33 Lecture Ppt
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The document summarizes key concepts about osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It discusses how different animals, such as fish, terrestrial vertebrates, and invertebrates, regulate water and salt balance and excrete waste through various organs like kidneys, gills, and nephridia. In humans, the kidneys play an important role in homeostasis by excreting urea and maintaining water-salt balance and acid-base balance. The kidneys work with other systems like the lungs, skin, and hormones to precisely control fluid and electrolyte levels in the blood.
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1. Animals are either osmoregulators, which maintain constant internal solute concentrations even in varying external environments, or osmoconformers, which match internal solute concentrations to their surroundings.
2. Insects and arthropods use Malpighian tubules to remove nitrogenous waste from hemolymph and balance water and solute concentrations, while vertebrates use kidneys which filter blood and remove wastes through specialized tubules.
3. The kidney facilitates ultrafiltration through the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, then the nephron selectively reabsorbs useful substances and balances water through structures like the loop of Henle and collecting duct under hormonal control.
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Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism where heat or chemicals are transferred between two flowing bodies moving in opposite directions, allowing for a maximum transfer. In the kidney, the countercurrent multiplier involves the reabsorption of sodium chloride along the Loop of Henle which adds to new sodium chloride, concentrating it in the medullary interstitium. Countercurrent exchange also occurs in the U-shaped vasa recta capillaries of the kidney, which helps concentrate solutes in the renal medulla through diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid flowing in opposite directions.
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1. Animals are either osmoregulators, which maintain constant internal solute concentrations even in varying external environments, or osmoconformers, which match internal solute concentrations to their surroundings.
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The kidneys and associated structures work together to excrete waste from the body and regulate water and electrolyte balance.
The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, removing wastes like urea and regulating salts. Complex tubular structures reabsorb useful substances like water, glucose and electrolytes. Additional regulation occurs in structures like the loop of Henle and collecting ducts.
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This document summarizes key concepts related to osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It discusses how animals regulate solute concentrations and water balance through osmoregulation and remove nitrogenous waste through excretion. Specific topics covered include osmosis, osmoconformers vs osmoregulators, adaptations in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial animals, countercurrent exchange, transport epithelia, nitrogenous waste, and excretory structures like nephrons.
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This document provides a summary of the circulatory system and cardiovascular system in animals. It discusses how circulatory systems transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste; the differences between open and closed circulatory systems; the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels; blood pressure; blood types; and capillary exchange. Key points include that circulatory systems transport materials to and from cells, vertebrates have closed circulatory systems, the heart pumps blood in two circuits (pulmonary and systemic), and matching blood types is important for blood transfusions.
Nervous system of the frog (1)
Nahanap ko sa net. Baka makatulong sa expt 12 haha :D
*All rights reserved sa kung sino man gumawa nito haha :P
Biology introduction
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biology, including the characteristics of life, levels of biological organization, scientific classification, and the scientific method. It discusses that all living things share characteristics like organization, metabolism, growth, response to stimuli, reproduction, and homeostasis. It also summarizes the hierarchical classification system used in biology and outlines the domains, kingdoms, and scientific naming conventions. Finally, it briefly introduces concepts like ecosystems, biodiversity, and the process of scientific inquiry.
44 excretion text
The document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It describes how different animals regulate water balance and eliminate nitrogenous wastes depending on their environment. The key physiological mechanisms involved are filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion via specialized tubular systems that vary between species but are generally based on transport epithelia and tubules.
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Chap 19 aice excretion
The document discusses homeostasis and osmoregulation in animals. It explains that animals must maintain fairly narrow concentrations of water and solutes. It then describes different mechanisms that aquatic, desert, and marine animals use for osmoregulation. These include adaptations for water uptake, conservation of solutes, and regulation of water and solute balance between internal fluids and the external environment. The document also discusses the roles of the kidneys, nephrons, and associated structures in vertebrate osmoregulation and excretion.
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2 excretion osmoregulation rev
The document discusses animal excretion and osmoregulation. It describes how animals eliminate nitrogenous waste through excretion systems and regulate water and ion concentrations through osmoregulation. The key points are:
1) Excretion involves removing nitrogenous wastes from the body through systems like the kidneys, which filter blood to produce urine for waste elimination.
2) Osmoregulation maintains water and ion balances in body fluids through mechanisms like selective reabsorption and secretion.
3) Aquatic animals like fish use specialized gills and kidney functions to regulate salt and water levels to match their environments.
Urinary system (1).ppt
The urinary system filters wastes from the blood and regulates fluid balance. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood to form urine. Urine passes from nephrons to the bladder through ureters for storage and eventual elimination. Key functions of the kidneys include filtering wastes, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, and producing hormones. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, and concentration in the collecting duct.
