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Cardiomegaly refers to an enlarged heart and can be caused by conditions that make the heart work harder over time like high blood pressure or damage the heart muscle. An enlarged heart may not pump blood as effectively, possibly leading to heart failure. Symptoms include chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves tests like echocardiograms, EKGs, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause through medications, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery.
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Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle where the heart loses its ability to pump blood effectively. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy where the heart chambers enlarge over time and the heart weakens; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where the heart muscle thickens abnormally; and restrictive cardiomyopathy where the ventricles become stiff. Symptoms include fatigue, edema, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Diagnosis involves tests like echocardiograms, EKGs and cardiac catheterization. Treatments focus on managing symptoms, slowing disease progression, and reducing complications through medications, lifestyle changes, surgery like septal myectomy, or heart transplant in severe cases.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease that affects the structure and function of the heart muscle. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy which enlarges the heart ventricles, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which causes thickening of the heart muscle, and restrictive cardiomyopathy which stiffens the heart muscle. Causes include genetics, infections, hypertension, alcohol use, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeats, and fluid buildup. Diagnosis involves examinations, tests like echocardiograms, and biopsies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications, surgery in some cases, and lifestyle changes.
Holter
Holter monitoring involves using a portable electrocardiography device to record a patient's heart rhythm over a period of 24 to 72 hours. The device uses electrodes attached to the skin to track the heart's electrical activity. A Holter monitor can detect abnormal heart rhythms and help diagnose conditions like unexplained palpitations, syncope, or evaluate pacemaker function. The report provides summaries of heart rate, arrhythmias detected, heart rate variability, and 24-hour trends to help clinicians identify abnormal rhythms and understand their clinical significance. Holter monitoring can play a role in evaluating patients with known heart disease, suspected ischemia, cryptogenic stroke, and pacemaker function.
Aortic regurgitation
This document discusses aortic regurgitation (AR), which occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left ventricle. It can be caused by damage to the aortic valve leaflets or distortion of the aorta. Common causes include rheumatic heart disease, bicuspid aortic valves, hypertension, and Marfan syndrome. Over time, the left ventricle must work harder to compensate for the backflow of blood, which can lead to enlarged and weakened heart muscles. Symptoms may include palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves listening for an early diastolic murmur and confirming the diagnosis with echocardiogram
Aortic Stenosis
This document discusses aortic stenosis, including its definition as a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the heart. It notes the main causes are congenital heart defects where the valve has two leaves instead of three, calcium buildup in older individuals, and rarely, rheumatic fever. Epidemiology statistics provided show it occurs in 3 per 1000 births for congenital cases and is rare for rheumatic causes. Pathophysiology is described as the stenosis causing pressure overload on the left ventricle, eventually leading to dilatation and heart failure if longstanding. Clinical signs include dyspnea, angina, fainting, murmurs, and low pulse pressure. A case study example is
Cardiomyopathies
This document discusses various types of cardiomyopathies:
- Dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by an unknown etiology and results in left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. It is a common cause of heart failure.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves abnormal thickening of the heart muscle and can lead to outflow obstruction. It is a common cause of sudden death in young athletes.
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes stiff ventricles and impaired ventricular filling due to disorders like amyloidosis. It presents with symptoms of right and left heart failure.
- Other rare types discussed include arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and obliterative cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis involves imaging and endomyocardial biopsy
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that can be caused by infectious or non-infectious triggers. It has a variable clinical presentation ranging from mild symptoms to life-threatening cardiogenic shock. Diagnosis is challenging but can involve elevated cardiac biomarkers, ECG abnormalities, echocardiogram findings of ventricular dysfunction, and cardiovascular MRI or endomyocardial biopsy showing inflammatory infiltrates. Treatment focuses on managing heart failure symptoms and arrhythmias with medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and avoiding digoxin in acute heart failure. The prognosis varies from complete recovery to chronic dilated cardiomyopathy or sudden death.
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical condition caused by fluid accumulating in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, putting pressure on the heart and preventing it from filling properly. Symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing, and low blood pressure. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment is pericardiocentesis to drain the fluid via needle, with careful monitoring of vital signs.
