Presentation1 What is electricity
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The document discusses the basics of static electricity and atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of positively and negatively charged particles that attract or repel depending on their charge. Static electricity occurs when objects come into contact and transfer electrons, resulting in an imbalance of charges. Examples given include rubbing a balloon or cloth to build up an excess of negative charges, which can then stick to walls or paper due to attraction between opposite charges. Lightning is also described as a large-scale discharge of built up static charges between storm clouds and the ground.
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Atom,static electricity
The document discusses the basics of static electricity and atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of positively and negatively charged particles that attract or repel depending on their charges. Static electricity occurs when objects come into contact and transfer electrons, resulting in an imbalance of charges. Examples given include rubbing a balloon or ruler to build up an excess of electrons, causing it to stick to other surfaces. Lightning is also described as a large-scale discharge of built up static charges between storm clouds and the ground.
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Static electricity 1008
There are two types of electricity: static electricity and current electricity. Static electricity occurs when electrons build up on an insulator, like rubber or clothing, causing an imbalance. This can be discharged as a spark. Current electricity involves electrons flowing through a circuit and can be used by people. Atoms contain positively charged protons at the center and negatively charged electrons orbiting around them. When electrons move between atoms, it creates electricity. Objects can become positively or negatively charged if they gain or lose electrons.
Static electricity
Static electricity is a stationary electric charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It can be created through triboelectric charging when materials are rubbed together, causing electrons to be transferred. This leads one material to gain electrons and become negatively charged while the other loses electrons and becomes positively charged. The interaction between these separated static electric charges is called electrostatics. Common examples of static electricity include attracting scraps of paper to a plastic ruler after rubbing or a balloon becoming negatively charged after rubbing it with wool.
Charge
Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of a material. It is called "static" because the charges do not move. Rubbing two materials together, like a plastic ruler and wool cloth, can transfer electrons between them, leaving one material positively charged and the other negatively charged. Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract, explaining why a negatively charged ruler may attract scraps of paper.
Electric static (part i introduction)
This document discusses static electricity and how objects become electrically charged. It describes three main ways that objects can become charged: 1) charging by friction, where electrons are transferred between two objects in contact with each other; 2) charging by conduction, where charge flows through a conducting material when it touches a charged object; and 3) charging by induction, where a charged object induces a charge in a nearby object without direct contact. The document also discusses properties of charges, insulators and conductors, electroscopes for detecting charge, lightning formation in clouds, and how a Van de Graaff generator works to produce high voltages.
Unit c electrical principals & technologies notes(static electricity)
The document discusses static electricity and electrical charge. It explains that static electricity is a build up of electrons on a surface that are not moving. Electrical charge can cause attraction or repulsion depending on whether charges are opposite or like. Electrical discharge occurs when a build up of electrons moves between objects. A larger separation of charges results in a larger electrical discharge, such as from lightning versus a small carpet shock. A Van de Graaff generator is used to demonstrate building up a static charge by rubbing a belt on a wire brush.
Static electricity ppt
Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It occurs when electrons are transferred between objects through friction, contact, or induction, leaving one object with an excess of electrons (negative charge) and the other lacking electrons (positive charge). Insulators do not allow electron flow and can more easily build up static charges, while conductors allow electron flow and cannot. Grounding neutralizes charges by allowing electrons to flow to or from the earth. Lightning is a natural discharge of built-up static electricity in clouds, traveling jaggedly through the air in search of the fastest path to ground. Lightning rods provide this path to protect buildings.
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Atom,static electricity
The document discusses the basics of static electricity and atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of positively and negatively charged particles that attract or repel depending on their charges. Static electricity occurs when objects come into contact and transfer electrons, resulting in an imbalance of charges. Examples given include rubbing a balloon or ruler to build up an excess of electrons, causing it to stick to other surfaces. Lightning is also described as a large-scale discharge of built up static charges between storm clouds and the ground.
Static electricity
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detail about static electricity.
