Plasma contains over 300 proteins that serve important functions like transport, maintaining oncotic pressure, defense, and clotting. The major classes of plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulins. Diseases can affect plasma protein levels and cause hypo- or hyperproteinemia, changing the electrophoretic pattern seen on protein tests.
This document discusses plasma proteins, including their functions, measurement, patterns on electrophoresis, and roles in disease states. Key points include:
- Plasma contains over 300 proteins that serve transport, pressure maintenance, defense, and clotting functions. Their levels can indicate pathological conditions.
- Proteins are measured quantitatively by chemical/immunological reactions or semiquantitatively by electrophoresis, which separates proteins by electrical charge into five bands.
- Examples of specific plasma proteins discussed are albumin, prealbumin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein. Conditions where their levels are abnormal are described.
- Acute phase
This document summarizes plasma proteins. It describes that plasma is the liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting or centrifugation. The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin is synthesized in the liver and serves important transport and homeostatic functions, while globulins include acute phase proteins and immunoglobulins. Several specific plasma proteins are also discussed in detail, including their structure, function, clinical significance, and role in conditions like Wilson's disease.
Plasma proteins
Types of plasma proteins
Compositions of plasma proteins
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Separation Methods of plasma
proteins
Properties of Plasma proteins
Function of plasma proteins
Clinical Note on plasma proteins
Plasma proteins serve important functions such as transport, protection, regulation of fluid balance, blood clotting, and defense against infection. The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin makes up about 60% of total plasma protein and functions to maintain osmotic pressure. Globulins include transport and immune proteins. Fibrinogen aids in blood clotting. Levels of these proteins can indicate various disease states.
24 lec composition of plasma & plasma protein Dr UAK
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that remains after red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are removed. It is composed primarily of water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and blood gases. The major proteins in plasma include albumin, globulins, and immunoglobulins. Albumin maintains osmotic pressure and transports molecules like hormones, fatty acids, and bilirubin throughout the body. Globulins such as alpha-1 antitrypsin regulate enzymes and transport metals. Immunoglobulins act as antibodies to help fight infection.
Plasma proteins, the components of plasma proteins, the protein fractions and condition causing the alteration in the each protein fraction. Clinical implications of the each fraction, the electrophorotic pattern of plasma protein. Acute phase proteins which include the positive and negative phase proteins.
INTERPRETATION OF COMMON BIOCHEMICAL TESTS INCLUDING LFT & RFT.pptxDr Debasish Mohapatra
Biochemical tests are commonly used in day-to-day practices for diagnosis of diseases. Liver function test and renal function tests are common tests done.
Plasma is the liquid portion of blood that remains after red and white blood cells are removed. It contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies, and proteins. The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and plays important roles in maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting molecules like fatty acids, hormones, and bilirubin. Low albumin levels can cause edema. Globulins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma classes, and include proteins like ceruloplasmin, transferrin, C-reactive protein, and haptoglobin that have clinical significance as markers of disease states.
This document discusses plasma proteins, including their functions, measurement, patterns on electrophoresis, and roles in disease states. Key points include:
- Plasma contains over 300 proteins that serve transport, pressure maintenance, defense, and clotting functions. Their levels can indicate pathological conditions.
- Proteins are measured quantitatively by chemical/immunological reactions or semiquantitatively by electrophoresis, which separates proteins by electrical charge into five bands.
- Examples of specific plasma proteins discussed are albumin, prealbumin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein. Conditions where their levels are abnormal are described.
- Acute phase
This document summarizes plasma proteins. It describes that plasma is the liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting or centrifugation. The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin is synthesized in the liver and serves important transport and homeostatic functions, while globulins include acute phase proteins and immunoglobulins. Several specific plasma proteins are also discussed in detail, including their structure, function, clinical significance, and role in conditions like Wilson's disease.
Plasma proteins
Types of plasma proteins
Compositions of plasma proteins
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Separation Methods of plasma
proteins
Properties of Plasma proteins
Function of plasma proteins
Clinical Note on plasma proteins
Plasma proteins serve important functions such as transport, protection, regulation of fluid balance, blood clotting, and defense against infection. The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin makes up about 60% of total plasma protein and functions to maintain osmotic pressure. Globulins include transport and immune proteins. Fibrinogen aids in blood clotting. Levels of these proteins can indicate various disease states.
24 lec composition of plasma & plasma protein Dr UAK
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that remains after red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are removed. It is composed primarily of water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and blood gases. The major proteins in plasma include albumin, globulins, and immunoglobulins. Albumin maintains osmotic pressure and transports molecules like hormones, fatty acids, and bilirubin throughout the body. Globulins such as alpha-1 antitrypsin regulate enzymes and transport metals. Immunoglobulins act as antibodies to help fight infection.
