Xbar theory
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X bar ppt
X-bar theory proposes that all phrases in all languages share a core hierarchical structure with three levels: a maximal projection (X), an intermediate projection (X'), and a head projection (X'). It aims to define phrase structure rules that capture commonalities across categories and distinguish complements from adjuncts. The theory proposes a set of generalized rules using variables that can represent different syntactic categories. Evidence for intermediate projections comes from constituency tests and replacement operations like one-replacement and do-so replacement. X-bar theory provides a framework for exploring cross-linguistic similarities and differences in syntactic structure.
X bar theory
X-Bar theory proposes that phrases contain intermediate constituents projected from a head category. This system of projected constituency may apply across different syntactic categories. The letter X represents an arbitrary lexical category such as noun, verb, adjective, or preposition. According to the rules of X-Bar theory, a phrase consists of an optional specifier and an X-bar projection. An X-bar projection contains an X element and any number of complements. X-Bar theory also defines technical terms like dominance, precedence, c-command, m-command, and government that are used to describe syntactic structures.
X bar schema
The document describes the X-bar schema, which models the structure of phrases. The schema states that all phrases have a three-level structure consisting of a head (X), its projection (X'), and the maximal projection (XP). A phrase contains a head, and may also contain a specifier attached at the XP level and a complement attached at the X' level. The document provides examples of phrases consisting of different combinations of heads, specifiers, and complements. Modifiers are also discussed and are shown to attach at the XP level as sisters of X'.
DISCOURSE AND POWER
This document provides an overview and summary of Teun van Dijk's book "Discourse and Power". It discusses that the book defines critical discourse analysis and its aims to analyze how social power, dominance, and inequalities are reproduced through text and talk. It also examines discourse as both a product of social inequalities and as a tool that can legitimize dominance and power abuse. The document reviews key aspects of van Dijk's conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between discourse and power.
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Phrase structure rule
Phrase structure rules regulate the arrangement of elements that make up phrases. The rules stipulate the position of specifiers, heads, and complements for noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), adjective phrases (AP), and prepositional phrases (PP). For example, an NP can consist of a determiner, noun, and prepositional phrase complement, or just a determiner and noun. Phrases may contain various combinations of specifiers, heads, and complements.
Phrase structure rules
1. Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed structures of sentences by defining how phrases are formed using categories like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP).
2. A phrase structure tree must match these rules to be grammatical. For example, a simple sentence follows the rule S → NP VP, where a noun phrase is followed by a verb phrase.
3. The document outlines phrase structure rules for English including how noun phrases can be expanded to include optional adjectives and prepositional phrases, and verb phrases can include optional noun phrases and prepositional phrases.
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X bar ppt
X-bar theory proposes that all phrases in all languages share a core hierarchical structure with three levels: a maximal projection (X), an intermediate projection (X'), and a head projection (X'). It aims to define phrase structure rules that capture commonalities across categories and distinguish complements from adjuncts. The theory proposes a set of generalized rules using variables that can represent different syntactic categories. Evidence for intermediate projections comes from constituency tests and replacement operations like one-replacement and do-so replacement. X-bar theory provides a framework for exploring cross-linguistic similarities and differences in syntactic structure.
X bar theory
X-Bar theory proposes that phrases contain intermediate constituents projected from a head category. This system of projected constituency may apply across different syntactic categories. The letter X represents an arbitrary lexical category such as noun, verb, adjective, or preposition. According to the rules of X-Bar theory, a phrase consists of an optional specifier and an X-bar projection. An X-bar projection contains an X element and any number of complements. X-Bar theory also defines technical terms like dominance, precedence, c-command, m-command, and government that are used to describe syntactic structures.
X bar schema
The document describes the X-bar schema, which models the structure of phrases. The schema states that all phrases have a three-level structure consisting of a head (X), its projection (X'), and the maximal projection (XP). A phrase contains a head, and may also contain a specifier attached at the XP level and a complement attached at the X' level. The document provides examples of phrases consisting of different combinations of heads, specifiers, and complements. Modifiers are also discussed and are shown to attach at the XP level as sisters of X'.
DISCOURSE AND POWER
This document provides an overview and summary of Teun van Dijk's book "Discourse and Power". It discusses that the book defines critical discourse analysis and its aims to analyze how social power, dominance, and inequalities are reproduced through text and talk. It also examines discourse as both a product of social inequalities and as a tool that can legitimize dominance and power abuse. The document reviews key aspects of van Dijk's conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between discourse and power.
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This document provides an overview of grammar and different approaches to analyzing grammar. It discusses traditional grammar and how it differs from modern linguistic theories. It also covers parts of speech, grammatical gender, prescriptive grammar rules, descriptive analysis, and methods for structurally analyzing sentences such as constituent analysis and bracketing. The document is intended to teach grammar concepts to students.
Phrase structure rule
Phrase structure rules regulate the arrangement of elements that make up phrases. The rules stipulate the position of specifiers, heads, and complements for noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), adjective phrases (AP), and prepositional phrases (PP). For example, an NP can consist of a determiner, noun, and prepositional phrase complement, or just a determiner and noun. Phrases may contain various combinations of specifiers, heads, and complements.
Phrase structure rules
1. Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed structures of sentences by defining how phrases are formed using categories like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP).
