1) Derived lipids are lipids obtained after hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids that possess characteristics of lipids, such as fatty acids and steroids. 2) Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a deficiency of lecithin. The composition of lung surfactant includes dipalmitoyl lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, and surfactant proteins A, B, and C. 3) Fatty liver disease is characterized by too much fat in the liver and is caused by obesity, diabetes, and excessive alcohol consumption. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Lipotropic factors like choline and methionine prevent fatty liver by reducing fat deposition

1. Derived lipids
Have a nice day to all
Believe your self
By
Dr. Santhosh Kumar.N
Associate Professor

2. III. Derived lipids
Lipids obtained after hydrolysis of the simple & complex
lipids, which possess characteristics of lipids.
 Fatty acids
 Steroids

3. Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by deficiency of
a) Cephalin, b) Cardiolipin , c) Sphingomylin, d) lecithin
Caramide is made up of
a) Sphingosine+ fatty acid, b) Sphingosine+ glycerol c) glycerol+fatty acid d) None of above
Composition of lung surfactant? - Dipalmitoyl lecithin
Constituents of lung surfactant? - Dipalmitoyl lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, &
surfactant proteins- A, B,& C
– Glycolipids
Which phospholipid is involved
in blood coagulation
– Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
Name the non-phosphorylated lipids

4. Q:Which glycolipids contains sialic acid – Ganglioside (Ceramide+ oligosaccharide+ N-
acetyl neuraminic acid)
- Unpleasant odor, taste & flavor in foods due to deterioration
of natural fats either due to hydrolysis or oxidation
Q: Why linoleic & linolenic
acid cannot be synthesized in
our body?
- Lack of enzyme to introduce double bonds at
carbon atoms beyond C 9 in the fatty acid.
Q: Define Rancidity
Q: Name the synthetic
antioxidant to prevent
rancidity
As food additives - Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA),
Propyl gallate & Butylated hydroxy toluene

5. FATTY ACIDS
R COOH
Mono carboxylic acids with a long hydrocarbon side chain
(amphipathic in nature)
Hydrophilic /polar
Hydrophobic /non polar

6. Sources
Rich sources: Vegetable Oils
Fish
Other sources: Nuts
Seeds
Soya products
Beans and whole grains

7. Classification of fatty acids
Fatty acids are mainly 3 types depending on.
- Length of hydrocarbon chain.
- Representation of double bonds of FAs
- Chain nature

8. I. Depending on the length of hydrocarbon chain
Acetic (2) Vinegar
Butyric (4) Butter
Caproic (6) Butter
Short chain fatty acids
(2 to 6 carbon atoms)
Medium chain fatty acids
(8 to 14 carbon atoms)
Long chain fatty acids
(16 to 24 carbon atoms)
Caprylic Acid (8) Coconut oil
Capric Acid (10) Coconut oil
Lauric Acid (12) Coconut oil
Myristic Acid(14) Palm oil
Palmitoleic Acid (16) animal fats
Oleic Acid (18) olive oil
Linoleic Acid (18) sunflower oil
α-Linolenic Acid (18) linseed oil
Arachidonic Acid (20) liver fats
Behenic acid (22) rapeseed oil

9. 2. Representation of double bonds of fatty acids
C-
system
Eg: Oleic acid – (C:18:1:∆9) / (C:18:1:ω9)
ω –
system
i.e. C1 being the carboxyl carbon
i.e. C1 being the methyl carbon (ω carbon)

10. 3. Depending upon the nature of carbon chain
Straight chain fatty acids
Saturated fatty acid
eg: butanoic acid

11. Depending on the total number of carbon atoms of
Saturated fatty acid
Even chain
fatty acid
Odd chain fatty
acid
common name no of ‘C’ atoms Occurrence
Acetic acid 2 Vinegar
Butyric acid 4 Butter
Caproic acid 6 ,,,
Lauric Acid 12 Coconut oil
Linoleic acid 18 Vegetable oil
common name no of ‘C’
atoms
Occurrence
Propionic acid 3 Metabolic
intermediate
Valeric acid 5 ,,

12. Depending upon the nature of carbon chain
Branched chain Fatty acid
eg: Iso-palmitic acid in wool fat
Phytanic acid in butter
Cyclic fatty acids
Eg: Chaulmoogric acid of chaulmoogra seed
Substituted fatty acids (OH / CH3 group)
e.g. cerebronic acid of brain glycolipids.
Ricinoleic acid in castor oil
Straight chain fatty acids
Saturated fatty acid
(doesn't Containing double bonds)
Unsaturated fatty acid
(Containing double bonds)
MUFA
Oleic acid, Palmitoleic acid
PUFA
Linoleic, Linolenic,
Arachidonic acid

13. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS / PUFA
Which cannot be synthesized in the body & they have to be essentially
supplied in the diet and required for optimal health.
Eg: Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid & Arachidonic acid

14. EFAs Linoleic acids Linolenic acids Arachidonic acid
Double bonds 2 - (C18:2: ∆9,12) 3 - (C18:3: ∆9,12,15). 4 -(C20:4: ∆5, 8, 11, 14)
Formula CnH2n-3 COOH CnH2 n-5 COOH CnH2n-7 COOH
Sources Peanut, Coconut, cotton
seed, sun flower, soybean
oils & egg yolk.
Lineseed, Rapeseed,soy
bean oils, cod liver oil
Peanut oil & animal
fats
Family Omega (ω)-6 ω -3 ω -6
Clinical
significance
It attached to cerebrosides
in the skin & form acyl-
glucosylceramide
Helps to make the skin
impermeable to water
Deficiency leads to skin
lesions & Red scaly
dermatitis
Docosa hexaenoic acid
/ Cervonic acid (22C)
syn from linolenic acid
Needed for
development of the
retina & brain during
neonatal period
Linoleic acid by
addition of acetyl Co-
A
Precursor for
Eicosanoids

16. Required for proper development, structure &
functioning of the brain and nervous system.
Necessary for the formation of Eicosanoids
Antiatherogenic effect (reduces serum cholesterol)
Prevention of fatty liver.
Function of
EFA
It involved in the cell membrane structure
Regulating BP, blood viscosity, vasoconstriction,
& response to immune & inflammatory.

