Lecture 7 excretion and osmoregulation
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This document discusses excretion and osmoregulation. It describes how animals maintain homeostasis through excretion of metabolic wastes and regulation of salt and water concentrations. Various excretory organs are described across different phyla, including contractile vacuoles in protozoa, protonephridia in flatworms, metanephridia in annelids and molluscs, antennal glands in crustaceans, Malpighian tubules in insects, and kidneys in vertebrates. The nephron is described as the basic functional unit of the vertebrate kidney. Physiological processes in urine formation and regulation of excretion through hormones like ADH, renin-angiot
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Osmoregulation and excretion
This document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It explains that osmoregulation balances water and solute levels to maintain homeostasis despite environmental challenges. Marine animals risk dehydration while freshwater animals risk dilution. The kidneys play a key role in excretion by filtering blood to form urine and reabsorbing useful substances while secreting waste and excess ions. For example, marine fish drink seawater and produce dilute urine while freshwater fish produce dilute urine and absorb ions through their gills. The kidneys of desert animals like kangaroo rats are highly efficient at conserving water.
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This document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It describes how different organisms produce nitrogenous waste and regulate water and solute levels. The mammalian kidney is highlighted, with nephrons filtering blood to form urine via selective reabsorption and secretion. Key parts of the nephron work together to concentrate urine by actively transporting water and solutes like urea and NaCl. Hormones like ADH and aldosterone help the kidney regulate water and salt levels in response to osmolarity and blood pressure changes. The functions of the kidney are vital for homeostasis and common disorders like kidney stones and infections are also outlined.
Excretion and osmoregulation
The kidneys and associated structures work together to excrete waste from the body and regulate water and electrolyte balance.
The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, removing wastes like urea and regulating salts. Complex tubular structures reabsorb useful substances like water, glucose and electrolytes. Additional regulation occurs in structures like the loop of Henle and collecting ducts.
Water reabsorption is controlled by antidiuretic hormone, maintaining fluid balance. The kidneys also regulate electrolyte concentrations and acid-base balance through selective reabsorption and tubular secretion. Together this excretory and regulatory system works to maintain homeostasis.
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This document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in fish. It explains that fish must regulate their internal concentrations of water and solutes to match their external environment. This is achieved through osmoregulation, which regulates water and solute balance, and excretion, which removes nitrogenous waste. The kidneys and gills are key organs that help freshwater and marine fish maintain homeostasis through selective reabsorption and secretion of ions and production of dilute or concentrated urine depending on the external salinity. Euryhaline fish like salmon can switch between drinking sea water and producing dilute urine depending on whether they are in freshwater or saltwater.
Presentation 12 - Osmoregulation And Excretion
This document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in living systems. It describes how animals balance water and solute levels and how they produce and dispose of nitrogenous waste. The mammalian kidney is highlighted as an example of an excretory organ that filters blood, reabsorbs necessary solutes, and excretes waste through nephrons and associated vessels. Hormones and the nervous system help regulate kidney function to maintain homeostasis.
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Osmoregulation and excretion
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The basic fundamental plan of the aortic arches is similar in different vertebrates during embryonic stages.
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The embryonic aortic arches were basically six pairs.
But with progressive evolution , there has been consequent reduction in numbers of aortic arches.
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Protozoa are the oldest and simplest known form of animal life. They are single-celled organisms that live in water or damp areas. They ingest food through cellular absorption and reproduce through fission. Protozoa are classified into five phyla - Sporozoa, Ciliophora, Rhizopoda, Zoomastigophora - based on characteristics like presence of spores, cilia, pseudopodia, or flagella. Sporozoa includes organisms like Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. Ciliophora use cilia for movement. Rhizopoda use lobose pseudopodia to prey on other organisms. Zoomastigophora have flagella and
Protozoa
This document provides an overview of protozoa by discussing their characteristics, types of reproduction, symbiotic relationships, taxonomy, and key examples. It notes that protozoa are unicellular, often rely on other organisms, and reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding and sexually. Symbiosis can involve parasitism, commensalism, or mutualism. The document then describes the major protozoan phyla - Sarcomastigophora, Apicomplexa, and Ciliophora - and examples within each, focusing on locomotion, structure, life cycles, and genetic control and reproduction.
Mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including:
- Passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis which do not require energy.
- Active transport mechanisms like primary and secondary active transport which move substances against their concentration gradient using cellular energy.
- Bulk transport mechanisms like filtration and vesicular transport which move larger particles and fluids across membranes.
Osmosis, diffusion, active transport
The cherries lose their fleshy juicy texture because water moves out of the cherry cells into the hypertonic sugar solution by osmosis, causing the cherry cells to shrink and become plasmolysed.
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The kidneys are essential excretory organs that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys contain over 1 million tiny filtering units called nephrons. Blood enters nephrons via the glomerulus and is filtered, then most water and nutrients are reabsorbed. The loop of Henle and countercurrent mechanism allow concentration of urine. Hormones regulate water and electrolyte balance. The kidneys maintain acid-base balance and blood pressure while filtering wastes and drugs for excretion. Kidney disorders occur if filtration, reabsorption or other functions are disrupted.
