Plasma proteins Types of plasma proteins Compositions of plasma proteins Synthesis of plasma proteins Separation Methods of plasma proteins Properties of Plasma proteins Function of plasma proteins Clinical Note on plasma proteins

1. PLASMA PROTEINS
BY
Mr. Bhala
Chandrudu.
RVM Institute of medical
sciences & RC

2. Plasma
 Blood is an opaque, red liquid consisting of several
types of cells suspended in a complex, amber fluid
known as plasma (55% of total blood volume, It is
around 3500ml).
 When blood is allowed to clot or coagulate, the
suspending medium is referred to as serum.

3. Plasma :-
Plasma is composed mostly of water (93%) with
various dissolved solutes(7%).
The solutes in plasma play crucial roles in
homeostasis, such as maintaining normal plasma pH
and osmolality .
Plasma contains various Hormones , vitamins ,oxygen
, Co2 also.

5. PLASMA PROTEINS
Albumin(4.8gm%)(19days)
(66.000mw)
PLASMA PROTEINS Globulines(2.3gm%)
(6.4 to 8.3mg%) ( α- α1, α2, β- β1, β2, γ
Globulins)
(90000-
1.5mw)
Fibrinogen(0.3gm%,
340.000)

6. Albumin:- it can helps in transport of bilirubin,
hormons & drugs. In Kidney diseases albumin
appears in unine. Albumin levels decrease in
chronic illness, renal diseases & GI disorders (
proteins-losing enteropathies).
Globulin(α,β,γ):- Globulins include transport
proteins such as
transferrin & ceruloplasmin. They form
lipoprotiens with lipids. Immunoglobulin formed by
γ- globulines.
fibrinogen:- Mainly responsible for viscosity of
blood due to its asymmetrical shap & blood
Coagulation & for ESR.
Fibrinogen levels decrease in Prostate
cancer & after cardia
surgery due to increase fibrinolysis. Fibrinogen

7. Other type of Plasma Proteins :-
Ceruloplasmin(25-30mg/dl) :- Synthesized by the
liver Contains >90% of serum copper. An oxido
reductase that inactivates ROS causing tissue
damage in acute phase response. Important for iron
absorption from the intestine .
Wilson’s disease:- Due to low plasma levels of
ceruloplasmin .Copper is accumulated in the liver
and brain.
Haptoglobin (50-150mg/dl):- Synthesized by the liver
Binds to free hemoglobin to form complexes that are
metabolized in the RES .Limits iron losses by
preventing Hb loss from kidneys Plasma level
decreases during hemolysis.

8. Transferrin(250mg/dl) :-A major iron-transport protein
in plasma 30% saturated with iron. Which can
transport iron from the REC to the Normoblasts in
bonmarrow
Plasma level drops in: Malnutrition, liver disease,
inflammation, malignancy .Iron deficiency results in
increased hepatic synthesis. A negative acute phase
protein.

9. Positive Acute Phase Proteins
Plasma protein levels increase in:
Infection, inflammation , malignancy, trauma, surgery
These proteins are called acute phase reactants
Synthesized due to body’s response to injury Examples:
α1-Antitypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, c-
reactive protein .
Mediators cause these proteins to increase after
injury
Mediators: Cytokines (IL-1, IL-6), tumor necrosis
factors
α and β , interferons, platelet activating factor.
Functions:
1. Bind to polysaccharides in bacterial walls
2. Activate complement system

10. Negative Acute Phase Proteins
These proteins decrease in inflammation Albumin,
pre albumin, trans ferrin.Mediated by inflammatory
response via cytokines and hormones. Synthesis of
these proteins decrease to save amino acids for
positive acute phase proteins

11. OTHER FUNCTIONS
> Plasma proteins keep the blood pH slightly alkaline by
binding excess hydrogen ions in the blood.
> Plasma proteins can also supply amino acids if required
by being broken down by macrophages.
> Plasma proteins are also often carriers for small
molecules, each binding after absorption from the gut
with its own specific protein carrier for transport to the
tissue or organ that uses it.

12. Synthesis of plasma proteins
Embryo:- first abumine ,then other proteins.
In adult :-
Liver Albumin , Fibrinogen &
Prothrombin with
help of vi-K
Spleen Alpha & Beta globulin
Bone marrow
B Lymphocytes gamma globulins

13. METHODS OF SEPARATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS
Precipitation by salting out:-
Sodium sulphate solution:- used by Howe in
1922. He fractionized the plasma proteins in to 3 major
fractions
Ammonium sulphate solution:-
Albumin :- precipitated by full saturation
Globulines :- precipitated by half saturation
(1/3 saturation with NH2S04 is
euglobulin, rest is called
pseudoglobuline)
Fibrinogen :- separated by 1/5-fifth saturation with
NH2S04 .

