A presentation on Polyster matrix in Rockwool and Cobalt Particulates in composite materials

1. A Presentation On
Polyester Matrix, Rockwool fibers and Cobalt
particulates.
Submitted to- Submitted by-
Dr. Mukesh Kumar Manish Kumar Jangid
Assistant professor (2019PPE5486)
Department of Mechanical Engg.

2. History about Polyester
• In 1926, United States-based E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. began
research into very large molecules and synthetic fibers
• W.H. Carothers, centered on what became nylon, the first synthetic fiber.
• 1939-41, British research chemists took interest in the du Pont studies and
conducted their own research in the laboratories of Calico Printers
Association, Ltd. This work resulted in the creation of the polyester fiber
known in England as Terylene.
• In 1946, du Pont purchased the right to produce this polyester fiber in the
United States.
• The company conducted some further developmental work, and in 1951
began to market the fiber under the name Dacron.

3. POLYESTER
• Polyester (aka Terylene) is a category of polymers which contains the
ester functional group in their main chain.
• Polyester is currently defined as: “Long chain polymers chemically
composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester and a dihydric alcohol
and terephthalic acid”.
• The name “polyester” refers to the linkage of several monomers
(esters) within the fiber.
• Although there are many polyesters, the term "polyester" as a specific
material most commonly refers the Polyethylene Terephthalate(PET) .

4. Chemical reaction of polyester

5. Different Forms of Polyesters
• 1.In the filament form, each individual strand of polyester fiber is
continuous in length, producing smooth-surfaced fabrics
• 2. In staple form, filaments are cut to short, predetermined lengths.
In this form polyester is easier to blend with other fibers
• 3. Tow is a form in which continuous filaments are drawn loosely
together
• 4. Fiberfill is the voluminous form used in the manufacture of quilts,
pillows, and outerwear

6. Classifications
• Polyester can also be classified into two types
• 1.Saturated polyesters.
• 2.Unsaturated polyesters.
• Saturated polyesters refer to that family of polyesters in which the
polyester backbones are saturated. They are thus not as reactive as
unsaturated polyesters. They consist of low molecular weight liquids
used as plasticizers.
• Unsaturated polyesters refer to that family of polyesters in which the
backbone consists of alkyl thermosetting resins characterized by vinyl
unsaturation. They are mostly used in reinforced plastics

7. Manufacturing Of Polyesters
• Polyesters are generally manufactured from petroleum from which the
constituent acids and alcohols are derived.
• There are three steps in the synthesizing of polyester
1.Condensation Polymerization: When acid and alcohol are reacted in a
vacuum at high temperature it results in condensation polymerization.
2.Melt-spun Fiber: The chips are dried completely. Hopper reservoirs are
then used to melt the chips. A unique feature of polyester is that it is melt-
spun fiber.
3.Drawing: The fibers consequently formed are hot stretched to about five
times their original length. This helps to reduce the fiber width.

9. Structure and Appreance
• COLOURLESS AND TRANSPARENT
• SMOOTH AND LUSTURUOS
• SHAPE AS WE REQIURE
• SHINY GLASSROD LIKE

10. Fig:- Microscopic view of polyester

11. Properties of Polyesters
• Denier: 0.5 – 15
• Elongation at break : dry 15 - 45 : wet 15 45%
• Moisture Regain: 0.2-0.5%
• Specific Gravity: 1.36 - 1.41%
• Melting point : 260 - 270 degree C
• Effect of Sunlight : turns yellow, retains 70 – 80 % tenacity at long exposure
• Resistance to Weathering: good
• Rot Resistance: high
• Alkali Resistance: damaged by CON alkali
• Acid Resistance: excellent
• Insects: no effect

12. Polyester Fiber Characteristics
• Strong
• Resistant to stretching and shrinking
• Resistant to most chemicals
• Quick drying
• Crisp and resilient when wet or dry
• Wrinkle resistant
• Mildew resistant
• Abrasion resistant
• Retains heat-set pleats and crease
• Easily washed

13. Applications of Polyesters
• Polyester is used to manufacture high strength ropes (Due to its
strength and tenacity ) thread, hoses, sails, floppy disk liners, power
belting and much more in industries.
• The most common use of polyester today is to make the plastic
bottles that store our much beloved beverages.
• An unusual and little known use of polyester is in the of balloons. The
balloons are made of a composite of Mylar and aluminum foil.
• Thus, polyester has many uses for homes and industries as well.

14. Advantages and Disadvantages of Polyester
• Advantages of Polyester
• Strong
• Flexible
• Dries quickly
• Resists wrinkles and shrinking
• Inexpensive
• Disadvantages of Polyester
• Tends to stick to perspiring skin
• Not as breathable
• Temperature sensitive
• Subject to dye migration

15. ROCKWOOL FIBERS
Operation Temp : Up to 750"C
Size : 1M * 0.5 M / 1M *0.6M
Density:48, 64, 96 &144Kg/m3
Thickness: 50, 65, 75, & 100mm

16. Rock wool fibers
• The rock wool is made out of natural fiber manufactured from basalt
which is an igneous rock.
• Rock wool is an amorphous silicate from basalt and produced by
melting and fiberizing process .
• used for thermo acoustic insulation, fire proofing, and raw materials
in acoustic tiles for ceiling and walls.
• It is known that both the PS polymer and the rock wool fibers have
excellent thermal and electrical insulation properties. Therefore, the
present study is aim to prepare PS–rock wool composite for
mechanical, thermal and dielectric characterization.