Plasma proteins, the components of plasma proteins, the protein fractions and condition causing the alteration in the each protein fraction. Clinical implications of the each fraction, the electrophorotic pattern of plasma protein. Acute phase proteins which include the positive and negative phase proteins.
INTERPRETATION OF COMMON BIOCHEMICAL TESTS INCLUDING LFT & RFT.pptxDr Debasish Mohapatra
Biochemical tests are commonly used in day-to-day practices for diagnosis of diseases. Liver function test and renal function tests are common tests done.
Plasma is the liquid portion of blood that remains after red and white blood cells are removed. It contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies, and proteins. The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and plays important roles in maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting molecules like fatty acids, hormones, and bilirubin. Low albumin levels can cause edema. Globulins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma classes, and include proteins like ceruloplasmin, transferrin, C-reactive protein, and haptoglobin that have clinical significance as markers of disease states.
The document summarizes plasma proteins and their functions. It discusses that normal plasma proteins are 6-8 g/dl and consist of albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. The main fractions of plasma proteins - albumin, alpha, beta, and gamma globulins - are described. Key plasma proteins like albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein are explained in terms of their structure, function, and clinical significance. Acute phase proteins that increase or decrease during inflammation are also outlined.
Biochemical characteristics of blood plasma proteins.pptxArfi12
The document discusses biochemical characteristics of blood plasma proteins. It defines plasma as the liquid part of blood and lists its main components. The functions of blood are then outlined as transport, protection, and regulation. Blood plasma proteins are then discussed in detail, including their types (albumins, globulins), concentrations, and functions in transport and immune response. Conditions affecting protein levels like dysproteinemia and paraproteinemia are also summarized. Specific plasma proteins such as albumins, alpha and beta globulins are described in terms of their structures and roles.
This document discusses plasma proteins, including their functions, measurement, classification, and major types. It notes that plasma contains thousands of proteins like albumin, globulins, antibodies, enzymes, and transport proteins. Total plasma protein concentration is normally 7-7.5 g/dL. Major classes of globulins include alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. Key plasma proteins discussed in more detail include albumin, immunoglobulins, haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, and alpha-2 macroglobulin.
This document summarizes plasma proteins and immunoglobulins. It discusses that plasma is composed of water, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and plasma proteins. The major plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, and immunoglobulins. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and serves important functions like transport and maintenance of osmotic pressure. Globulins include acute phase proteins, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and others. Immunoglobulins are antibody proteins that are involved in immune responses through antigen binding and activating effector functions. The five major immunoglobulin classes are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
This document provides information on plasma and plasma proteins. It discusses that plasma constitutes 55% of blood volume and is composed mainly of water (91%) and proteins (8%). The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin makes up 60% of total plasma proteins. Various plasma proteins and their functions are described in detail. Abnormalities in plasma proteins can provide clinical information on diseases.
This document discusses plasma proteins and their functions. Some key points:
- Plasma is the liquid component of blood that remains after red and white blood cells are removed by centrifugation. It makes up 55-60% of total blood volume.
- Serum is similar to plasma but lacks coagulation factors as it is produced when blood is allowed to clot.
- The main plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin maintains osmotic pressure while globulins are involved in transport and immunity.
- Electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis can separate plasma proteins based on their electrical charge and antigenic properties. Specific acute phase proteins increase during inflammation.
Plasma Proteins important and brief notespreethi899228
This document discusses plasma proteins, including their types, functions, biosynthesis, and degradation. It covers the main plasma proteins such as albumin, globulins, immunoglobulins, acute phase reactants, and others. Albumin is the major plasma protein that helps maintain colloidal osmotic pressure and transports substances throughout the body. Globulins include proteins involved in blood clotting, iron transport, and immune responses. Immunoglobulins are antibodies that provide antibody-mediated immunity. Levels of acute phase reactants increase or decrease during inflammation.
This document discusses various plasma enzymes, their functions, normal ranges, and clinical significance. It covers enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, pancreatic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, cholinesterase, acid phosphatase, and their isoenzymes. Measurement of non-functional plasma enzymes that leak from tissues into blood can help diagnose cell and tissue damage, proliferation, and various disease states. Interpretation of plasma enzyme levels along with their isoenzyme patterns provides valuable information for clinical diagnosis.