17. Eicosanoids
[Derived from 20C PUFA (Arachidonic acid)]
EICOSANOIDS
Lipoxygenase System
Prostacycline
(PGI)
Prostaglandins
(PGs)
•Leukotrienes (LTs)
•Lipoxins (LXs)
Cycloxygenase system
PROSTANOIDS
Thromboxanes
(Tx)

18. Eicosanoids Functions
Prostanoids:
20C FAs
- Cyclopentane ring
- OHgp at 15th
position
- Trans double bond
at 13th position
Prostaglandins: Most potent vasodilators, increased capillary
permeability, inhibitor of platelet aggregation
Prostacyclins: prevent thrombus formation (act as Vasodilators,
Inhibit platelet aggregation & blood clotting)
Thromboxane: favors thrombus formation (Vasoconstrictor and
enhances platelet aggregation)
Leukotrienes
leucocytes &
macrophages
- Increases vascular permeability,
- Mediators in inflammation reactions.
- Stimulate Chemotaxis & chemokinines of neutrophils & eosinophils
Lipoxins
leucocytes &
macrophages
Vasoactivator
Immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory actions

19. STEROIDS
• Steroid contains one or more OH groups-Sterol
• Sterols are structural lipids present in eukaryotic cell membranes as a form Cholesterol
Cyclohexane rings / phenanthrene
(designated as rings A, B and C) Cyclopentane ring
(the D ring).

20. It produced by the liver & we consume it from
meat and dairy products

21. Structure of Cholesterol
General formula: C27H46O
Cyclo pentano per hydro
phenanthrene
Aliphatic side chain
Polar head non polar
Amphipathic in nature

22. Cholesterol Esters
• Excess cholesterol is stored as cholesterol
esters in cytosolic lipid droplets
In total cholesterol :
• About 30% free form (un esterified)
70% - cholesteryl esters form

23. Functions of cholesterol:
• It is major structural components in biological membranes.
• Component of lipoproteins, it helps transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins.
• It is a poor conductor of heat &electricity
• Decrease membrane fluidity

24. Vit -D3 (Cholecalciferol):
– It formed from cholesterol.
– Vit-D3 enhancing intestinal absorption of Ca+ and helps in bone formation.
Synthesis of steroid hormones :
• Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids & sex hormones (estrogen and
progesterone),
• Helps to control metabolisms, inflammation, immune functions, water and
electrolyte balance & development of sexual characteristics.

25. - It forms Bile acids & Bile salts
• Synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and Stored & concentrated in the gallbladder.
Bile acids:
Primary Bile Acids - Glyco cholic acid & Tauro cholic acid
Glyco chenodeoxycholic acid & Tauro chenodeoxycholic acid
Secondary Bile Acids- Deoxycholic Acid
Lithocholic acid
Bile salts: Na+ & K + glycocholic acid
Na + & K + Tauro chenodeoxy cholic acid

26. Functions of Bile acids & Bile salts:
• They make easy to the digestion of dietary TG by acting as emulsifying agents that
render fats accessible to pancreatic lipases.
• Discharged into gut and aides in absorption of intra luminal lipids, cholesterol, & fat
soluble vitamins.
• Bile acids & phospholipids solubilize cholesterol in the bile -preventing the
precipitation of cholesterol in the gallbladder.

27. Disorders of lipid

28. • Q: A 45 year old attended medical OPD complaining of pain abdomen, loss of
appetite, weight loss, weakness, fatigue, itchy skin and light yellowish color of
the skin. Patient gives H/O chronic alcoholism. O/E mild jaundice + Ve, Pallor
Present, and liver enlarged. Serum looks opalescent, turbid and lipemic.
a) What is your probable diagnosis?
b) What are the causes for your diagnosis?
c) What are the biochemical parameters measured under lipid profile and
enzymes?
d) Explain how lipotropic factors prevent above condition.

29. FATTY LIVER
 Fatty liver disease (steatosis) is a condition caused by having too much fat
deposited in the liver.
 Major risk factors include obesity and type 2 diabetes associated with
excessive alcohol consumption.
Symptoms occur, fatigue, weight loss and abdominal pain.
Lipotropic factor – substances that prevents fat deposition in the liver (fatty
liver ) eg: choline, betaine, essential fatty acids, Methionine, Vit-B12 & folic
acid

31. Q: Deficiency of lung surfactant causes respiratory distress
syndrome (1+2+1+1)
– What is the composition of lung surfactant
– Functions of lung surfactant
– What is the biochemical basis for respiratory distress syndrome
– What is the significance of L: S ratio

32. Gallstones
Bile acids & phospholipids solubilize cholesterol in the bile
It preventing the precipitation of cholesterol in the gallbladder to reduced
gallstone formation

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