This document provides an overview of phrase structure rules in linguistics. It discusses that phrase structure rules determine how phrases are formed by governing what constituents can go into a phrase and their ordering. Examples of phrase structure rules are given for noun phrases (NP), prepositional phrases (PP), and verb phrases (VP). The document also includes example phrase structure trees illustrating how words and phrases are structured according to these rules.

1. Presentation of call
Presented to: Miss Amna Shahid
Presented by: Ayesha Amjad(06)
Nadia Majid (18)
Amara Ahsan(04)
Rashda Meraj(17)
PGD – ELT : Semester 2
University Of the Punjab( Dep't OF ENGLISH)…

2. Phrase structure
• General Approach:
• -universal grammar(UG)/Language Instinct
• Data:
• -Native Speakers 'intuitions (acceptability judgment)
• Resulting theory of Grammar:
• -words,phrases,catagories for words and
phrases(eg.noun,verbs,noun phrases, verb phrases)(basic concepts
any theory of grammar must have in order to capture the data)

3. Phrase structure (review)
• 1) Every word belongs to a lexical category
• 2) Lexical categories forms heads of phrases
• 3) How phrases are formed is governed by rules
(= ‘phrase structure rules’)

4. Phrase structure rules
• Rules that determine…
• …what goes into a phrase (‘constituents’)
• …how the constituents are ordered
• Constituent: a word or group of words that
function as a unit and can make up larger
grammatical units

5. Phrase structure rules
• General schema:
X  Y Z
“X consists of Y followed by Z”

6. Phrase structure rules
Noun phrase (NP)
• John N
• the boy Det N
• a little boy Det Adj N
• a boy in a bubble Det N PP
Phrase structure rule for NPs:
NP  (Det) (Adj) N (PP)
• (where ( ) indicates optionality)

7. Phrase structure trees
NP NP NP NP
N Det N Det Adj N Det N PP
John the boy a little boy a boy P NP
in Det N
a bubble

8. Prepositional phrase (PP)
• In P
• from a boy in a bubble NP
Phrase structure rule for PPs:
PP  P (NP)

9. Phrase structure trees
PP PP
P P NP
in from Det N PP
a boy P NP
in Det N
a bubble

10. Verb phrase (VP)
• Sang V
• ate the cake V NP
• ate the cake hungrily V NP Adv
• sang a song in the shower V NP PP
• fell into the pond slowly V PP Adv
Phrase structure rule for VPs:
VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv)

11. VP VP VP
V V NP V NP PP Adv
sang ate Det N sang Det N P NP badly
the cake a song in Det N
the shower

12. •
THANK YOU…………….!