Avian excretory system
1 . EXCRETION
Waste product removal e.g. nitrogenous – uric acid (mammals urea , fish ammonia)
Kidneys – secrete uric acid (product of protein metabolism)
Gastro-intestinal tract secretions e.g. bile
No sweat glands
Salt glands (water birds)
Water loss – lungs
2. URINARY SYSTEM
• Major organs are the kidneys, the ureter and the cloaca.
• No urinary bladder in bird.
3 . ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY
Avian kidneys are paired fitted closely the bony depression on the dorsal wall of the pelvis . Each kidney is divided into three lobes.
4 .
5 . NEPHRON
Two kinds of nephrons.
1. Reptilian nephron
2. Mammalian nephron
• 6 .
• 7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AVIAN AND MAMMALIAN KIDNEY
8. RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM
Uric acid is formed in the liver as well as the kidneys of the birds from ammonia, which is the most toxic protein metabolic by product .
9. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
Fluid pressure forces water and dissolved substances from glomerular blood to Bowman’s capsule .
Filtration averages 125 ml/min form two kidneys.
10 . TUBULAR REABSORPTION
Return of the useful substances from the filtrate to the blood capillaries or interstitial fluid.
11 . COUNTER CURRENT MECHANISM
This mechanism works in the loop of henle to increase water reabsorbed from the descending limb as a result of salt reabsorbed from the ascending limb .
12 . POST RENAL URINE MODIFICATION
After the presentation of urine to cloaca their might be retrograde flow or backward flow of urine into the colon.
In the colon reabsorption of excessive amount of water as well as sodium ion takes place.
13 . HORMONES RESPONSIBLE FOR URINE FORMATION
Arginine vasotocin ,Angiotensin ׀׀ ,Aldosterone ,ANP (arterial natriuretic peptide)
Aldosterone is responsible for the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the filtrate.
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Marine bony fish maintain osmotic balance by drinking seawater and excreting salts to counteract water loss, while freshwater fish excrete large volumes of dilute urine and absorb salts through their gills. The kidneys play a key role in osmoregulation and excretion for humans and other animals by filtering waste from the blood into urine via nephrons, and reabsorbing useful solutes while regulating water and electrolyte levels through hormones like ADH and aldosterone.
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The document summarizes excretion in animals and humans. It discusses the major nitrogenous wastes excreted, such as ammonia, urea, and uric acid. It describes the key excretory organs in different animal groups, including kidneys, nephridia, malpighian tubules, and green glands. For humans, it outlines the structure and function of nephrons, collecting ducts, and other components of the urinary system in removing wastes and regulating water and electrolyte balance. Key processes like glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and the countercurrent mechanism are also explained.
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The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to produce urine, regulating electrolytes and clearing waste. Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood in the glomeruli and reabsorb needed substances through the tubules. Urine is stored in the bladder and emptied via the urethra under control of sphincter muscles. The lecture discusses the anatomy and physiology of each component and their roles in homeostasis, acid-base balance, and excretion.
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1. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate water and electrolyte levels.
2. The nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys that filter blood and produce urine.
3. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder for temporary storage and then exits through the urethra.
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3. The nephron as the functional unit of the kidney, describing its role in filtration, reabsorption, secretion and other processes.
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The urinary system functions to eliminate waste from the body through urine and regulate water balance, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. The major organs are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional units that form urine. Urine is formed through a three step process - filtration in the glomerulus, reabsorption of water and nutrients by the renal tubule, and secretion of wastes not reabsorbed.
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The urinary system functions to create, store, and eliminate urine. The kidneys filter the blood and selectively reabsorb necessary materials while secreting waste to be excreted in urine. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters and is then stored in the bladder before being expelled through the urethra. The main components of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, with nephrons acting as the functional units of the kidneys that filter the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
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Lecture 7 excretion and osmoregulation
- 1. Lecture 7. Excretion and Osmoregulation • maintenance of the volume and composition of extracellular fluid • removes metabolic wastes from the bloodstream
- 2. Osmoregulation • maintenance of proper internal salt and water concentrations in a cell or in the body of a living organism • active regulation of internal osmotic pressure
- 3. Fig. 30.2
- 4. Fig. 30.3
- 7. • anhydrobiosis, dormant state when habitats dry up – tardigrades or water bears
- 10. Excretory Organelle Contractile vacuole • Tiny, spherical, intracellular vacuole found in protozoa • Expels excess water gained by osmosis
- 12. Excretory Organs Protonephridia • branching network of dead-end tubules • found in flatworms, rotifers, some annelids, larval mollusks, and lancelets • closed system
- 13. Excretory Organs Metanephridia • Found in annelids, molluscs, and other phyla • Made of tubules that are open at both ends • Surrounded by a network of blood vessels that assists in reclamation of water and valuable materials such as salts, sugars and amino acids
- 15. Excretory Organs Antennal gland • Found in crustaceans
- 16. Excretory Organs Malpighian tubules • Found in insects
- 18. Fig. 30.9a
- 19. Fig. 30.9b
- 21. Nephron • Basic functional unit of the excretory organ in vertebrates
- 23. Physiological Processes in the Formation of Urine
- 28. Low homeostatis Antidiuretic hormone (promotes water conservation in liver) (blood protein) (from liver) juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
- 29. • atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), hormone that opposes the RAAS – released by the walls of the atria in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure – inhibits the release of renin from the JGA – inhibits NaCl reabsorption by the collecting ducts – reduces aldosterone release from the adrenal glands – these actions lower blood pressure and volume