This document discusses plasma proteins and their functions. It outlines that plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, acute phase proteins, and immunoglobulins. Albumin is the major plasma protein and serves important osmotic, transport, nutritive, and buffering functions. Globulins contain proteins like alpha-1 antitrypsin, alpha-2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin. Acute phase proteins increase during infection or inflammation and include C-reactive protein.
This document discusses plasma proteins. It begins by stating that plasma consists of various components including proteins. The concentration of total protein in human plasma is approximately 6.0-8.0 g/dL, with proteins making up the major part of plasma solids. The proteins include simple proteins as well as conjugated proteins like glycoproteins and lipoproteins. Major plasma proteins can be separated into albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen using salting-out or electrophoresis methods. The document then focuses on describing specific plasma proteins in detail, including their structure, function, normal levels, and clinical significance.
This document discusses plasma proteins. It begins by stating that plasma consists of various components including proteins. The concentration of total protein in human plasma is approximately 6.0-8.0 g/dL, with proteins making up the major part of plasma solids. The proteins include simple proteins as well as conjugated proteins like glycoproteins and lipoproteins. Major plasma proteins can be separated into albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen using salting-out or electrophoresis methods. The document then focuses on describing various plasma proteins in detail, including their structure, function, normal levels, and clinical significance.
The document discusses several major plasma proteins including albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and acute phase proteins. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein synthesized by the liver and helps maintain blood volume and transport substances through the bloodstream. The main globulin proteins are alpha, beta, and gamma globulins which have roles in transport and immunity. Fibrinogen aids in blood clotting. C-reactive protein and ceruloplasmin are acute phase proteins that increase during inflammation.
Liver function tests are used to:
1. Detect the presence of liver diseases
2. Distinguish between different types of liver diseases
3. Measure the extent of known liver damage
4. Monitor response to treatment
Common liver function tests include measurements of bilirubin, ammonia, serum enzymes, albumin, globulins, and coagulation factors. Elevations in certain enzymes and proteins provide clues to the type of liver disease, such as whether it involves hepatocyte damage or cholestasis. Following a patient's liver function tests over time also helps assess the severity of disease and response to treatment.
Plasma proteins have important functions including transport, osmotic regulation, catalytic functions, and protective functions. The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and serves important roles such as transporting metabolites, maintaining colloid osmotic pressure, and buffering. Electrophoresis is used to separate plasma proteins into fractions including albumin, alpha-1-globulin, alpha-2-globulin, beta-globulin, and gamma-globulin. Abnormal protein levels can provide clues for various clinical diseases.
veterinary physiology and biochemistry Plasma Proteins.pptxvigneshperumal16
This document discusses plasma proteins and their clinical significance. It provides information on the main types of plasma proteins including albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and trace proteins. Albumin makes up 55-60% of total plasma proteins and serves important functions like maintaining colloid osmotic pressure. The globulins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma fractions. Electrophoresis is commonly used to separate and analyze plasma proteins. Abnormalities in plasma protein levels can provide clinical insights into conditions like liver disease, inflammation, and multiple myeloma.
- The document discusses the composition and properties of blood plasma proteins. It describes the major classes of plasma proteins including albumins, globulins, enzymes, and lipoproteins.
- Specific globulin proteins are examined in more detail, such as their structure, function, and clinical significance. Alpha-1 antitrypsin and alpha-2 macroglobulin are protease inhibitors, while haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin.
- Immunoglobulins are antibody proteins that are divided into five classes based on their heavy chain constant region: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. They have a basic Y-shaped structure composed of two heavy and two light chains that allows for antigen binding
The document discusses acute phase proteins (APPs), which are proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation. It defines positive and negative APPs, provides examples of major, moderate, and minor APPs for different species, and describes the functions of key APPs like C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. It also discusses methods for measuring APPs, including immunoassays, electrophoresis, and clinical importance of APPs like CRP.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of four heme groups with iron and globin proteins containing two alpha and two beta chains. Hemoglobin concentration is normally 13.5-18 g/dL in men and 11.5-16 g/dL in women. Polycythemia is a condition with an increased total number of red blood cells and can be primary due to bone marrow abnormalities or secondary due to factors like living at high altitudes.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
The document summarizes plasma proteins and their functions. It discusses that normal plasma proteins are 6-8 g/dl and consist of albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. The main fractions of plasma proteins - albumin, alpha, beta, and gamma globulins - are described. Key plasma proteins like albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein are explained in terms of their structure, function, and clinical significance. Acute phase proteins that increase or decrease during inflammation are also outlined.
