Polymers are large molecules composed of many similar or identical subunits bonded together. There are natural polymers like proteins and cellulose, as well as artificial polymers like plastics. Plastics are made from petroleum products or cellulose and can be thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden when cooled, or thermosets, which harden permanently after heating. Plastics are lightweight, durable, and resistant to chemicals and heat but produce toxic fumes and pollution when burned and harm wildlife. Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made by heating clay or other materials. Whitewares are a type of ceramic used to make dishes, tiles, and sanitary products that are white

1. POLYMERS
By:
Asmita-1404
Palak-528
Anjali-1368
Tanya-1149
Deepika-169

2. WHAT ARE POLYMERS?
A substance which has a molecular structure
built up chiefly or completely from a large
number of similar units bonded together, e.g.
many synthetic organic materials used as
plastics and resins.

3. TYPES
NATURAL
ARTIFICIAL

4. NATURAL POLYMERS
• These are polymers which we derive from
nature. Eg: proteins and fibres, such as
hair, nails, tortoise shell, cellulose in paper
and tree, DNA

5. ARTIFICIAL POLYMERS
These are chemically made by man. Eg.
Plastics, ceramics

7. • PLASTIC is an organic polymer
with the ability to flow into
desired shape when heat and
pressure are applied to it and
retain the shape when they are
withdrawn.
• They are usually
synthetic, most commonly
derived from

8. All Plastics fall within two
groups

9. THERMOPLASTICS are those that can be melted
many times
CELLULOSICS
THERMOPLASTICS:·
PETROLEUM
THEMOPLASTICS
• cellulose acetate
• etil cellulose
• · polyethylene · pvc
• polymethyl methacrylate
• polystyrene
• polypropylene · polyamides

11. THERMOSETTINGS are the ones
that only can be melted once. ·
MELAMINE is
used, for
example, to cover
sheets of wood.
POLYESTERS. The
majority of the
clothes have, at
least, a little
percentage of
polyester .

13. PLASTICS PROPERTIES
DEFORMING
CAPACITY
• it means that other materials like
iron can't deformate so easy as
plastic because plastic has more
flexibility than iron
LIGHTNES
S
• it means that it weighs less than other
materials for example, plastic is lighter
than the iron or steel (Low Density
MECANIC
RESISTANCE
• it means that it does not break easily if
it falls down to the floor or crash with
something, like other materials, for
example glass

15. The toxic smoke produced while burning plastic
kills thousands each year. Workers and
people living near a plastic or resin factory
are prone to LUNGS & INTESTINAL cancer and
birth defects.

16. Plastic bags kill animals. About 100,000 animals such as dolphins,
turtles whales, penguins are killed every year due to plastic
bags. Many animals ingest plastic bags, mistaking them for food,
and therefore die.
The land gets littered by plastic bag garbage
presenting an ugly and unhygienic seen. Plastic
waste blocks drains and gutters, stopping the flow
of rain water and sewerage

17. WHAT CAN WE DO
TO STOP THIS??

19. Not using plastic bags
will help the planet

20. RUBBER AND TYRES
A tire (or tyre) is a ring-shaped covering that fits
around a wheel's rim to protect it and enable better
vehicle performance.
The materials of modern pneumatic tires
are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and
wire, along with carbon black and other chemical
compounds. Pneumatic tires are used on many types
of
vehicles, including cars, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks,
earthmovers, and aircraft.

21. HISTORY
•
The development of this technology hinges on
myriad engineering advances. In terms of
materials, the vulcanization of natural rubber is
credited to Charles Goodyear and Robert William
Thomson. Synthetic rubbers were invented in the
laboratories of Bayer in the 1920s. Today, over 1
billion tires are produced annually in over 400 tire
factories.

22. MANUFACTURING
• Pneumatic tires are manufactured in about 450 tire
factories around the world.
• Over one billion tires are manufactured
annually, making the tire industry a major consumer of
natural rubber.
• In 2004, $80 billion of tires were sold worldwide in 2010
it was $140 billion.
• The top five tire manufacturing companies by revenue
are Bridgestone Michelin, Goodyear, Continental
and Pirelli.