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There are two types of electricity: static electricity and current electricity. Static electricity occurs when electrons build up on an insulator, like rubber or clothing, causing an imbalance. This can be discharged as a spark. Current electricity involves electrons flowing through a circuit and can be used by people. Atoms contain positively charged protons at the center and negatively charged electrons orbiting around them. When electrons move between atoms, it creates electricity. Objects can become positively or negatively charged if they gain or lose electrons.
Static electricity
Static electricity is a stationary electric charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It can be created through triboelectric charging when materials are rubbed together, causing electrons to be transferred. This leads one material to gain electrons and become negatively charged while the other loses electrons and becomes positively charged. The interaction between these separated static electric charges is called electrostatics. Common examples of static electricity include attracting scraps of paper to a plastic ruler after rubbing or a balloon becoming negatively charged after rubbing it with wool.
Charge
Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of a material. It is called "static" because the charges do not move. Rubbing two materials together, like a plastic ruler and wool cloth, can transfer electrons between them, leaving one material positively charged and the other negatively charged. Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract, explaining why a negatively charged ruler may attract scraps of paper.
Electric static (part i introduction)
This document discusses static electricity and how objects become electrically charged. It describes three main ways that objects can become charged: 1) charging by friction, where electrons are transferred between two objects in contact with each other; 2) charging by conduction, where charge flows through a conducting material when it touches a charged object; and 3) charging by induction, where a charged object induces a charge in a nearby object without direct contact. The document also discusses properties of charges, insulators and conductors, electroscopes for detecting charge, lightning formation in clouds, and how a Van de Graaff generator works to produce high voltages.
Unit c electrical principals & technologies notes(static electricity)
The document discusses static electricity and electrical charge. It explains that static electricity is a build up of electrons on a surface that are not moving. Electrical charge can cause attraction or repulsion depending on whether charges are opposite or like. Electrical discharge occurs when a build up of electrons moves between objects. A larger separation of charges results in a larger electrical discharge, such as from lightning versus a small carpet shock. A Van de Graaff generator is used to demonstrate building up a static charge by rubbing a belt on a wire brush.
Static electricity ppt
Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It occurs when electrons are transferred between objects through friction, contact, or induction, leaving one object with an excess of electrons (negative charge) and the other lacking electrons (positive charge). Insulators do not allow electron flow and can more easily build up static charges, while conductors allow electron flow and cannot. Grounding neutralizes charges by allowing electrons to flow to or from the earth. Lightning is a natural discharge of built-up static electricity in clouds, traveling jaggedly through the air in search of the fastest path to ground. Lightning rods provide this path to protect buildings.
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Charging by conduction occurs when an already charged object touches another object. The electrons will move between the two objects until they have an equal charge. If a charged object touches a neutral object, both objects will have the same resultant charge. If two charged objects touch, they will both become the same charge or neutral as the electrons move between them. Grounding is the process of neutralizing a charged object by connecting it to the Earth, which acts as an infinite source or sink of electrons.
Static electricity
Static electricity is the buildup of electric charges on the surface of objects. It was discovered in 600 BC by Thales of Miletos who observed that rubbing amber with fur caused the amber to attract feathers due to static charge. Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment in the 1740s demonstrated that lightning is a form of electricity. Static charge is generated through friction, conduction, or induction. Objects can become positively or negatively charged by gaining or losing electrons. Coulomb's Law from 1785 describes the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges, directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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Electrical conductors allow electric current to flow through them, such as metals like copper and aluminum. Good electrical conductors are also generally good heat conductors. Electrical insulators do not allow electric current to flow through, such as plastics, wood, rubber and glass. A circuit tester can be used to determine if a material is a conductor or insulator by seeing if it allows a bulb in the circuit to light up when placed between the wires.