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Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle where the heart loses its ability to pump blood effectively. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy where the heart chambers enlarge over time and the heart weakens; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where the heart muscle thickens abnormally; and restrictive cardiomyopathy where the ventricles become stiff. Symptoms include fatigue, edema, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Diagnosis involves tests like echocardiograms, EKGs and cardiac catheterization. Treatments focus on managing symptoms, slowing disease progression, and reducing complications through medications, lifestyle changes, surgery like septal myectomy, or heart transplant in severe cases.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease that affects the structure and function of the heart muscle. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy which enlarges the heart ventricles, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which causes thickening of the heart muscle, and restrictive cardiomyopathy which stiffens the heart muscle. Causes include genetics, infections, hypertension, alcohol use, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeats, and fluid buildup. Diagnosis involves examinations, tests like echocardiograms, and biopsies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications, surgery in some cases, and lifestyle changes.
Holter
Holter monitoring involves using a portable electrocardiography device to record a patient's heart rhythm over a period of 24 to 72 hours. The device uses electrodes attached to the skin to track the heart's electrical activity. A Holter monitor can detect abnormal heart rhythms and help diagnose conditions like unexplained palpitations, syncope, or evaluate pacemaker function. The report provides summaries of heart rate, arrhythmias detected, heart rate variability, and 24-hour trends to help clinicians identify abnormal rhythms and understand their clinical significance. Holter monitoring can play a role in evaluating patients with known heart disease, suspected ischemia, cryptogenic stroke, and pacemaker function.
Aortic regurgitation
This document discusses aortic regurgitation (AR), which occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left ventricle. It can be caused by damage to the aortic valve leaflets or distortion of the aorta. Common causes include rheumatic heart disease, bicuspid aortic valves, hypertension, and Marfan syndrome. Over time, the left ventricle must work harder to compensate for the backflow of blood, which can lead to enlarged and weakened heart muscles. Symptoms may include palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves listening for an early diastolic murmur and confirming the diagnosis with echocardiogram
Aortic Stenosis
This document discusses aortic stenosis, including its definition as a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the heart. It notes the main causes are congenital heart defects where the valve has two leaves instead of three, calcium buildup in older individuals, and rarely, rheumatic fever. Epidemiology statistics provided show it occurs in 3 per 1000 births for congenital cases and is rare for rheumatic causes. Pathophysiology is described as the stenosis causing pressure overload on the left ventricle, eventually leading to dilatation and heart failure if longstanding. Clinical signs include dyspnea, angina, fainting, murmurs, and low pulse pressure. A case study example is
Cardiomyopathies
This document discusses various types of cardiomyopathies:
- Dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by an unknown etiology and results in left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. It is a common cause of heart failure.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves abnormal thickening of the heart muscle and can lead to outflow obstruction. It is a common cause of sudden death in young athletes.
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes stiff ventricles and impaired ventricular filling due to disorders like amyloidosis. It presents with symptoms of right and left heart failure.
- Other rare types discussed include arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and obliterative cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis involves imaging and endomyocardial biopsy
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that can be caused by infectious or non-infectious triggers. It has a variable clinical presentation ranging from mild symptoms to life-threatening cardiogenic shock. Diagnosis is challenging but can involve elevated cardiac biomarkers, ECG abnormalities, echocardiogram findings of ventricular dysfunction, and cardiovascular MRI or endomyocardial biopsy showing inflammatory infiltrates. Treatment focuses on managing heart failure symptoms and arrhythmias with medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and avoiding digoxin in acute heart failure. The prognosis varies from complete recovery to chronic dilated cardiomyopathy or sudden death.
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical condition caused by fluid accumulating in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, putting pressure on the heart and preventing it from filling properly. Symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing, and low blood pressure. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment is pericardiocentesis to drain the fluid via needle, with careful monitoring of vital signs.
Tricuspid valve stenosis
The document discusses tricuspid valve stenosis and insufficiency. It defines the conditions as a narrowing or stiffening of the tricuspid valve opening (stenosis), or the valve not closing tightly enough to prevent leakage (insufficiency). Causes can include rheumatic fever, infections, congenital malformations, and tumors. Risks include right heart failure and liver congestion. Diagnosis involves physical exams, echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment options include medications, valve repairs such as annuloplasty or valvuloplasty, and valve replacements. Complications include heart failure, endocarditis, and liver cirrhosis.
Holter monitoring
A Holter monitor is a portable device worn for 24-48 hours that continuously records heart activity through electrodes placed on the skin. It is used to diagnose conditions like valvular heart disease, CAD, arrhythmias, and pacemaker malfunctions. Proper nursing management during the procedure includes documenting attachment/removal times, encouraging activity logging, and avoiding interference. Risks are generally low but may include skin irritation.