Biochemical characteristics of blood plasma proteins.pptxArfi12
The document discusses biochemical characteristics of blood plasma proteins. It defines plasma as the liquid part of blood and lists its main components. The functions of blood are then outlined as transport, protection, and regulation. Blood plasma proteins are then discussed in detail, including their types (albumins, globulins), concentrations, and functions in transport and immune response. Conditions affecting protein levels like dysproteinemia and paraproteinemia are also summarized. Specific plasma proteins such as albumins, alpha and beta globulins are described in terms of their structures and roles.
This document discusses plasma proteins, including their functions, measurement, classification, and major types. It notes that plasma contains thousands of proteins like albumin, globulins, antibodies, enzymes, and transport proteins. Total plasma protein concentration is normally 7-7.5 g/dL. Major classes of globulins include alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. Key plasma proteins discussed in more detail include albumin, immunoglobulins, haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, and alpha-2 macroglobulin.
This document summarizes plasma proteins and immunoglobulins. It discusses that plasma is composed of water, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and plasma proteins. The major plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, and immunoglobulins. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and serves important functions like transport and maintenance of osmotic pressure. Globulins include acute phase proteins, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and others. Immunoglobulins are antibody proteins that are involved in immune responses through antigen binding and activating effector functions. The five major immunoglobulin classes are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
This document provides information on plasma and plasma proteins. It discusses that plasma constitutes 55% of blood volume and is composed mainly of water (91%) and proteins (8%). The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin makes up 60% of total plasma proteins. Various plasma proteins and their functions are described in detail. Abnormalities in plasma proteins can provide clinical information on diseases.
This document discusses plasma proteins and their functions. Some key points:
- Plasma is the liquid component of blood that remains after red and white blood cells are removed by centrifugation. It makes up 55-60% of total blood volume.
- Serum is similar to plasma but lacks coagulation factors as it is produced when blood is allowed to clot.
- The main plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin maintains osmotic pressure while globulins are involved in transport and immunity.
- Electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis can separate plasma proteins based on their electrical charge and antigenic properties. Specific acute phase proteins increase during inflammation.
Plasma Proteins important and brief notespreethi899228
This document discusses plasma proteins, including their types, functions, biosynthesis, and degradation. It covers the main plasma proteins such as albumin, globulins, immunoglobulins, acute phase reactants, and others. Albumin is the major plasma protein that helps maintain colloidal osmotic pressure and transports substances throughout the body. Globulins include proteins involved in blood clotting, iron transport, and immune responses. Immunoglobulins are antibodies that provide antibody-mediated immunity. Levels of acute phase reactants increase or decrease during inflammation.
This document discusses various plasma enzymes, their functions, normal ranges, and clinical significance. It covers enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, pancreatic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, cholinesterase, acid phosphatase, and their isoenzymes. Measurement of non-functional plasma enzymes that leak from tissues into blood can help diagnose cell and tissue damage, proliferation, and various disease states. Interpretation of plasma enzyme levels along with their isoenzyme patterns provides valuable information for clinical diagnosis.
This document discusses plasma proteins and their functions. It outlines that plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, acute phase proteins, and immunoglobulins. Albumin is the major plasma protein and serves important osmotic, transport, nutritive, and buffering functions. Globulins contain proteins like alpha-1 antitrypsin, alpha-2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin. Acute phase proteins increase during infection or inflammation and include C-reactive protein.
This document discusses plasma proteins. It begins by stating that plasma consists of various components including proteins. The concentration of total protein in human plasma is approximately 6.0-8.0 g/dL, with proteins making up the major part of plasma solids. The proteins include simple proteins as well as conjugated proteins like glycoproteins and lipoproteins. Major plasma proteins can be separated into albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen using salting-out or electrophoresis methods. The document then focuses on describing specific plasma proteins in detail, including their structure, function, normal levels, and clinical significance.
This document discusses plasma proteins. It begins by stating that plasma consists of various components including proteins. The concentration of total protein in human plasma is approximately 6.0-8.0 g/dL, with proteins making up the major part of plasma solids. The proteins include simple proteins as well as conjugated proteins like glycoproteins and lipoproteins. Major plasma proteins can be separated into albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen using salting-out or electrophoresis methods. The document then focuses on describing various plasma proteins in detail, including their structure, function, normal levels, and clinical significance.
The document discusses several major plasma proteins including albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and acute phase proteins. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein synthesized by the liver and helps maintain blood volume and transport substances through the bloodstream. The main globulin proteins are alpha, beta, and gamma globulins which have roles in transport and immunity. Fibrinogen aids in blood clotting. C-reactive protein and ceruloplasmin are acute phase proteins that increase during inflammation.