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Safety goggles are used to protect eyes from flying objects or splashes. Common lab equipment includes beakers for heating and storing liquids, test tubes for holding hot or unused samples, pipettes for precise liquid measurement, balances for measuring mass, thermometers for temperature measurement, stopwatches for timing experiments, microscopes for magnifying small objects, and burners or hot plates for heating objects. Other equipment separates mixtures, measures length or volume, and determines direction.
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Charging by conduction occurs when an already charged object touches another object. The electrons will move between the two objects until they have an equal charge. If a charged object touches a neutral object, both objects will have the same resultant charge. If two charged objects touch, they will both become the same charge or neutral as the electrons move between them. Grounding is the process of neutralizing a charged object by connecting it to the Earth, which acts as an infinite source or sink of electrons.
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Static electricity is the buildup of electric charges on the surface of objects. It was discovered in 600 BC by Thales of Miletos who observed that rubbing amber with fur caused the amber to attract feathers due to static charge. Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment in the 1740s demonstrated that lightning is a form of electricity. Static charge is generated through friction, conduction, or induction. Objects can become positively or negatively charged by gaining or losing electrons. Coulomb's Law from 1785 describes the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges, directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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1. Charge is an inherent property of matter that comes in two types: positive and negative. Protons and electrons have equal but opposite charges.
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3. There are three ways to charge an object: through friction, contact, or induction. Grounding encourages charges to flow to a neutral object like the earth. Polarization is a special form of induction where one side of an object becomes slightly more positive or negative.
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The digestive system is a long tube running through the body that breaks down food into nutrients. Food enters the mouth where teeth grind it and saliva begins breaking it down before the tongue pushes it into the esophagus for swallowing. The stomach uses strong acids to further break down food while the liver and pancreas produce juices to digest it in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed and undigested waste moves to the large intestine to leave the body through the anus.
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We will discuss how to work together as a class respectfully. The most important rule is to respect oneself and others. This means valuing yourself, following rules, and not getting into trouble. As a student who respects themselves and others, the teacher will respect you in return. Some additional class rules include: raising your hand to speak, asking permission to drink or use the bathroom, bringing all supplies to class, and doing homework to earn full marks.
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Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. There are three main states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. Examples of the different states include ice as a solid, water as a liquid, and air as a gas.
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The excretory or urinary system is responsible for producing liquid waste from the body in the form of urine. The kidneys remove waste from the blood using nephrons, which are tiny filters. The urine is then stored in the bladder and passes through the urethra when the bladder is full. The solid waste produced after eating is feces.
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The skeletal system is made of bones and provides structure, support, and protection for the body. It allows for movement and protects delicate organs. Key bones include the skull, ribs, spine, shoulders, hips, and those in the arms, legs, hands, and feet. The skeleton is lightweight yet hard. During development, bones fuse together which is why babies have more bones than adults. Muscles are attached to bones and allow for movement by contracting and relaxing.
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Static electricity is a stationary electric charge built up on the surface of materials. It is caused by electrons being transferred between two objects during friction. There are two types of charges - positive and negative. Atoms contain protons which have a positive charge and electrons which have a negative charge. The laws of electrostatics state that like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Materials that allow charge to pass through are conductors, while insulators do not. When a charged object is brought near an uncharged object, the electric field can induce charges in the uncharged object. Some applications of static electricity include electrostatic precipitators, printers, and photocopiers. Grounding neutralizes charged objects by connecting them to the earth.
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Static electricity is the buildup of electric charges on the surface of objects. It occurs through three main processes: friction, conduction, and induction. When certain materials are rubbed together, electrons are transferred, leaving one material with an excess of electrons and the other with a deficit. This separation of charges causes a static electric force. No new charges are created in this process - electrons simply move between objects. Conductors allow charge to flow easily while insulators do not, making insulators prone to charging. Grounding neutralizes charge by providing a path to earth. Lightning is a large-scale example of static discharge.
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Here are the key points about electric fields based on the document:
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- The direction of electric field lines indicates the direction of the electric force on a positive test charge placed at that point.
