressure indicated by the instrument is therefore called absolute
pressure.
 A mercury barometer has a glass tube with a height of at least 84 cm, closed
at one end, with an open mercury-filled reservoir at the base. The weight of
the mercury creates a vacuum in the top of the tube. Mercury in the tube
adjusts until the weight of the mercury column balances the atmospheric
force exerted on the reservoir

3. Piezometer:
 Simple type manometer, vertical L shape tube, open at top, attached to a container
pipe
 P = sp wt * height + p( atm) Absolute pressure.
 P= sp wt * height Gauge pressure
Vertical column for measuring static Pressures of liquids.
 It has a tube in which the Fluid(liquid) can rise freely, the height of the liquid in the
tube will give the value of Pressure.
 Its diameter is kept at least 12mm in order to reduce the error.
 ADVANTAGES: easy technique, accurate,economical
 DISADVANTAGES: cannot measure…
1) negative pressure
2) pressure of gases
3) control of column height

4. U-Tube Manometer:
To overcome limitations of piezometer
 A U-shaped tube is half-full of liquid, one side of which is connected to the
region of interest and the other side to the reference atmospheric pressure
is applied to the other.
 The difference in height of the liquid represents the applied pressure.
 In U-tube manometer we measure the pressure as:
 P= sp wt*height( fluid)- sp wt*height( Hg)

5. Differential Manometer:
 In many cases we require the difference between two pressures. For such
purposes we use a Differential manometer.
 In this arrangement of manometer we connect the two ends with different
liquids whose pressure we want to measure.
 It is to be noted that only those liquids should be used who are immiscible
with each other. Otherwise liquids will mix and we will not be able to
measure the difference of their heights.
 Math equation:

6. INCLINED MANOMETER:
 manometer is used for the measurement of small pressures and is
to measure more accurately than the vertical tube type manometer. Due to
inclination the distance moved by the fluid in manometer is more.
 Pressure difference between A and B is give by equation

7. Why use different gauge liquids:
The question is why do we use different kind of gauge liquids, why not
use water for all our pressure measuring experiments.
 The reason is simple, water has a very low specific weight or we can say
mercury is much heavier than water. ( approximately 13.55 times)
 Let water be used instead of mercury to find atmospheric Pressure:
Than:
Patm = ρmgh
“Ρm” and “g” are known & from experiments h = 0.76m (mercury)
Putting values
Patm = 13594 kg/m3 *9.81m/s2 * 0.76m
Patm = 101325 N/m2 or 101.32 KPa

8. Now use the same equation for water :
Patm = ρwgh
h = Patm/ ρwg
h = 101.32*1000N/m3 / 1000 kg/m3 *9.81m/s2
h = 10.35m
So if we use water we would require a glass tube of approximately “11 meters”
which is quite difficult, compared to a 84 cm glass tube (which we use in
barometer). If we change our Gauge liquid to mercury.
 This proves that in measuring Pressure Gauge liquid is very Important, and
we should select our gauge liquid carefully.

10. Thank you.