This document discusses neutralization reactions between acids and bases. It provides examples of common acids like hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acid reacting with bases like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide to form salts and water. Additional examples are given for using neutralization reactions to cure bee stings, treat indigestion, make baking powder rise in cakes, improve acidic soil for crop growth, and reduce the effects of acid rain by neutralizing it. The document also covers how neutralization can be used to clean teeth and dissolve mineral scales from kettles.

1. Acids and Alkalis

2. Neutralisation
- When an acid reacts with an alkali
Neutralisation process occurs

3. - Neutralisation reaction equation:
Acid + alkali salt + water
Some examples of neutralisation processes:
Hydrochloric
acid
Sodium
Hydroxide
Water
Sodium
Chloride
+ +
Sulphuric
acid
+
Potassium
Hydroxide
Potassium
sulphate
+ Water

4. Nitric acid
Sodium
Hydroxide
Water
Sodium
Nitrate
+ +

5. H.W 122 Q 10

6. H.W 123 Q 1,2

8. C.W 112

9. C.W 112

10. - Sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) is a white solid.
- It is not an alkali, but, when dissolved in water it produces an
alkaline solution.
Sodium
hydrogen
carbonate
Hydrochloric
acid
Water
Sodium
Chloride
+ ++
Carbon
dioxide

11. Calcium
carbonate
Hydrochloric
acid
Water
Calcium
Chloride
+ ++ Carbon
dioxide

12. H.W 113,116,118

13. H.W 113,116,118

14. H.W 113,116,118, 119

15. C.W 114,115

16. C.W 114,115

17. C.W 114,115

18. C.W 114,115

19. Using Neutralisation reactions
- Insect stings
- Bee sting (acidic)
- Wasp sting (alkaline)
Neutralised by Soap (alkali)
Neutralised by
Vinegar (weak acid)
Bee Wasp

20. - Curing indigestion
- Indigestion is caused by the stomach making too much
acid to digest food.
- Indigestion tablets contain sodium bicarbonate which
dissolves to form an alkaline solution.
- This alkaline solution neutralises the stomach acid and
cures indigestion.

21. - Baking a cake
- Baking powder contains a mixture of an acid and sodium
bicarbonate.
- When baking powder is mixed with water and flour to
make a cake
- The CO₂ forms bubbles in the mixture making it rise and giving it
the light texture.
Sodium
bicarbonate
solution
acid Water+ +Carbon
dioxide

22. C.W Q 8 page 120
Q 9 page 122
H.W page 102,103
page 117

23. - Improving crop growth
- Acidity in the soil affects crops
and make it produce less food.
- Lime (calcium hydroxide) is used
to neutralise acidity in soil.
Fields appearing white
after application of lime

24. Acid rain
- Natural acid rain
- CO₂ in the air dissolves in the water in
clouds forming Carbonic acid (weak acid)
- When this weak acid falls on
limestone a reaction occurs and some
of the limestone is washed away.
Cracks called grikes appear

25. Air pollution and acid rain
- Fuels such as coals and oil contain sulphur.
- When the fuel is burnt it reacts with the
oxygen in the air to form sulphur dioxide.
- The sulphur dioxide reacts with the oxygen and
water in the air to form sulphuric acid.
- Factories and cars also produce nitrogen oxides
which produces nitric acid.

26. Uses of neutralization to solve a problem
- Cleaning teeth
- Most mouth have acid in them, as a result from some
food
- The toothpaste contains mild base ( calcium
carbonate, sodium bicarbonate )
- Which will neutralize some of the acid to prevent
decay

27. Dissolving scales from kettles
- Scales is made of minerals which
is left behind during evaporation
of water.
- Scales are base, to remove them
we need acid to be added such as
vinegar

28. C.W page 124, 125
H.W page 104, 105