Liver function tests are used to:
1. Detect the presence of liver diseases
2. Distinguish between different types of liver diseases
3. Measure the extent of known liver damage
4. Monitor response to treatment
Common liver function tests include measurements of bilirubin, ammonia, serum enzymes, albumin, globulins, and coagulation factors. Elevations in certain enzymes and proteins provide clues to the type of liver disease, such as whether it involves hepatocyte damage or cholestasis. Following a patient's liver function tests over time also helps assess the severity of disease and response to treatment.
Plasma proteins have important functions including transport, osmotic regulation, catalytic functions, and protective functions. The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and serves important roles such as transporting metabolites, maintaining colloid osmotic pressure, and buffering. Electrophoresis is used to separate plasma proteins into fractions including albumin, alpha-1-globulin, alpha-2-globulin, beta-globulin, and gamma-globulin. Abnormal protein levels can provide clues for various clinical diseases.
veterinary physiology and biochemistry Plasma Proteins.pptxvigneshperumal16
This document discusses plasma proteins and their clinical significance. It provides information on the main types of plasma proteins including albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and trace proteins. Albumin makes up 55-60% of total plasma proteins and serves important functions like maintaining colloid osmotic pressure. The globulins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma fractions. Electrophoresis is commonly used to separate and analyze plasma proteins. Abnormalities in plasma protein levels can provide clinical insights into conditions like liver disease, inflammation, and multiple myeloma.
- The document discusses the composition and properties of blood plasma proteins. It describes the major classes of plasma proteins including albumins, globulins, enzymes, and lipoproteins.
- Specific globulin proteins are examined in more detail, such as their structure, function, and clinical significance. Alpha-1 antitrypsin and alpha-2 macroglobulin are protease inhibitors, while haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin.
- Immunoglobulins are antibody proteins that are divided into five classes based on their heavy chain constant region: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. They have a basic Y-shaped structure composed of two heavy and two light chains that allows for antigen binding
The document discusses acute phase proteins (APPs), which are proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation. It defines positive and negative APPs, provides examples of major, moderate, and minor APPs for different species, and describes the functions of key APPs like C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. It also discusses methods for measuring APPs, including immunoassays, electrophoresis, and clinical importance of APPs like CRP.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of four heme groups with iron and globin proteins containing two alpha and two beta chains. Hemoglobin concentration is normally 13.5-18 g/dL in men and 11.5-16 g/dL in women. Polycythemia is a condition with an increased total number of red blood cells and can be primary due to bone marrow abnormalities or secondary due to factors like living at high altitudes.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
2024 HIPAA Compliance Training Guide to the Compliance OfficersConference Panel
Join us for a comprehensive 90-minute lesson designed specifically for Compliance Officers and Practice/Business Managers. This 2024 HIPAA Training session will guide you through the critical steps needed to ensure your practice is fully prepared for upcoming audits. Key updates and significant changes under the Omnibus Rule will be covered, along with the latest applicable updates for 2024.
Key Areas Covered:
Texting and Email Communication: Understand the compliance requirements for electronic communication.
Encryption Standards: Learn what is necessary and what is overhyped.
Medical Messaging and Voice Data: Ensure secure handling of sensitive information.
IT Risk Factors: Identify and mitigate risks related to your IT infrastructure.
Why Attend:
Expert Instructor: Brian Tuttle, with over 20 years in Health IT and Compliance Consulting, brings invaluable experience and knowledge, including insights from over 1000 risk assessments and direct dealings with Office of Civil Rights HIPAA auditors.
Actionable Insights: Receive practical advice on preparing for audits and avoiding common mistakes.
Clarity on Compliance: Clear up misconceptions and understand the reality of HIPAA regulations.
Ensure your compliance strategy is up-to-date and effective. Enroll now and be prepared for the 2024 HIPAA audits.
Enroll Now to secure your spot in this crucial training session and ensure your HIPAA compliance is robust and audit-ready.
https://conferencepanel.com/conference/hipaa-training-for-the-compliance-officer-2024-updates
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
1. 1
PLASMA PROTEINS
Overview:
• Functions and characteristics of
plasma proteins
• Measurement of plasma proteins
and diagnosis of diseases
• Electrophoretic patterns of plasma
proteins
• Acute phase proteins
*IMPORTANT *EXTRA CORRECTIONS LINK
2. 2
Plasma contains >300 different proteins
Many pathological conditions affect level of pps
Mostly synthesized in the liver
Some are produced in other sites
A normal adult contains ~70g/L of pps
PLASMA PROTEINS (PPS)
Transport (Albumin, prealbumin,
globulins)
Maintain plasma oncotic pressure*
(Albumin)
Defense (Immunoglobulins and
complement)
Clotting and fibrinolysis (Thrombin and
plasmin)
FUNCTIONS OF PPS
MEASUREMENT OF PPS
Quantitative measurement of a specific
protein:
Chemical or immunological reactions
Semiquantitative measurement by
electrophoresis:
Proteins are separated by their electrical charge in
electrophoresis
Five separate bands of proteins are observed
These bands change in diseases.
