This document discusses plasma proteins and globulins. It describes the different fractions of globulins, including α1, α2, β, and γ-globulins. Key points include: α1-antitrypsin functions to inhibit the enzyme elastase and deficiencies can cause lung and liver disease. α2-macroglobulin is a transport protein that inactivates proteases. Immunoglobulins make up the γ-globulin fraction and provide immune functions like neutralizing toxins and activating complement. Acute phase proteins either increase or decrease during inflammation and can indicate conditions like infection, injury, or cancer.
Plasma cell disorders is a difficult topic where most residents and students confuse with regarding to differentiating between various types of para-proteinemias or plasma cell dyscrasias. This simple presentation will highlight the key points in differentiating, diagnosing these orders. Initial management principles are discussed as well.
Normal & abnormal hemoglobin derivativesrohini sane
Comprehensive presentation on Normal & abnormal hemoglobin derivatives for medical ,dental ,biotechnology & pharmacology students Comparison of molecular aspects & absorption spectra of normal & Meth-Hb are illustrated. Congenital & acquired Meth hemoglobinemia is described. briefly.Treatment of Meth-hemoglobinemia is presented along with its biochemical basis.Formation & clinical manifestations of Carboxy-hemoglobinemia is illustrated.Identification of Carboxy-hemoglobin in a diagnostic laboratory has been described for perusal of technologists.Google images are used to convey the aspect in a lucid way.
Plasma cell disorders is a difficult topic where most residents and students confuse with regarding to differentiating between various types of para-proteinemias or plasma cell dyscrasias. This simple presentation will highlight the key points in differentiating, diagnosing these orders. Initial management principles are discussed as well.
Normal & abnormal hemoglobin derivativesrohini sane
Comprehensive presentation on Normal & abnormal hemoglobin derivatives for medical ,dental ,biotechnology & pharmacology students Comparison of molecular aspects & absorption spectra of normal & Meth-Hb are illustrated. Congenital & acquired Meth hemoglobinemia is described. briefly.Treatment of Meth-hemoglobinemia is presented along with its biochemical basis.Formation & clinical manifestations of Carboxy-hemoglobinemia is illustrated.Identification of Carboxy-hemoglobin in a diagnostic laboratory has been described for perusal of technologists.Google images are used to convey the aspect in a lucid way.
LHD is an enzyme which is width sprid through the body tissue has an important role in the conversion of pyrovate into lactate within the tissue when ever there is hypoxia in the body
Liver function tests and interpretation is a very important topic for students of medical and allied fields. It is essential for efficient practice of clinical and laboratory medicine.
billirubin production billirubin transport and metabolism, different laboratory methods of billirubin estimation ,normal and abnormal levels of billirubin, different classification and types of jaundice and liver diseses, liver functioning, enterohepatic circulation, billirubin production and degradation, benefits and diseases of abnormal level of billirubin
LHD is an enzyme which is width sprid through the body tissue has an important role in the conversion of pyrovate into lactate within the tissue when ever there is hypoxia in the body
Liver function tests and interpretation is a very important topic for students of medical and allied fields. It is essential for efficient practice of clinical and laboratory medicine.
billirubin production billirubin transport and metabolism, different laboratory methods of billirubin estimation ,normal and abnormal levels of billirubin, different classification and types of jaundice and liver diseses, liver functioning, enterohepatic circulation, billirubin production and degradation, benefits and diseases of abnormal level of billirubin
Plasma proteins, the components of plasma proteins, the protein fractions and condition causing the alteration in the each protein fraction. Clinical implications of the each fraction, the electrophorotic pattern of plasma protein. Acute phase proteins which include the positive and negative phase proteins.
Plasma proteins
Types of plasma proteins
Compositions of plasma proteins
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Separation Methods of plasma
proteins
Properties of Plasma proteins
Function of plasma proteins
Clinical Note on plasma proteins
the following document contains various diagnostic test for screening liver function. and interpretation of results, which may confirm the presence of a disease or disorder
INTERPRETATION OF COMMON BIOCHEMICAL TESTS INCLUDING LFT & RFT.pptxDr Debasish Mohapatra
Biochemical tests are commonly used in day-to-day practices for diagnosis of diseases. Liver function test and renal function tests are common tests done.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. • Globulins is a glycoprotein with mol wt – 90 to 1300kDa.
• There are separated by half saturation with ammonium sulphate.
• Main functions: Transport &Immunity.
• Globulins contributes different fractions in electrophoresis (α1,α2,β, γ
-globulins).
• Normal range of Globulins -1.8 to 3.6 gm%
3. Fraction Examples c (gm%)
1-globulins 1-antitrypsin, 1-acid glyco- protein, RBP,
1-lipoprotein (HDL), 1-fetoprotein, 0.1 to 0.4
2-globulins Haptoglobin, Ceruloplasmin
2-Macroglobulin, Thyroxin-binding
globulin (TBG),
0.4 to 0. 8
-globulins C-reactive protein (CRP) Transferrin,
Hemopexin, 2-Micro globulin, -lipoprotein
(LDL)
0.5 to 1.2
-globulins IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD, 0.7 to 1.5
5. AAT Inhibits activity of enzyme elastease – degrades elastin
protein (elasticity to the lungs)
AAT deficiency is an inherited disorder causes lung disease
(emphysema)& liver disease (neonatal hepatitis)
9. α1-feto globulin
• High conc. in foetal blood during mid pregnancy.