- The density of electric field lines indicates the strength of the electric field - more closely spaced lines means a stronger field.
- Electric field lines outside a conductor must be perpendicular to the conductor's surface because charges within a conductor redistribute such that the net electric field inside a conductor is always zero due to electrostatic equilibrium.
ฟิสิกส์ ไฟฟ้าสถิต
งานนำเสนอนี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของวิชา ฟิสิกส์ ปีการศึกษา 2559 ชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 6/4 โรงเรียนเบญมราชูทิศ จันทบุรี
The electrical nature of matter
This document discusses how electrical charges work at the atomic level. It explains that atoms are electrically neutral due to having equal numbers of protons and electrons. However, electrons can move between atoms, allowing some atoms to gain or lose electrons and become ions. Materials are classified as conductors or insulators depending on how easily their electrons can move. Electrical charges can be generated through friction, contact between materials, or induction from a nearby charged object without direct contact.
Lsitrik statis
Static electricity is an electric charge that builds up on the surface of objects. It is caused by an imbalance of electrons between two objects, usually through friction. This can cause attraction between objects. Insulators cannot easily dissipate excess electric charge, allowing them to build up static electricity. Conductors readily distribute excess electrons and cannot build up a static charge as easily. Grounding an object provides a path for excess electric charge to flow to earth and neutralize the object.
Static electricity I Source I Earthing I Static Discharge I Gaurav Singh Rajput
1. Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It can be created through friction which transfers electrons between objects.
2. Materials are made up of atoms containing protons, neutrons, and electrons. An imbalance of electrons and protons gives objects a positive or negative charge.
3. Insulators cannot easily discharge a static electric charge while conductors can. Charged objects can induce opposite charges on nearby neutral objects through electrostatic induction.
0708_static_electricity (1).ppt
Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It is caused by an imbalance of electric charges, with materials becoming positively or negatively charged through triboelectric effects. Some key points:
- Rubbing certain materials like plastic or wool can cause the transfer or loss of electrons, leaving one material positively charged and the other negatively charged.
- Insulators resist the flow of electric charges while conductors allow charges to flow easily, which is why conductors cannot build up or maintain a static electric charge.
- Induction occurs when a charged object placed near a neutral conductor causes the separation of the conductor's own charges, producing positive and negative poles.
- Grounding refers
Electric Forces
1. Electrostatic forces are caused by the attraction and repulsion of electric charges, such as when objects are rubbed together.
2. Atoms become charged when they gain or lose electrons, forming ions. The structure of the atom is such that electrons orbit a small, dense nucleus at relatively large distances.
3. Charged objects interact through electric fields and can attract or repel one another depending on whether their charges are opposite or the same. Applications of electrostatic forces include photocopiers, spray painting, and identifying atoms through spectroscopy.
P.p.t for electricity and magnetism
1) Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms contain protons with a positive charge, neutrons with no charge, and electrons with a negative charge.
2) When an object is rubbed against another, like a balloon rubbed on wool, electrons can be transferred, leaving one object with an excess of electrons and a negative charge and the other with a deficit of electrons and a positive charge.
3) Static electricity involves a buildup of electric charge that does not flow, while current electricity involves a flow of charges through a conducting pathway called a circuit that contains a power source and loads.
P.p.t for electricity and magnetism
1) Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms contain protons with a positive charge, neutrons with no charge, and electrons with a negative charge.
2) When an object is rubbed against another, like a balloon rubbed on wool, electrons can be transferred, leaving one object with an excess of electrons and a negative charge and the other with a deficit of electrons and a positive charge.
3) Static electricity involves a buildup of electric charge that does not flow, while current electricity involves a flow of charges through a conducting pathway called a circuit that contains a power source and something that uses the power, like a light bulb.
Lecture One
Static electricity occurs when materials are rubbed together, causing an excess of electric charges on their surfaces. This can result in attraction or repulsion between objects and even sparks. The triboelectric series lists materials based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons when in contact with another material. Sparks require the presence of both conductors and insulators and occur when a large enough potential difference builds up to allow a discharge of electrons across a gap.