EXTRA
The major types of proteins
present in plasma are:
Albumin>>formed in the liver.
Fibrinnogen>>formed in the
liver.
Globulins>>
-50-80% in liver
- the remaining are almost
entirely by the lymphoid tissue.
*this function is done by all plasma proteins, but since albumin has the
highest level among the plasma proteins it's the most imp.
3. 3
Types of Plasma Proteins
prealbumin albumin
α1-
Globulins
a1-
Antitrypsin
α-
fetoprotein
α2-
Globulins
Ceruloplasmin haptoglobin
β-
Globulins
C-reactive
protein(CRP)
transferrin
β2-
microglobulin
γ-
Globulins
PREALBUMIN (TRANSTHYRETIN)
A transport protein for:
Thyroid hormones
Retinol (vitamin A)
Migrates faster than albumin in electrophoresis*
Separated by immunoelectrophoresis
Lower levels found in:
liver disease
nephrotic syndrome,
acute phase inflammatory response
malnutrition
Short half-life (2 days)%
*This is why it is called pre-albumin NOT because it is the albumin precursor, albumin
precursor is PreProAlbumin which is converted to ProAlbumin then secreted as albumin.
4. 4
ALBUMIN
Most abundant plasma protein (~40 g/L) in
normal adult
It is synthesized in the Liver as PreProAlbumin &
secreted as Albumin
Decreases rapidly in Injury, Infection and Surgery
Half-life in Plasma is 20 days
•The Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins that
pulls water into the circulatory system
•Maintains fluid distribution and plasma volume in and
outside cells and plasma volume
Maintains 80% of
plasma Oncotic
pressure:
•Hormones, Ca , free fatty acids, Drugs
A non-specific
carrier for
•1) Liver Diseases 2) Hemorrhage 3) Shock
4) Burns
Useful in treatment1
•Tissue cells can take up Albumin by
Pinocytosis where it is hydrolyzed to amino
acids.
Source of amino
acids for the
tissues2
Hyperalbuminemia:
The only known clinical
cause of
hyperalbuminemia is
dehydration
Hypoalbuminemia:
Causes:
Decreased albumin synthesis:
(liver cirrhosis, malnutrition)
Increased losses of albumin:
1-Increased catabolism in infections
2-Excessive excretion by the kidneys (nephrotic
syndrome)
3-Excessive loss in bowel
4-Severe burns (plasma loss in the absence of skin barrier)
Effects:
Edema:
Albumin level drops in liver disease causing low oncotic
pressure
Fluid moves into the interstitial spaces causing edema
Reduced transport of drugs and other substances in
plasma
Reduced protein-bound calcium
-Total plasma calcium level drops
-Ionized calcium level may remain normal
FUNCTIONS OF ALBUMIN
1-albumin is often used to replace lost fluid and help restore blood volume.
2-when the tissues become depleted of proteins.
5. 5
-Synthesized by the liver and macrophages
-An acute-phase protein that inhibits proteases
(Proteases are produced endogenously and from leukocytes and
bacteria)
-E.g. of protease:-
Digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin)
Other proteases (elastase, thrombin)
-Infection leads to protease release from bacteria and
leukocytes
Types of a1-Antitrypsin ( over 30 types are known)
The most common is M type.
Genetic deficiency of α1-Antitrypsin:-
Synthesis of the defective a1-Antitrypsin (in liver)
Which cannot be secreted.
So, a1-Antitrypsin accumulates in hepatocytes +deficient in
plasma
Clinical Consequences of a1-Antitrypsin Deficiency:
Neonatal jaundice with evidence of cholestasis*
Childhood liver cirrhosis
Pulmonary emphysema in young adults
Laboratory Diagnosis:
-Electrophoresis: Lack of a1-globulin band in protein
electrophoresis
-Quantitative measurement of a1-Antitrypsin by:
Radial immunodiffusion,
isoelectric focusing or nephelometry
a1-antitrypsin
α1-Globulins a-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Synthesized in the developing embryo and
fetus by the parenchymal cells of the liver
AFP levels decrease gradually during intra-
uterine life and reach adult levels at birth
(AFP level of less than 10 ng/mL is normal for adults)
Function is unknown but it may protect fetus
from immunologic attack by thethe mother
(the doctor said; this protein may play a role in Gas
exchanging between mother and fetus)
No known physiological function in adults
AFP is a tumor marker for:-
Hepatoma ,testicular cancer
An extremely high level of AFP in blood could be a
sign of liver tumors.