17. Contd…
• The individual fibers of Rockwool Insulation are good conductors of
heat on their own, but rolls and sheets of this insulation are highly
efficient at blocking the transfer of heat. They are often used to
prevent the spread of fire in buildings, due to their extreme high
melting point. Rockwool used in insulation plays a significant in
reducing the energy consumed in both domestic and commercial
sectors

18. Manufacturing
• Stone wool is a furnace product of molten rock at a temperature of
about 1600 °C through which a stream of air or steam is blown.
• More advanced production techniques are based on spinning molten
rock in high-speed spinning heads somewhat like the process used to
produce cotton candy. The final product is a mass of fine, intertwined
fibers with a typical diameter of 2 to 6 micrometers. Mineral wool
may contain a binder, often a terpolymer, and an oil to reduce dusting

19. Classifications
• There are several types of high-temperature mineral wool made from different
types of minerals.
• Alkaline earth silicate wool (AES wool)
• AES wool consists of amorphous glass fibers that are produced by melting a
combination of calcium oxide (CaO−), magnesium oxide (MgO−), and silicon
dioxide (SiO2). Products made from AES wool are generally used in equipment
that continuously operates and in domestic appliances. AES wool has the
advantage of being bio-soluble.
• Alumino silicate wool (ASW)
• Alumino silicate wool, also known as refractory ceramic fiber (RCF), consists of
amorphous fibers produced by melting a combination of aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
and silicon dioxide (SiO2), usually in a weight ratio 50:50 . Products made of
alumino silicate wool are generally used at application temperatures of greater
than 900 °C for equipment that operates intermittently and in critical application
conditions .

20. Contd….
• Polycrystalline wool (PCW)
• Polycrystalline wool consists of fibers that contain aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
at greater than 70 percent of the total materials and is produced by sol–gel
method from aqueous spinning solutions. The water-soluble green fibers
obtained as a precursor are crystallized by means of heat treatment.
Polycrystalline wool is generally used at application temperatures greater
than 1300 °C and in critical chemical and physical application conditions.
• Kaowool
• Kaowool is a type of high-temperature mineral wool made from the
mineral kaolin. It was one of the first types of high-temperature mineral
wool invented and has been used into the 21st century. It can withstand
temperatures close to 3,000 °F (1,650 °C)

21. composition of rock wool fibers
• rock wool composition (wt.%)
• SiO2 43.54
• Al2O3 15.01
• Fe3O3 10.82
• CaO 11.82
• MgO 4.51
• Na2O 0.14
• Fibers diameter 2–25 m
• Fibers length 2–20cm
• Water content 0

22. Characteristics with Polyester matrix
• The glass transition temperature decreases slightly with increasing
the fiber content.
• The compressive yield stress increases slightly at low fiber
concentration and decreases rapidly at higher fiber content.
• The Young’s modulus increases and yield strain decreases with the
fiber content.
• The impact strength of the notched specimens increases with the
fiber, and decreases with the glass transition temperature.
• The relative dielectric constant is enhanced with the fiber content,
and in general does not vary with the applied frequency.

23. APPLICATIONS
• In loose-fill form, it can be used for insulating equipment, tanks,
pipelines, ovens and furnaces.
• It is used in the manufacture of acoustical ceiling tiles.
• It is used as for residential, commercial and industrial insulation.
• Rockwool is very effective for use as insulation behind and around
electrical boxes, wires and pipes. It can fill most wall cavities, leaving
virtually no voids.
• It is also used as spray-on fireproofing material.

24. Applications of Rockwool Fibers as
insulation

25. Advantages Of Rockwool Fibers
• Rockwool stone wool fibers can withstand more than 1000°C without
melting – this means it can slow the spread of fire in a property where it to
catch fire.
• Rockwool has fantastic thermal insulating properties. So it is commonly
used in Building construction, industrial plants and automotive
applications.
• Rockwool stone wool has great acoustic insulating properties, so it can
really can help with sound reduction if installed on a busy road for
example.
• The final advantage is that Rockwool is breathable, therefore it allows
moisture to travel across the wall which can help dissipate damp (from in
the house)

26. COBALT PARTICULATES

27. COBALT PARTICULATES
• Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic, silver-white, hard, lustrous, brittle
element. It is a member of group VIII of the periodic table.
• Like iron, it can be magnetized. It is similar to iron and nickel in its
physical properties.
• The element is active chemically, forming many compounds. Cobalt is
stable in air and unaffected by water, but is slowly attacked by dilute
acids.
• The world's major producers of cobalt are the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, mainland China, Zambia, Russia and Australia.

