1. GIS can be used for data management efficiency through DBMS which allows storage, retrieval, and access of large amounts of spatial data. 2. Military applications include analyzing terrain for combat through GIS and remote sensing to collect spatial data to support effective decision making. 3. Other applications include mapping health facilities and diseases, tracking wildlife populations, disaster management in telecommunications, crime analysis, agriculture and mining resource planning, and property valuation for taxation. 4. Limitations include lack of awareness of GIS potential, effort to digitize analog data, technical capacity to interpret spatial data, and challenges representing 3D and 4D environmental data sets.

1. FUTURE TRENDS IN GIS TO SOLVE
PROBLEMS FOR DATA MANAGEMENT
EFFICIENCY

2. DBMS
Data Base Management System (DBMS) is basically a program that is designed
to store and manage large amounts of data and provides controlled access to
the database to the users.
-Allow storage, retrieval and selection of data
-Standardize access to data
-Provide interface between database and application program based on logical
data description
-Allow several users to access the data simultaneously
-Protect the database from indiscriminate and illegal changes
-Provide sound rules for data consistency

3. MILITARY
• Analysis of geomorphologic features terrain for fight
through GIS ,Remote sensing techniques
• Collection of as much as possible spatial data to suit the
Commander’s requirements to make effective decisions

4. GROUND SURFACE SPARTIAL FEATURES REPRESENTATION

5. CLIMATE CHANGE AND
METADATABASES
Flood risk avoidance/mitigation in areas prone to floods through the use of
GIS
Documentation of GIS systems,geospatial data
Red –very high flood risk
Yellow-high flood risk
Green-moderate flood risk
Brown-low flood risk
Maroon-very low flood risk

6. GIS AND HEALTH
Efforts to tackle the enormous burden of ill-health in low-income countries are hampered
by the lack of functioning health information structures to provide reliable health statistics.
GIS can be used to map location of health facilities in different locations and their proximity
to the nearest community.
GIS can layer information about endemity of a particular disease in a particular location in
relation to other factors such as environmental conditions.
GIS is used to locate persons with particular health problems therefore the spatial time
series analysis of the spread of the disease and the effects of environmental conditions on
the disease can be known.

8. GIS AND WILDLIFE
Human-caused disruptions, such as habitat loss, pollution, invasive species introduction, and climate change,
are all threats to wildlife health and biodiversity.
Habitat requirements and ranges whereby GIS can be used to show habitat suitability for different species for
example grassland would be more suitable for animals such as zebras and antelope
Population patches and linkages where species interact with one another. The satellite images can show
where populations are dense or scattered and GPS to show the location of the populations.
Population patches and linkages where species interact with one another. The satellite images can show
where populations are dense or scattered and GPS to show the location of the populations
GIS also helps in tracking threatened animals

10. Land management
- land use planning to solve problems such as demolition of structures on road reserves, overlap of land
boundaries, land grabbing and land use conflicts around the country.
- Encourage investments as the issue of distrust and inconclusive title deeds will be addressed through the
use of cadastral mapping
- Citizens will be able to locate properties that meet their needs more easily while conveyancing will be
cheaper and more secure.
- Planners will find it easier to locate suitable places for development and determine the constraints on
their use.
- Governments will be able to tax land and property more equitably and make more informed judgements
where there are competing proposals for land use.

11. Urban zoning

12. Geodemographics
Geo-demographics is the study of population types and their dynamics as they
vary by geographical area.
Information such as population increase or decrease, migratory movement,
losses caused by warfare, spending, lifestyle, town planning, capacity
building, structures can also be accessed and aid in the decision making
process of allocation of resources such as finances to accommodate the
growing population.

13. GIS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
1.COMMUNICATION OF HAZARDS: -
i. COMPUTER AIDED DISPATCH
ii. MODEL AND MAP POTENTIAL DISASTERS LIKE EARTHQUAKES
iii. ASSESSING RISK AND HAZARDS OF EARTHQUAKES IN RELATION
TO POPULATIONS
iv. SUPPORTS RELIEF EFFORTS BY NGOS BY INCIDENT MODELLING
2. GIS IN TRAFFIC ANALYSIS:-
i. VISUALIZATION OF TRAFFIC IN A MAP
ii. TRAFFIC ANALYSIS FOR ALTERNATIVE ROUTES WITH LESS TRAFFIC

15. GIS AND SECURITY
-GEOMAPPING OF CRIME PATTERNS - SHOW CRIME AREAS
AND DISTRIBUTION
-GEOGRAPHIC PROFILING - SHOW LOCATION OF OFFENDER,
AIDS IN INVESTIGATIONS
-SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGIES IN TRAFFIC – SHOW
TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS AND VEHICLE MOVEMENT ON ROADS

17. AGRICULTURE
• Increased High resolution industry (less
than 1m) integrated for multidisciplinary
research and global studies on new
scientific trends.
• Increased position information precision
and accuracy of data display used in
used boundary mapping, accurate
analysis of soil characteristics
• Advancing of geoinformatic technology
GIS, GPS and Remote sensing
development in analysis of crops at less
than 1cm . Recent technological
developments include web based
platforms that can compare a picture of
a stressed leaf taken on the field with a
library of similar photos and help enable
a farmer with diagnosing the problem.
Such as low cost autonomous drones
and remotely piloted vehicles with
high spectral resolution tested by
NASA used in various disciplines
inclusive agriculture.
Cartographic map showing precise
positional information of farming
patterns of farms in
Increased use of developments in
cloud computing and storage of
agricultural related information.

18. MINING
• Increased visualization of graphics
of accuracy higher than 3D
geological models at global level
• Advancing mobile interactions
with field workers in regional and
local levels
• Increased correlation of data,
input of data information using
geoinformatics increasing
efficiency in analysis, prediction
and data management at regional
and local levels
Diagrams of lithium ore deposit
in Afghanistan are in 3D display
For example using smart phones
application to analyze rock
materials from high accuracy
satellite images.
Data information such as
mineral resources, hydrology,
ecosystem, biodiversity, and
alternative land-uses, giving
basis for smart decision making.

19. MINING
3D VISUALIZATION OF COPPER ORE DEPTH IN AFGHANISTAN

20. REAL ESTATE VALUATION

21. Property value is a function of location, physical, legal and economic factors.
Traditionally, property valuation depended on valuer's expert knowledge of a locality.
GIS- based property information system is a quantitative approach that involves
analysis of spatial property information.
The database contain all the geographical representation of property information at
the individual property level.
The database is also important for property tax mapping.

22. Limitations of the use of
geoinfromatic systems for data
management efficiency
-Lack of awareness of the potential for GIS to act as anything more than automated map editing systems
-A large effort may be needed to convert existing analog data to digital form, or different digital data types
into a common format.
-Lack of technical capacity to interprate geoinformatic maps and images
-While current GIS are most effective when dealing with static two-dimensional digital map data, many
environmental data sets are inherently 3D, as in solid geology, or even 4D, as with marine and atmospheric
circulation data sets. As a result environmental scientists have developed their own sophisticated systems
for simulation process modelling which often include data capture, storage and display facilities