Imbalance of maternal α-Fetoprotein:
Elevated maternal AFP levels are
associated with:
Neural tube defect,Anencephaly
Decreased maternal AFP levels are
associated with:
Increased risk of Down’s syndrome
*is a decrease in bile flow due to impaired secretion by hepatocytes or to obstruction of bile flow through intra-or extrahepatic bile ducts
6. 6
α2-Globulins
Synthesized by the liver
Contains >90% of serum copper
An oxidoreductase that inactivates
ROS causing tissue damage in
acute phase response
Wilson’s disease:
Due to low plasma levels of
ceruloplasmin
Copper is accumulated in the
liver and brain
Important for iron
absorption from the
intestine
CERULOPLASMIN
Synthesized by
the liver
Binds to free
hemoglobin to form
complexes that are
metabolized in the
RES
Plasma level
decreases during
hemolysis
Limits iron losses by
preventing Hb loss
from kidneys
Haptoglobin
EXTRA
-When red blood cells are destroyed,
the hemoglobin is released. Haptoglobin is
always present in the blood waiting to bind to
released hemoglobin.
macrophages bring
the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex to
the liver, where haptoglobin and hemoglobin
are separated and the iron is recycled.
-In hemolytic anemia, so many red cells are
destroyed that most of the available
haptoglobin is needed to bind the released
hemoglobin. The more severe the hemolysis,
the less haptoglobin remains in the blood.
7. 7
β-Globulins
The liver is the main site
of transferrin synthesis
Iron deficiency results in
increased hepatic synthesis
“trying to compensate”
A major iron-transport
protein in plasma
30% saturated with
iron
A negative acute
phase protein
Plasma level drops in:
Malnutrition, liver disease,
inflammation, malignancy
Transferrin
A component of human leukocyte antigen
(HLA)
Present on the surface of lymphocytes and
most nucleated cells
Filtered by the renal glomeruli due to its small
size but most (>99%) is reabsorbed
May be a tumor marker for:
Leukemia, lymphomas, multiple myeloma
Elevated serum levels are found in:
Overproduction in disease
β2–Microglobulin
An acute-phase
protein synthesized
by the liver
High plasma levels are
found in many
inflammatory conditions
such as rheumatoid arthritis
Important for
phagocytosis
A marker for:
Ischemic Heart Disease
IHD)
)
C-Reactive
Protein (CRP)
8. 8
γ-Globulins
Hypergammaglobulinemia
May result from stimulation of:
-B cells (Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia)
-Monoclonal proliferation (Paraproteinemia)
Monoclonal
Hypergammaglobulinemia
Polyclonal
hypergammaglobulinemia
Proliferation of a single B-cell
clone produces a single type of
Ig
Stimulation of many clones of B
cells produce a wide range of
antibodies
Appears as a separate dense
band (paraprotein or M band)
in electrophoresis
*Paraproteins are characteristic
of malignant B-cell proliferation
-globulin band appears large
in electophoresis
Clinical condition: multiple
myeloma
Clinical conditions: acute and
chronic infections, autoimmune
diseases, chronic liver diseases
9. 9
Acute Phase Proteins
Positive Acute Phase Proteins:
Plasma protein levels increase in:
Infection, inflammation , malignancy, trauma, surgery
These proteins are called acute phase reactants
Synthesized due to body’s response to injury
Examples: a1-Antitypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, c-reactive protein
Mediators cause these proteins to increase after injury
Mediators: Cytokines (IL-1, IL-6), tumor necrosis factors a and , interferons, platelet
activating factor
Functions:
1. Bind to polysaccharides in bacterial walls
2. Activate complement system
3. Stimulate phagocytosis
Negative Acute Phase Proteins:
These proteins decrease in inflammation:
Albumin, prealbumin, transferrin
Mediated by inflammatory response via cytokines and hormones
Synthesis of these proteins decrease to save amino acids for positive acute phase proteins
albumin is low because it's a negative acute
phase proteins.
Other bands are higher because they contain
positive acute phase proteins. e.g. β-
Globulin band contains CRP
10. 10
emzyme Function Condition
Prealbumin
Transport :-
1) Thyroid hormones.
2) Retinol.
Lower level in :-
1) liver disease.
2) Nephrotic syndrome.
3) Malnutrition.
4) Acute phase inflammatory response.
Albumin
1) Maintain oncotic pressure.