• Immunoregulatory during pregnancy
• Normal adult blood has less than 1 μg/100ml
• Increased in pregnancy, open neural tube defect (congenital
abnormalities caused by failure of the neural tube) Hepatoma
(cancer of liver)
• Decreased in Down’s syndrome (form of mental subnormality due
to a chromosome defect)
10. α2-macro globulin
large plasma glycoprotein, synthesized by Monocytes, Hepatocytes &
macrophages with mol wt 7,20,000.
Functions:
Carries of many growth factors such as platelet derived growth factor.
Inactivates all the proteases – invivo Anticoagulant.
Natural inhibitor of endopeptidase such as trypsin, plasmin, chymotrypsin
& thrombin etc.
12. Haptoglobin (α2 globulin)
syn in liver with half life is 5days.
It binds and clears the free Hb found outside of RBCs from circulation.
Hb-Hp half life is 90min.
Helps in the breakdown of Hb to bilirubin.
Prevents the loss of iron in the urine
13. Clinical significance :
Levels in serum 40-170mg/dl
Increased in Inflammatory conditions
Rheumatic diseases.
Decreased: intravascular haemolytic anemia
- Hp assay is used to screen & monitor intravascular haemolytic
anaemia
14. Ceruloplasmin
It is a blue colored α2-globulin, syn in liver .
Major transport protein for copper (6 - 8 cu atoms /mol).
Shows ferroxidase activity (helps in oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+.
Clinical significance :
Normal levels – 25 -50 mg/dl
16. C - reactive proteins
It is a β-fraction of globulin with 115-140 KD & binds
to T- lymphocytes.
CRP was discovered in serum of pneumococcal
pneumonia patients.
CRP reacts with C-polysaccharides of Capsule of
pneumococci bacteria.
Stimulated complement activity, Phagocytosis by
macrophages - clears necrotic cells , apoptotic cells
and bacteria.
17. Useful in differentiating bacterial from viral infections. because CRP levels
increased in bacterial infections only
18. γ- globulins
γ- fraction of globulins are
immunoglobulin / antibodies.
Produced by plasma cells
Igs provide resistance because
they can neutralize toxins &
viruses, Opsonize microbes,
Activate complement & prevent
the attachment of microbes to
mucosal surfaces
19. Types and functions of Immunoglobulins
Igs Structure /
Characteristics
Found in Total %
in Ig
Functions
IgG Exists as simple Y shaped
structure. Can cross the
placental barrier.
Blood,
lymph fluid
& CSF
85% -Involved in precipitation, complement
fixation reactions & neutralization of
toxin compounds.
IgA Exists as dimer joined by a
J chain
Saliva,
tears, sweat
10-13% - Protects the body surface from foreign
substance.
IgM Largest antibody exists as
pentamer held together by J
chain. Primary antibody
and acts as first line
defense
Body fluids 5-10% - Protects against invading micro-
organisms.
- Promotes the phagocytosis,
agglutination, bacteriolysis reactions.
20. Igs Structure / Characteristics Found in Total %
in Ig
Functions
IgM Largest antibody exists as
pentamer held together by J
chain. Primary antibody and
acts as first line defense
Body fluids 5-10% - Protects against invading micro-
organisms.
- Promotes the phagocytosis,
agglutination, bacteriolysis reactions.
IgE Exists as simple Y shaped
structure
Lungs, skin,
& mucous
membrane
5% - Receptor for allergens & parasitic
antigens.
- Protection against parasitic infections.
- Responsible for anaphylactic
hypersensitivity.
IgD Exists as simple Y shaped
structure
Body fluids 1% Serve as recognition of receptors for
antigen.
22. Def:
levels of certain proteins in plasma increases (or) decreases
during acute inflammatory states (or) secondary to certain types of
tissue damage.
APRs concentration changes in:
infection
surgery
injury
cancer
28. Transport Proteins Transports
Pre albumin / transthyretin
(Thyroxine binding prealbumin
Thyroid hormones of thyroxin,
Retinol, steroid hormones
Albumin Bilirubin, Free fatty acids, Calcium,
Drugs etc
Retinol binding protein Vitamin - A (retinol).
Thyroid binding globulin Thyroid hormones
Haptoglobin Hemoglobin
Transferrin Iron (Ferrous state)
HDL Carries cholesterol from peripheral
tissues to liver
LDL Carries cholesterol from liver to
peripheral tissues.
29. Case base Question
Patient gives history of cough, fever since 1 month and dyspnea
(difficulty in breathing) since 4 days. Family history reveals that
one of his brother had died earlier due to lung disease
Q a) What could be the probable diagnosis?
b) What is the biochemical defect?
c) Explain this with respect to chronic smoking?
30. Separation Of Plasma Proteins
Electrophoresis
Based on the migration of charged solutes of a solution towards the opposite
electrical poles in an electric field.
31. Multiple myeloma
M-band between beta and gamma region.
Q) a) What is the probable diagnosis?
b) Mention the biochemical defect
32. Chronic infection,
broad based increase in gamma region; general increase in alpha-1 and alpha-2
bands; decreased albumin band