23. COMPONENTS
• Tread-The tread is the part of the tire that comes in contact
with the road surface. The tread pattern is characterized by
the geometrical shape of the grooves, lugs, voids and sipes.
• Tread lug -Tread lugs provide the contact surface necessary
to provide traction. As it rotates through the footprint it is
deformed circumferentially.
• Tread void -Tread voids provide space for the lug to flex and
deform as it enters and exits the footprint. Voids also provide
channels for rainwater, mud, and snow to be channeled
away from the footprint.

24. • Sidewall -The sidewall is that part of the tire that bridges between the
tread and bead.
• Shoulder - The shoulder is that part of the tire at the edge of the tread as
it makes transition to the sidewall.
• Bead - The bead is that part of the tire that contacts the rim on the
wheel.
• Rain groove - The rain groove is a design element of the tread pattern
specifically arranged to channel water away from the footprint.
• Sipe - Tread lugs often feature small narrow voids, or sipes, that improve
the flexibility of the lug to deform as it traverses the footprint area.

25. Fibre Facts
Textiles

26. Fibres
• Fibres are the base unit of all
textile materials and products.
• They are slender thread-like
structures that can be spun into
yarns and thread, and
woven, knitted or felted into
materials.
Magnified Merino
Wool Fibres

27. Fibre Classifications
• There are two types of fibres used in making
textile products – those that come from the
natural environment and those that are
manufactured by humans, called man-made
fibres.
VS

28. Natural Fibre Classifications:
which come from plants, animals and minerals.
Natural
Fibres
Cellulose
Cotton
Linen
Flax
Protein
Hemp
Wool
Silk
Angora
Alpaca
Mohair

29. Plant Fibres – Cellulose Fibres
• Cotton
• Linen/Flax
• Hemp

30. Animal Fibres – Protein Fibres
• Silk
• Wool
• Alpaca
• Angora

31. Man-Made Fibre Classifications:
made usually from chemical sources.
Man-made
Fibres
Regenerated
Rayon
Acetate
Synthetic
Polyester
Nylon
Acrylic
Lycra

32. Man-made – Synthetic Fibres
• Nylon
• Polyester
• Acrylic
• Lycra
(Elastomeric)
These fibres primarily
come from oil and coal.

33. Man-made – Regenerated Fibres
• Rayon
• Acetate
These fibres primarily
come from wood pulp.

34. USES
•
•
•
•
•
•
Clothing
Carpets
Curtains
Towels
Furnishings
Upholstery
• Automotive
applications
• Medical textiles
• Geotextiles
• Agrotextiles
• Protective
clothing

35. CERAMICS
The word “CERAMIC”
comes from the GREEK
word {keramikos} “OF
POTTERY” or “FOR
POTTERY”{keramos}.

36. WHAT IS A CERAMIC ?
• CERAMICS are inorganic , non-metallic solid
prepared by the action of heat and
subsequent cooling.
• CERAMIC material may have a crystalline or
partly crystalline structure, or may be
amorphous [e.g. A glass].
• CERAMIC material are brittle , hard and
strong. They can withstand chemical erosion
and high temperature.

37. TYPES OF CERAMIC PRODUCTS
• Structural ceramics including bricks
,pipes, floor and roof tiles.
• Refractories such as kiln linings ,gas fire
radiants ,steel and glass making crucibles.
• Whitewares ,including tableware ,cookware
,wall tiles ,pottery products and sanitary ware.
• Engineering ceramics used in biomedical
implants [ceramic capping used after root
canal treatment of teeth ] ,disk brakes.

38. WHITEWARE
• Whiteware are ceramic products whose colour
varies from white to off white.
• Glass is one of the main components of
whiteware. Egs of whiteware include
dinnerware made of fine china , wash basins
, dental implants and white coloured spark
plug insulators.

39. PROPERTIES OF WHITEWARE
• Whiteware does not allow fluids to pass
through.
• It have low electrical condutivity.
• It is chemically inert.
• It has the ability to be made into complex
shapes.

40. Components of
Whiteware
CLAY
FLINT
FELDSPAR
• PLASTIC
COMPONENT
• GIVES
SHAPING
ABILITY
• FORM OF
SILICA USED
AS FILLER
• FILLER GIVES
STRENGTH TO
SHAPED
BODY
• FLUXING
AGENT
• LOWERS THE
MELTING
TEMPRATURE
OF THE
MIXTURE