Electrostatics -1
This document provides an overview of electrostatics and how electric charges behave. It discusses that matter is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons which can gain or lose electrons, becoming positively or negatively charged. It describes how like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are introduced based on how easily their outer electrons can move. Methods of charging objects such as friction, conduction, induction, and more are explained. An electroscope is presented as a device to detect electric charge.
FORCE (force and motion) (Teach)
Overview of force and how it is measured. Includes ideas of article charges, magnetism, simple electric motors and simple electric generators
Static electricity
1. Static electricity is caused by the transfer of electrons between two objects during friction, such as hair becoming charged after rubbing against a sweater.
2. When a duster is rubbed against polythene, electrons transfer from the duster to the polythene, leaving the duster positively charged and the polythene negatively charged.
3. Insulators like silk and polythene remain charged after friction because electrons cannot move within them, while conductors like copper allow electrons to move freely and are charged through induction.
Similar to Presentation1 What is electricity (20)
Static electricity I Source I Earthing I Static Discharge I Gaurav Singh Rajput
Static electricity I Source I Earthing I Static Discharge I Gaurav Singh Rajput
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Ch.10.acids and alkalis (3rd week)..
1) Acids and alkalis undergo a neutralization reaction where an acid reacts with an alkali to form a salt and water.
2) Common examples of neutralization include reactions between acids like hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid with alkalis like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
3) Neutralization reactions have many applications including relieving insect stings, curing indigestion, baking cakes, putting out fires, and improving poor soil quality affected by acid rain.
Thermal energy
Thermal energy is the energy of moving particles that makes up heat. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects when they are at different temperatures. Temperature measures the amount of thermal energy in an object, with higher temperatures indicating more thermal energy. Thermometers measure temperature using liquids that expand when heated, allowing the user to read the temperature in degrees. Thermal conductors easily allow the transfer of heat, like metals, while insulators do not, like plastics and wood. Common materials are identified as conductors or insulators based on their ability to transfer thermal energy.
Ch.10.acids and alkalis (2).
Robert Boyle discovered that red cabbage juice and violets could be used as acid-base indicators. Red cabbage juice turns red in acids and green in alkalis, while violets turn purple in acids and greenish-yellow in alkalis. He also found that the juice from lichen (litmus) changed color between acids and alkalis and could be used on paper strips. This led to the development of the pH scale to quantify the strength of acids and alkalis from 0-14 based on their hydrogen ion concentration. Common pH indicators like methyl orange and phenolphthalein change color over different ranges on the pH scale to indicate whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Ch.10. acids and alkalis (1).
This document discusses acids and alkalis. It notes that ancient Egyptians and Greeks observed that some substances taste sour while others feel slippery. Scientists later named sour substances "acids" and slippery substances "alkalis." Examples of acids found in nature include citric acid in oranges and lactic acid in muscles. Vinegar contains ethanoic acid. Acids can be classified as organic, produced by living things, or mineral. Common alkalis include sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and limewater. Concentrated solutions of acids and alkalis are corrosive, while dilute solutions are irritants. Alkalis are found in household cleaners and react with skin fat to produce soap-like substances.
Acids and alkalis 3
This document discusses neutralization reactions between acids and bases. It provides examples of common acids like hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acid reacting with bases like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide to form salts and water. Additional examples are given for using neutralization reactions to cure bee stings, treat indigestion, make baking powder rise in cakes, improve acidic soil for crop growth, and reduce the effects of acid rain by neutralizing it. The document also covers how neutralization can be used to clean teeth and dissolve mineral scales from kettles.
Acids and alkalis 2
Litmus is used to detect acids and alkalis. It can be used as a solution or absorbed into paper strips. Litmus solution turns red in acid and blue in alkali, while litmus paper turns red in acid and blue in alkali. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity from 0 to 14, with 0 being the strongest acid and 14 the strongest alkali. pH levels between 0-2 are strong acids, 3-6 are weak acids, 7 is neutral, 8-11 are weak alkalis, and 12-14 are strong alkalis.