Excretion Topic 11.3
The document summarizes key aspects of excretion and the kidney's role in excretion and maintaining water balance. It describes the three main processes involved - ultrafiltration in the malpighian body, selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, and urine formation in the loop of henle and collecting duct. It also outlines the structures of the nephron and kidney, and how different regions work together to filter and regulate blood content.
Urinary
The document provides an overview of the urinary system, including the anatomy and functions of the kidneys and other components. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and reabsorbs water and nutrients while secreting wastes. Urine is stored in the bladder and eliminated through the urethra under voluntary control.
Excretory Products and their Elimination
Excretory Products and their Elimination Class XI Biology Chapter 19.
Based on NCERT Class XI Biology Text book content.
Includes flowcharts and illustrations.
11.3 the kidney
The kidney removes waste from the body through excretion. It contains a cortex and medulla, and is made up of functional units called nephrons. Nephrons contain a glomerulus for ultrafiltration of blood and a tubule for reabsorption of needed substances like water and glucose before urine is formed. The kidney regulates water balance through processes like reabsorption and the hormone ADH to concentrate or dilute urine as needed.
Urinary system anatomy ppt
The document provides an overview of the urinary system, including its anatomy and functions. Some key points:
- The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. Each kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood into urine.
- The nephron is made up of blood vessels and tubules that work together to filter blood, reabsorb useful molecules, and secrete waste molecules into urine.
- Urine is formed in four steps - glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and concentration by the collecting duct. Nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed except for waste products.
- Hormones
Urogenital system
The document provides an overview of the male urinary system and its functions. It describes:
- The functions of the urinary system include excretion of waste, regulation of blood volume and pH, and conserving nutrients.
- The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, while the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are involved in storage and elimination of urine.
- Urine production involves balancing water and electrolyte levels in the blood through selective reabsorption and secretion processes along the nephron.
Avian excretory system
1 . EXCRETION
Waste product removal e.g. nitrogenous – uric acid (mammals urea , fish ammonia)
Kidneys – secrete uric acid (product of protein metabolism)
Gastro-intestinal tract secretions e.g. bile
No sweat glands
Salt glands (water birds)
Water loss – lungs
2. URINARY SYSTEM
• Major organs are the kidneys, the ureter and the cloaca.
• No urinary bladder in bird.
3 . ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY
Avian kidneys are paired fitted closely the bony depression on the dorsal wall of the pelvis . Each kidney is divided into three lobes.
4 .
5 . NEPHRON
Two kinds of nephrons.
1. Reptilian nephron
2. Mammalian nephron
• 6 .
• 7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AVIAN AND MAMMALIAN KIDNEY
8. RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM
Uric acid is formed in the liver as well as the kidneys of the birds from ammonia, which is the most toxic protein metabolic by product .
9. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
Fluid pressure forces water and dissolved substances from glomerular blood to Bowman’s capsule .
Filtration averages 125 ml/min form two kidneys.
10 . TUBULAR REABSORPTION
Return of the useful substances from the filtrate to the blood capillaries or interstitial fluid.
11 . COUNTER CURRENT MECHANISM
This mechanism works in the loop of henle to increase water reabsorbed from the descending limb as a result of salt reabsorbed from the ascending limb .
12 . POST RENAL URINE MODIFICATION
After the presentation of urine to cloaca their might be retrograde flow or backward flow of urine into the colon.
In the colon reabsorption of excessive amount of water as well as sodium ion takes place.
13 . HORMONES RESPONSIBLE FOR URINE FORMATION
Arginine vasotocin ,Angiotensin ׀׀ ,Aldosterone ,ANP (arterial natriuretic peptide)
Aldosterone is responsible for the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the filtrate.
Unit 2 excretion and osmoregulation
Marine bony fish maintain osmotic balance by drinking seawater and excreting salts to counteract water loss, while freshwater fish excrete large volumes of dilute urine and absorb salts through their gills. The kidneys play a key role in osmoregulation and excretion for humans and other animals by filtering waste from the blood into urine via nephrons, and reabsorbing useful solutes while regulating water and electrolyte levels through hormones like ADH and aldosterone.
Kidney.pptx
The renal system functions to filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance. It contains two kidneys each composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The functional unit is the nephron, which filters blood in the glomerulus and reabsorbs nutrients in the proximal tubule. As fluid moves through the loop of Henlé and collecting duct, the countercurrent multiplier mechanism and ADH hormone regulate water reabsorption to produce a concentrated urine.