2. A phrase structure tree must match these rules to be grammatical. For example, a simple sentence follows the rule S → NP VP, where a noun phrase is followed by a verb phrase.
3. The document outlines phrase structure rules for English including how noun phrases can be expanded to include optional adjectives and prepositional phrases, and verb phrases can include optional noun phrases and prepositional phrases.
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This document discusses English morphology and syntax. It covers several key topics:
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2. The difference between deep and surface structure, where deep structure is the underlying form and surface structure is the actual form after transformations.
3. Grammaticality, which refers to sentences that follow syntactic rules rather than other factors like meaning or truth.
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2) Phrases are analyzed using Universal Grammar and native speaker intuitions. This results in a theory of grammar that includes words, phrases, and categories like nouns and verbs.
3) Phrase structure rules determine what elements can go into a phrase and their ordering. Phrases are formed by heads like nouns and verbs combined with other constituents.
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- Generative grammar models the inner language of the human mind.
- Sentences have deep and surface structures that can differ through transformations like passivization.
- Syntactic analysis uses symbols like arrows and brackets in rules and tree diagrams.
- Phrase structure and lexical rules specify constituents and words.
- Trees and recursion show hierarchical sentence structures embedded within other sentences.
- Transformational rules can move constituents in a sentence's structure.
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This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are discussed. Complement phrases and recursion are also explained.
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Phrase structure grammar models the internal structure of sentences in a hierarchical organization. It represents sentences as consisting of phrases, which are made up of words, which are made up of morphemes and phonemes. Phrase structure grammars use rewrite rules to break down syntactic structures into their constituent parts in a step-by-step manner. Deep structure represents the underlying meaning of a sentence, while surface structure is the actual form used. Transformational rules derive surface structure from deep structure.
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- How children acquire language abilities at different stages of development.
- How speakers demonstrate their semantic knowledge through recognizing meaningful/meaningless sentences, paraphrasing, distinguishing synonyms/antonyms, detecting contradictions, and more.
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Phrase structure grammar models the internal structure of sentences in a hierarchical organization. It represents sentences as consisting of phrases, which are made up of words, which are made up of morphemes and phonemes. Phrase structure grammars use rewrite rules to break down syntactic structures into their constituent parts in a step-by-step manner. Deep structure represents the underlying meaning of a sentence, while surface structure is the actual form used. Transformational rules derive surface structure from deep structure.
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- How human language differs from animal communication systems in its creativity and ability to communicate about past/future experiences.
- How children acquire language abilities at different stages of development.
- How speakers demonstrate their semantic knowledge through recognizing meaningful/meaningless sentences, paraphrasing, distinguishing synonyms/antonyms, detecting contradictions, and more.
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This document provides an overview of phrase structure rules in linguistics. It discusses that phrase structure rules determine how phrases are formed by governing what constituents can go into a phrase and their ordering. Examples of phrase structure rules are given for noun phrases (NP), prepositional phrases (PP), and verb phrases (VP). The document also includes example phrase structure trees illustrating how words and phrases are structured according to these rules.
Structuralist (Saussurean)interpretation of true west play (sam shepard)
The play True West depicts the relationship between two brothers - Austin, an educated screenwriter living a domestic life, and Lee, a nomadic drifter. Over the course of the play, they exchange identities and lifestyles - Austin becomes more like Lee by turning to theft, while Lee takes up screenwriting. This reflects how capitalist society can reduce people to objects and commodities, driving a wedge between the civilized and wild sides of the American identity and experience.
Lexical functional grammar
Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) was developed in the 1970s by Joan Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan to create a theory that could form the basis of a realistic model for linguistic learnability and language processing. LFG analyzes sentences using three structures: lexical structure uses grammatical functions to label argument structure; constituent structure encodes hierarchical groupings and categories; and functional structure integrates lexical and structural information to unify representations.
Phrase Structure Rules
Phrase structure rules govern how words and phrases are combined to form grammatical units like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and full sentences (S). Phrases are made up of heads and their constituents, which can include other phrases. This recursive property allows phrases to embed within each other to form infinitely long expressions. Trees are used to represent the structure of phrases.
Generativism
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It holds that language is innate and that humans possess a language acquisition device. Chomsky argued against behaviorism, proposing that language is not learned through stimulus and response. Instead, he believed that humans are born with an innate, universal grammar that allows children to learn language quickly despite limited exposure. Generativism also distinguishes between competence, the innate linguistic knowledge, and performance, how language is produced and understood. It views language as rule-governed and creative.
Functional grammar
We all use grammar from the time that we can speak in intelligible sentences, because Grammar deals with the abstract system of rules in terms of which a person’s mastery of his native language can be explained. We assume that it all happens naturally and are only confronted with the need to understand and define how English works when we learn another language or attempt to teach English to others. so, let us see about functional grammar.
structuralism
Structuralism analyzes systems by examining the relations between their smallest elements. In linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure pioneered the study of langue (language as a system) rather than parole (individual speech). He viewed langue as a system of arbitrary signs made up of a signifier and signified. Langue exists socially and unconsciously for speakers. It is defined relationally rather than by the content of its elements. Claude Levi-Strauss later applied structuralist principles to anthropology and myth studies. Structuralism examines deep unconscious structures rather than surface phenomena.
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Xbar theory
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