Acids and alkalis 1
This document discusses acids and alkalis found in daily life. It notes that while some acids are corrosive, others like citric acid are found in foods and give them their sour taste. Examples of acids in living things include citric acid in oranges and lemons, ascorbic acid in fruits, lactic acid in muscles, and uric acid in urine. Vinegar contains ethanoic acid, also known as acetic acid, which is produced when oxygen reacts with ethanol in wine over time. Acids can be classified as organic acids produced by living things or mineral acids not produced by living things. While concentrated acids and alkalis are corrosive, dilute solutions are safer to handle.
Magnet 1
Magnets are made of iron, nickel, cobalt, or steel. To preserve a bar magnet, you should store it with another magnet pointing in the opposite direction to maintain its magnetic field. When a magnet breaks, its magnetic field also breaks into smaller magnetic fields. An electromagnet generates a magnetic field through a coil of wire when electric current passes through; placing an iron core in the coil makes the magnetic field stronger. Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt are magnetic, while materials like aluminum, copper, glass, plastic, wood, and silver are non-magnetic.
Thermal energy ppt 1
Thermal energy is the energy of moving particles that causes heat. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects when they are at different temperatures. The document discusses conductors and insulators - materials that easily allow heat to pass through them are conductors like metals and materials that do not are insulators like rubber. It provides examples of common objects and whether they are thermal conductors or insulators.
Heat story
The saucepan was being stirred by a wooden spoon while heating gravy. The hood suggested using a metal spoon instead, but the wooden spoon argued it would not catch fire unless put in the gas flame. The saucepan, with a wooden handle, and kettle, with a plastic handle, agreed their materials keep the heat from reaching what they are holding. The window explained it does not let cold in but instead keeps the heat in the kitchen from escaping, which would result in it feeling cold without this function.
forces Presentation 2
Water exerts two main forces - upthrust force and water resistance. Upthrust force causes objects to float and is felt when holding down a floating object underwater. Water resistance is felt when walking or swimming through water, as water pushes back against movement. Air resistance also impacts moving objects, slowing them down depending on size, and can be useful for parachutes which use air resistance to slow falling.
forces Presentation 1
Forces cause objects to move, change direction, or stop moving. Unbalanced forces cause motion while balanced forces do not. Friction is a type of force that opposes motion between two surfaces and causes moving objects to slow down and stop. The more mass an object has, the greater its weight due to gravity.
Rock uses
This document discusses the uses of four different types of rocks: slate, granite, chalk, and marble. Slate is used for roofing tiles and billiard tables because it is hard, impermeable, and slips easily into thin sheets. Granite is used for steps, roads, buildings, and schools because it is hard and impermeable and doesn't wear away easily. Chalk is used for writing on blackboards because it is formed from sea creatures and wears away easily. Marble is used for floor and wall tiles and statues because it has attractive texture and color and can be cut and polished.
Types of soil
Soils are mixtures of bits of rocks, dead plants and animals, air and water that support plant growth. Different soil types like sand, silt and clay are distinguished by the size of their particles and how much air and water they hold. Sand drains easily while clay drains poorly, meaning different soil types support different plants.
Light energy
1. Light is a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum and can travel through a vacuum without a medium, unlike sound waves.
2. Light travels in transverse waves and when it hits objects can be absorbed, reflected, or pass through.
3. The major natural light source is the sun, while other sources can be natural or man-made. Objects like the moon and water reflect rather than generate light.
Types of soil
Soils are mixtures of bits of rocks, dead plants and animals, air and water that support plant growth. Different soil types contain particles of different sizes that impact drainage and which plants can grow best. Sand soil has large particles and drains easily while clay soil has tiny particles, few air gaps, and does not drain easily.