10 +chapter+10+-+excretion
Thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and excretion help maintain homeostasis in animals. Thermoregulation uses mechanisms like insulation, vasodilation, sweating and shivering to regulate body temperature. Osmoregulation controls water and solute levels through processes like filtration and reabsorption. Excretion eliminates nitrogenous wastes through the kidneys, which filter blood to form urine, and reabsorb useful solutes and secrete wastes. Plants also regulate gases, water and solutes through transpiration and structures like stomata.
Urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the urinary bladder, where it is stored until urination. The urethra then carries urine from the bladder out of the body. The kidneys contain nephrons, which filter the blood, reabsorb useful substances, and secrete waste products to form urine and maintain homeostasis.
Urinary
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The urine passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage and then exits the body through the urethra. Key functions of the kidneys include filtering blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and reabsorbs necessary molecules while secreting wastes into urine.
11.3 kidney
The document summarizes key aspects of kidney function and structure. It defines excretion as the removal of waste from the body, like nitrogenous wastes from protein digestion. The kidney filters blood and reabsorbs necessary substances while excreting waste in urine. The kidney contains nephrons which filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb most water and nutrients back into blood along various portions of the nephron tubules. The loop of Henle and collecting duct help concentrate urine by establishing salt gradients. Urine composition differs from the original glomerular filtrate due to selective reabsorption of useful substances in the kidney.
Osmoregulation and-excretion
This document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It describes how different organisms produce nitrogenous waste and regulate water and solute levels. The mammalian kidney is highlighted, with nephrons filtering blood to form urine via selective reabsorption and secretion. Key parts of the nephron work together to concentrate urine by actively transporting water and solutes like urea and NaCl. Hormones like ADH and aldosterone help the kidney regulate water and salt levels in response to osmolarity and blood pressure changes. The functions of the kidney are vital for homeostasis and common disorders like kidney stones and infections are also outlined.
Excretory kidney
The document summarizes the structure and function of the mammalian kidney and nephron. The kidney contains thousands of nephrons which filter blood to produce urine. Each nephron includes a glomerulus for blood filtration and a tubule for reabsorption and secretion. Hormones like antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone regulate water and electrolyte balance by controlling reabsorption in different parts of the nephron.
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Section 3 - Chemistry
The document outlines various facts about chemistry and biology. It discusses that all living things must adapt, get energy, reproduce and be made of cells. It also explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons and that protons and neutrons are in the nucleus while electrons orbit. Additionally, it notes the three types of bonds - hydrogen, ionic and covalent - and provides facts about water chemistry including its chemical formula and polarity.
Section 2 - Scientific Method
The document provides information on scientific equipment, measurement units, the scientific method, experimental design, and graphing. It defines common lab tools like graduated cylinders, pipettes, and microscopes. It explains units of measurement for mass, length, and temperature. It describes the key parts of the scientific method and experimental design, including the importance of controls, placebos, independent and dependent variables. It also gives brief descriptions of line graphs, bar graphs and pie charts.
Section 8 - Cell Reproduction
The document summarizes key facts about cellular reproduction and the cell cycle. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (M phase including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase). During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. Mitosis divides the cell into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and reduces chromosome number by half to produce haploid cells. Fertilization fuses gametes to form a diploid zygote and restart the cell cycle.
Section 9 - Genetics
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who conducted early experiments with pea plants that formed the basis of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) and that some traits are dominant over others. He developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment to describe inheritance patterns. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and he is considered the father of genetics.
Section 7 - Cell Energy
Cellular energy is stored in ATP, which is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain on mitochondrial membranes. Without oxygen, some cells perform anaerobic respiration through lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are essentially reverse processes.
Section 4 - Biochemistry
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Section 1 - Tools of Science and Lab Safety
A graduated cylinder is used to accurately measure volume, with the meniscus read from the center of the curve at the liquid's surface. Other common measurement tools include pipettes, burettes, and syringes, while test tubes, beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are used to store liquids rather than measure. Standard units of measurement include grams for mass measured using a triple beam balance, meters for length typically using a meter stick, and degrees Celsius for temperature referring to molecular motion speed.
Human Evolution
The document summarizes the Hall of Human Origins exhibit at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural Science, listing several early human species from Australopithecus afarensis to modern Homo sapiens. It provides web addresses for more information on the museum exhibit and external resources about human evolution from PBS, NOVA, and the National Science Teachers Association.