2) Non specific carrier.
3) Useful in treatment of liver
disease & shock &
hemorrhage.
Hypoalbuminemia :-
Decrease albumin synthesis.
Loss of albumin:-
• Excessive loss in bowel
• Nephrotic syndrome.
• Burns.
a1 -antitrypsin
Genetic deficiency of a1–antitrypsin:-
Neonatal jaundice.
Childhood liver cirrhosis.
Pulmonary emphysema.
a-fetoprotein
Unknown function . Elevated maternal neural tube defect.
Decreased maternal down syndrome.
Tumor marker hepatoma &testicular cancer.
Ceruloplasmin Important in iron absorption from
intestine .
Wilson’s disease.
Haptoglbin
Bind to free hemoglobin to form
complexes to limit iron loss and to
prevent Hb loss in kidney .
Decrease during hemolysis.
B2 -Microglobulin
Elevated level found in overproduction in
disease.
Tumor marker leukemia & lymphomas &
multiple myeloma.
C-Reactive protein
Important in phagocytosis. Elevated in:-
Inflammation (rheumatoid arthritis).
Marker for ischemic heart disease.
SUMMARY
11. MCQS
1)Prealbumin found in lower level in :
A. Liver disease.
B. Nephrotic syndrome.
C. Malnutrition.
D. All.
2)80 % of plasma oncotic pressure is maintained by
albumin.
A. True.
B. False.
3)Hypoalbuminemia could be carried by:-
A. Decrease in synthesis in liver.
B. Loss of albumin.
C. Sever burns.
D. All of them.
4)Clinical consequences of alpha (a)-antitrypsin
deficiency :-
A. Jaundice.
B. Pulmonary emphysema.
C. Liver cirrhosis.
D. All above.
E. A & B.
5) Ceruloplasmin important in :-
A. Iron absorption from intestine.
B. Transplant.
C. Non of them.
D. Both of them.
6)Which protein is important in prevent
Hb loss from kidney :
A. Haptoglobin.
B. Ceruloplasmin.
C. Transferrin.
D. Non of them.
7)High plasma level found in rheumatoid
arthritis.
A. Haptoglobin.
B. C-reactive protein.
C. B2 –Microglobin.
D. Ceruloplasmin.
8)Monoclonal proliferation marker for multiple
sclerosis.
A. True.
B. False.
9)Which one is true regarding transferrin :-
A. Negative acute phase protein.
B. Major iron transport .
C. Level drop in malignance.
D. Limit iron loss by prevent Hb loss from
kidney.
E. Positive acute phase protein.
F. A & B &C .
G. A &B & C & D.
Answers:
1)D
2)A
3)D
4)D
5)A
6)A
7)B
8)B
9)F
12. what are the Functions of plasma proteins?
1. Transport.
2. Maintain plasma oncotic pressure.
3. Defense .
4. Clotting & fibrinolysis.
What are the Types of plasma proteins?
1. Prealbumin.
2. Albumin.
3. a1 –Globulins (a1 antitrypsin, a-fetoprotein)
4. a2- Globulins (ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin)
5. B-Globulins. (CRP, transferrin, B2 –microglobulin).
6. Y-globulins
What are the Functions of albumin?
1. Maintain oncotic pressure.
2. Non specific carrier.
3. Useful in liver disease & hemorrhage & shock and burns
4. Tissue cells take up and hydrolyzed it to amino acid.
What are the Effects of hypoalbuminemia?
1. Edema b/c of decrease oncotic pressure.
2. Decrease transport of drugs .
3. Decrease protein bound calcium (ionized ca is intact).
SAQS
13. What are the diseases that associated with condition of a-fetoprotein?
o Elevated maternal neural tube defect (spina bifida).
o Decreased maternal down syndrome.
o A tumor marker Hepatoma, testicular cancer.
Talk about B2 –Microblobulin briefly?
o Component of (HLA).
o Filtered by the renal glomeruli due small size but it will be reabsorbed.
o Elevated level :-
overproduction in disease.
o Tumor marker :-
Leukemia, lymphomas, multiple myeloma.
What are the deferences between polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia &
monoclonal?
Polyclonal Monoclonal
• Many clones of B cells wide
range of antibodies.
• Y-globulin band appear large
in electrophoresis.
• Clinical condition :
acute &chronic infection.
autoimmune disease.
Chronic liver disease.
• Single B cell single type of Ig.
• Appear as a separated dense
band.
• Clinical condition:
Multiple myeloma.
SAQS
14. Omar faisal
Abdulaziz Alsaud
Mohammad Alotaibi
Najla Al-draiweesh
14
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