Minerals and rocks
The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and hardens. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are changed by heat, pressure, and chemical reactions deep underground. The rock cycle shows how the three rock types are interrelated as one rock type transforms into another over time.
Ch.11.less.1.how are forces and motion related?
1) The document discusses different types of motion including up and down, straight line, round and round, zigzag, and back and forth motion. It also discusses distance, direction, forces, and types of forces including balanced and unbalanced forces.
2) Forces can make something move, change an object's direction or speed, or change an object's shape. Examples of forces include gravity, friction, and air resistance.
3) Balanced forces do not change an object's motion, while unbalanced forces can make an object start or stop moving or change directions.
Light gb
Light comes primarily from the sun. It can also come from other natural sources like the moon or man-made sources like lamps. The moon and mirrors do not produce their own light but reflect light from other sources.
Light travels in straight lines and can pass through transparent materials, pass through translucent materials partially, or be blocked by opaque materials. The way light interacts with objects determines whether they appear colored or form shadows. Reflection and refraction explain how light bends when moving between different materials like air and water.
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The document discusses key properties of sound including that it is a type of energy that moves through matter as longitudinal waves of vibrations called sound waves. It moves through three parts of the ear - outer, middle, and inner - and can be reflected as echoes. The pitch and frequency of sounds are related, though pitch is how our ears perceive it, and volume refers to the density of compressions and rarefactions in the air. Materials like wall padding and foam can absorb sound waves to reduce echoes and noise.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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Presentation1 What is electricity
- 2. Matter ismadeup of particlescalled atoms
- 3. • Inside the atom are even tinier particles. • Some of them have positive electrical charge (+) • Others have a negative electrical charge (-)
- 4. The (+) and (-) charges are like the north pole and south pole of a magnet. North pole and north pole = repel South pole and south pole = repel Like poles repel ( go away ) from each other.
- 5. The (+) and (-) charges are like the north pole and south pole of a magnet. North pole and south pole = attract Opposite poles ( attract ) pull each other.
- 6. ( + ) and ( + ) = repel ( - ) and ( - ) = repel ( + ) and ( - ) = attract ( - ) and ( + ) = attract
- 7. Count the number of (+) and (-) charges in an atom.
- 8. Most matter has the same number of (+) and (-) charges. This means that the atom is neutral
- 9. Which charge do you think it moves easily out of the atom? (-) charge moves easily out of the atom.
- 10. When does the (-) charge leaves the atom? When two objects touch, negative electric charge can move from one object to another.
- 11. Rub a balloon with wool cloth. What do you think? The cloth or the balloon (-) charges moves more easily than the other?
- 12. Rub a balloon with wool cloth. The balloon is buildup of (-) charges. the wool is buildup of (+) charges
- 13. Has more of one kind of charge than the other.
- 14. Static electricity The buildup of electrical charges on an object.
- 15. What happens when you hold the negatively charged balloon near a wall? The (-) charge of the balloon repels the (-) charge of the wall and attracts the (+) charge of the wall. This pull makes the balloon stick to the wall.
- 18. How have you experienced static electricity? 1-When we walk across a carpet, negative charges from the carpet goes onto you. 2-Your body is now buildup of negative charges.
- 19. The negative charges are kept on our body until we touch something and then : How have you experienced static electricity?
- 20. The movement of the charges is called discharge. The shock that you feel is the fast movement of negative charges from your body to another object. How have you experienced static electricity?
- 21. Not all discharge of static electricity result in small shocks….. lightning
- 22. Lightning is a discharge of static electricity during a storm.
- 23. Storm cloud Ice and water droplets rub against each other
- 24. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Storm cloud Those who got the negative charges moves to the bottom of the cloud + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- 25. If the build up of negative charges gets large enough, the charges jump to the ground as lightning
- 26. Experiments • Rub a balloon with your hair and stick it to the wall. • Rub a ruler with your hair and stick it to a paper. How have you experienced static electricity?