28. Natural Occurrence
• Cobalt occurs in nature in a widespread but dispersed form in many rocks
and soils. The cobalt concentration in the earth's crust is about 20 mg/kg.
• The largest concentrations of cobalt are found in mafic (igneous rocks rich
in magnesium and iron and comparatively low in silica) and ultramafic
rocks; the average cobalt content in ultramafic rocks is 270 mg/kg, with a
nickel: cobalt ratio of 7.
• Sedimentary rocks contain varying amounts of cobalt, averaging 4 mg/kg in
sandstone, 6 mg/kg in carbonate rocks and 40 mg/kg in clays and shale's
Concentrations of cobalt in metamorphic rock depend on the amount of
the element in the original igneous or sedimentary source.
• Cobalt has also been found in meteorites

29. Production
• Cobalt is extracted from several mineral ores, including arsenide,
sulfoarsenide (cobaltite), sulfide (chalcocite, carrollite), arsenic-free cobalt–
copper (heterogenite), lateritic and oxide ores.
• Cobalt is recovered from concentrates and occasionally directly from the
ore itself by hydrometallurgical, pyro metallurgical and electrometallurgical
processes.
• Cobalt powder can be produced by a number of methods, but those of
industrial importance involve the reduction of oxides, the pyrolysis of
carboxylates, and the reduction of cobalt ions in aqueous solution with
hydrogen under pressure.
• Very pure cobalt powder is prepared by the decomposition of cobalt
carbonyls. Grey cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) or black cobalt(II)/cobalt(III) oxide
(Co3O4) is reduced to the metal powder by carbon monoxide or hydrogen.

30. Properties
Atomic number 27
Atomic mass 58.9332 g.mol-1
Electronegativity according to Pauling 1.8
Density 8.9 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point 1495 °C
Boiling point 2927 °C
Vander waals radius 0.125 nm
Ionic radius
0.078 nm (+2) ; 0.063 nm
(+3)
Isotopes 8
Electronic shell [ Ar ] 3d7 4s2
Energy of first ionisation 757 kJ.mol -1
Energy of second ionisation 1666.3 kJ.mol -1
Energy of third ionisation 3226 kJ.mol -1
Standard potential
- 0.28 V ( Co2+/ Co ) ; +1.84 V
( Co3+/ Co2+ )
Discovered by George Brandt in 1737

31. Characteristics of Cobalt particles
• Cobalt is a brittle and hard material.
• silver-grey transition metal with magnetic properties similar to those of
iron (it is ferromagnetic).
• It has a high melting point and is hard-wearing even at high temperatures.
• It has good corrosion resistance.
• Cobalt is also an important component of steel when high strength is
required, as it increases the tempering resistance of steel.
• The physical properties of cobalt resulted in its use in a cobalt-chromium-
molybdenum alloy (Vitallium, 1937) that is strong, has a good corrosion
resistance and is tolerated by the body.

32. APPLICATIONS
• The major uses of cobalt worldwide in 2003 included: super alloys, 20%; other
alloys, 10%; hard metals, 13%; wear-resistant materials, 6%; magnets, 7%;
recording materials, 5%; ceramics/enamels/pigments, 12%; batteries, 8%; tyres,
paint driers, soaps, 9%; and catalysts, 10% Cobalt, like iron, can be magnetized
and so is used to make magnets.
• Cobalt is used in many alloys (super alloys for parts in gas turbine, air craft
engines, corrosion resistant alloys, high-speed steels, cemented carbides), in
magnets and magnetic recording media.
• As catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries and as drying agents for
paints and inks.
• Cobalt metal is sometimes used in electroplating because of its attractive
appearance, hardness and resistance to corrosion.
• The radioactive isotopes, cobalt-60, is used in medical treatment and also to
irradiate food, in order to preserve the food and protect the consumer.

33. Effect on Human health and Environment
• As cobalt is widely dispersed in the environment humans may be exposed to it by
breathing air, drinking water and eating food that contains cobalt. Skin contact
with soil or water that contains cobalt may also enhance exposure.
•
Cobalt is not often freely available in the environment, but when cobalt particles
are not bound to soil or sediment particles the uptake by plants and animals is
higher and accumulation in plants and animals may occur.
Cobalt is beneficial for humans because it is a part of vitamin B12, which is
essential for human health.
• Cobalt is used to treat anemia with pregnant women, because it stimulates the
production of red blood cells. The total daily intake of cobalt is variable and may
be as much as 1 mg, but almost all will pass through the body unadsorbed, except
that in vitamin B12.

34. Contd…
• However, too high concentrations of cobalt may damage human
health. When we breathe in too high concentrations of cobalt
through air we experience lung effects, such as asthma and
pneumonia. This mainly occurs with people that work with cobalt.
• Soils near mining and melting facilities may contain very high
amounts of cobalt, so that the uptake by humans through eating
plants can cause health effects.
•
Health effects that are a result of the uptake of high concentrations of
cobalt are- Vomiting and nausea
Vision problems
Heart problems
Thyroid damage

35. References
• www.//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester
• www.//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_wool
• www.//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt
• A.M. ZIHLIF et al A study on physical properties of rock wool fibers-
polystyrene composite at department of physics university of Jordan,
Amman-Jordan.
• National industrial co. for rock wool fibers.
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321685/