Professional Portfolio
Wesley McCammon is an experienced science teacher who has received several awards and accolades. He has achieved a 100% passing rate on the Biology I test for 7 years with only one failure. His students' scores consistently rank in the top three in the school district. He emphasizes hands-on labs, technology, and real-world problems in his science curriculum. McCammon has experience using various online tools and platforms in his teaching.
Section7
Cellular energy is stored in ATP, which is made of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP breaks down into ADP and phosphate, releasing energy. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain on mitochondrial membranes. Without oxygen, some cells perform anaerobic respiration through lactic acid fermentation in muscles or alcoholic fermentation in yeast. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Section6
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to enter and leave the cell. The phospholipid molecules that make up the cell membrane have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. There are two types of cellular transport: passive transport, which moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy, and active transport, which moves substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy. The three types of passive transport are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, while active transport includes exocytosis, endocytosis, and various pumps.
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This document outlines 64 facts about cellular structure and function, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It notes that prokaryotic cells lack nuclei while eukaryotic cells have nuclei that contain DNA and control the cell's activities. It describes the structures and functions of organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell membrane. It also distinguishes characteristics of plant and animal cells and defines the four basic tissue types, examples of organs, and the 11 human body systems.
Section10
DNA controls the production of proteins in cells and contains the genetic instructions passed down from parents. It is made up of nucleotides that form the shape of a twisted ladder. In 1953, Watson and Crick determined that DNA has a double helix structure. Three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - help in the process of protein synthesis by transcribing DNA and transporting amino acids. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is read in groups of three to determine which amino acid each codon codes for.
Section9
1. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who performed experiments with garden peas and established the basic principles of genetics through his work.
2. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring according to dominant and recessive alleles, and predicted inheritance patterns through experiments and statistical analysis.
3. Key terms and concepts that emerged from Mendel's work include genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, dominance, segregation, independent assortment, and his laws of inheritance. Mendel's findings formed the foundation of classical and modern genetics.
Section14
1) Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing evidence during his voyage on the HMS Beagle and being influenced by Thomas Malthus' ideas about population growth.
2) Darwin proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of heritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in their environments.
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Section13
The document provides 232 factoids about the different kingdoms, phyla, classes and examples of organisms within the Animal Kingdom. It describes the key characteristics of sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, and the seven classes within the Chordata phylum. The factoids cover distinguishing features of hagfish, lampreys, sharks, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and the three subclasses of mammals.
Section12
The document discusses the Plant Kingdom and provides facts about different plant divisions. It covers the problems plants face living on land, characteristics of bryophytes, alternation of generations in seedless vascular plants, characteristics of ferns and seed plants, facts about conifers and flowering plants, and characteristics distinguishing monocots from dicots. It also identifies xylem and phloem as the two types of vascular tissue found in plants.
Section11
This document provides 200 facts about taxonomy and the classification of organisms. It discusses the 7 levels of biological classification from kingdom to species. Scientific names use binomial nomenclature, consisting of the genus and species names. Viruses are not considered living organisms and are not classified within the traditional biological taxonomy. The four main kingdoms are Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, and Fungi. Each kingdom has distinguishing characteristics.
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The document summarizes several biogeochemical cycles including the water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles. It also discusses ecological succession, population growth, human impacts on ecosystems such as algal blooms, biological magnification, and global warming. Key elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are recycled through these natural processes.
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33 Lecture Ppt
- 1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 33 Osmoregulation and Excretion
- 2. Metabolic Waste Products Have Different Advantages 33-
- 4. Figure 33.1 Excretion of –NH 2 33-
- 6. Figure 33.2 Excretory organs in invertebrates 33-
- 7. Osmoregulation Varies According to the Environment 33-
- 9. Figure 33.3A The blood sharks is isotonic to sea water 33-
- 10. Figure 33.3B Osmoregulation in marine bony fishes 33-
- 11. Figure 33.3C Osmoregulation in freshwater bony fishes 33-
- 13. Figure 33.4A Adaptations of a kangaroo rat to minimize water loss 33-
- 14. Figure 33.4B Marine birds and reptiles are apt to have salt glands to pump excess salt 33-
- 15. The Kidney Is an Organ of Homeostasis 33-
- 17. Figure 33.5 The mammalian urinary system 33-
- 19. Figure 33.6A Macroscopic ( left ) and microscopic anatomy of the kidney 33-
- 21. Figure 33.6B Nephron anatomy 33-
- 23. Figure 33.7 The process of urine formation 33-
- 26. Figure 33.9A Regulation of water-salt balance in mammals 33-
- 28. Figure 33.9B The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 33-
- 30. Figure 33.10 Excretion of these ions regulates pH 33-
- 32. Figure 33.11 An artificial kidney machine 33-