14. Cohn’s fractional precipitation
method
Varying concentration of ethanol solution is
used at low temperature to fractionalize the
plasma proteins, depends up on their
solubility.
Fraction I :- is contain fibrinogen.
Fraction II :- is contain δ globulins.
Fraction III :- is contain α,β
globulin,isoagglutinins, and
prothrombin,
Fraction IV :- is contain α,β globulins.
Fraction V :- is contain the albumin

15. ELCTROPHORETIC PROTEIN
PATTERNS
Based on the paper electrophoresis the serum
Proteins are classified in to the following types.
Albumin(55%)
α1 globulins(5%)
proteins:- α2 globulins(9%)
β globulins(13%)
δ globulins(11%)

16. PROPERTIES OF PLASMA PROTEINS
Molecular weight:- Albumin :-69000
Globumin :-90000-1,56,000
Fibrinogen :- 340,000.
Prothrombin : -68,7000,NV15mg/dl
Osmotic pressure:- is about 25mmHg.
Isoelectric point :- The proteins carry equal number of
+,- charges, so they have zero net charge . the PH
value for electrical neutrality of the molecule is called
isoelectric point .

17. PROPERTIES OF PLASMA PROTEINS
Electrophoretic mobility:-The proteins act as anion in
alkaline solution. The proteins act as cation in acidic
solutions.
Precipitation by salts:-
Water solubility:- proteins are water solible
because of presence of polar residues like NH2 &
COOH
Amphoteric nature:- They act as efficient buffers.

18. Function of plasma proteins:-
Exert osmotic pressure.
Viscosity of blood.
Role in coagulation of blood.
Defense mechanism of the blood.
 Maintaining acid base balance of the body.
Transport function.
Role as reserve proteins.
Suspension stability of red blood cells.
Fibrinolytic function.
Nourishment of tissue cells – trephones ,
carrel.

19. Coagulation:- fibrinogen plays a major role in blood
clotting along with other procoagulants like thrombin
and factor X.
Defense:- immunoglobulins and antibodies in plasma
play an important role in the body’s defense against
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Maintenance of Osmotic Pressure:-the colloidal
osmotic pressure is maintained at around 25 mmHg by
the plasma proteins like albumin synthesized by the
liver.
Nutrition:- transportation of nutrients like glucose, amino
acids, lipids, and vitamins absorbed from the digestive
tract to different parts of the body act as a source of fuel
for growth and development.
Respiration:-transportation of respiratory gases,

20. Function of Plasma Proteins :-
Excretion:-the blood removes nitrogenous waste products
produced after cellular metabolism and transports them
to the kidney, lungs, and skin for excretion.
Hormones:- hormones are released into the blood
and transported to their target organs.
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance:-plasma proteins
contribute to acid-base balance through their buffering
action.
Regulation of Body Temperature:- this is maintained by
balancing heat loss and heat gain in the body.
Role in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR):-
fibrinogen, an acute phase reactant, increases during
acute inflammatory conditions and contributes to the
increase in ESR, which is used as a diagnostic and

21. Other Functions of Plasma Proteins :-
Plasma proteins keep the blood pH slightly
alkaline by binding excess hydrogen ions in the blood.
Plasma proteins can also supply amino acids if
required by being broken down by macrophages.
Plasma proteins are also often carriers for small
molecules, each binding after absorption from the gut
with its own specific protein carrier for transport to the
tissue or organ that uses it.

22. pressure.

23. Plasma protein levels decreased in
(Hypoproteinemia)
prolonged starvation ,malnutrition ,burns
Liver & kidney diseases(Normal -->A/G ratio
1.7:1).
(In this patients edema develops due to ↓oncotic
pressure).
congenital deficiency of fibrinogen-->
Afibrinogenemia
which is characterized by defective blood clotting.
The
symptoms are
bruising

24. HYPER PROTEINEMIA:- Increase total content of proteins in
blood plasma are called as Hyper proteinemia .
Dehydration , hemolytic , leukemia ,acute hepatitis/nephritis
there are Two type of Hyper proteinemia
Absolute Hyper proteinemia
Relative Hyper proteinemia
Absolute Hyper proteinemia :- Accumulation of proteins in
blood it occurs in infection & inflammatory diseases,
rheumatic diseases , some malignant tumors & other
diseases
Relative Hyper proteinemia :- The increase of protein
Concentration but not absolute amount of proteins. It occurs
in organism loses water ( Diarrhea, Vomiting, Fever,
intensive physical activity,

25. THANKS