Aortic anurysm
An aortic aneurysm is a localized sac or dilation formed at a weak point in the aortic wall. They most commonly occur in the abdominal aorta and can be caused by conditions like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and smoking. Aortic aneurysms are classified as either saccular or fusiform based on their shape and size. Untreated aneurysms risk rupture, which can cause massive hemorrhage and death. Surgical treatment involves replacing the diseased aortic segment with a synthetic graft to prevent rupture.
Aortic stenosis
1) Aortic stenosis is a chronic progressive disease that causes obstruction to left ventricular emptying, leading to symptoms like chest pain, breathlessness, syncope, and fatigue.
2) It is commonly caused by calcific aortic valvular disease in elderly patients or a bicuspid aortic valve. Other potential causes include rheumatic fever and familial hypercholesterolemia.
3) The pathophysiology involves increased left ventricular pressure and hypertrophy due to the obstruction, which can lead to ischemia, arrhythmias, and heart failure over time if left untreated. Symptomatic patients require aortic valve replacement.
Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly is a condition where the heart is enlarged. It can be caused by conditions that make the heart work harder like high blood pressure, heart disease, or heart valve problems. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and swelling. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, echocardiograms, and blood tests. Treatment may include medications to reduce blood pressure and swelling, surgery, lifestyle changes, and sometimes a heart transplant for severe cases.
Aortic regurgitation
The document discusses the anatomy, causes, diagnosis, and management of aortic regurgitation (AR). It provides details on the location of the aortic valve, variants such as bicuspid aortic valve, and common causes of AR including rheumatic heart disease. Physical exam findings, echocardiography parameters, and indications for surgery to replace the aortic valve are summarized. Medical management including vasodilator therapy to reduce afterload is also reviewed.
Rheumatic heart disease
This document provides information about rheumatic heart disease. It begins with definitions, noting it is a chronic condition resulting from rheumatic fever which involves scarring and deformity of the heart valves. Incidence is higher among those from poor socioeconomic backgrounds living in crowded, damp places. The disease is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection leading to rheumatic fever. This causes inflammation of the heart valves and formation of vegetations, resulting in valvular damage and potential heart failure. Clinical manifestations and treatments are also summarized.
Coronary Artery Disease Cvs 2 Es (1)
The document discusses coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction (MI). It defines these conditions and describes their causes, types, signs and symptoms, management, nursing care, and prevention. Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. The main conditions that result from CAD are angina pectoris (chest pain) and MI (heart attack). Angina has stable, unstable, and variant forms. An MI occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked by a clot, causing heart muscle tissue death. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and managing symptoms. Nursing care for patients involves pain management, activity tolerance, and coping with lifestyle changes.
Pericarditis for student
1. Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium and can be caused by viral infections, autoimmune diseases, uremia, or other conditions.
2. It presents clinically as chest pain, pericardial friction rub, dyspnea, or fever and is diagnosed using echocardiogram, ECG, or pericardiocentesis.
3. Treatment involves identifying the cause, administering medications like NSAIDs or steroids, and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral infections. It can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Viruses are the most common cause, with adenovirus now more prevalent than coxsackievirus. Myocarditis presents with symptoms of heart failure, chest pain, or arrhythmias. Diagnosis involves EKG, cardiac biomarkers, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI, and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing arrhythmias and heart failure with medications, while immunosuppression may benefit some forms of myocarditis but not others.
Rheumatic heart disease
Rheumatic heart disease is caused by damage to heart valves from one or more attacks of acute rheumatic fever, which can develop after a streptococcal throat infection. The mitral and aortic valves are most commonly affected. Symptoms range from none in mild cases to heart failure in severe cases. Diagnosis involves confirming a history of streptococcal infection and assessing for valve damage or dysfunction via echocardiogram. Treatment focuses on preventing recurrent infections with long-term antibiotic prophylaxis and managing valve problems or heart failure as needed.
Common Diseases of the heart
This document discusses diseases of the heart, including:
1. The major causes of heart disease are atherosclerosis, heart failure, metabolic/autoimmune damage, high blood pressure, and valve/structural abnormalities.
2. Arrhythmias can cause inefficient pumping and death from ischemia, heart attacks, electrolyte imbalances or genetic defects.
3. Coronary artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis and can lead to angina, heart attacks, and heart failure. It is a major cause of death.
4. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump sufficiently due to issues like coronary disease, high blood pressure, or valve problems. It affects blood flow and congestion.
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition caused by the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, usually due to a severe heart attack damaging the heart muscle. Symptoms include increased respiratory rate, decreased heart rate, decreased urine output, and decreased consciousness. Treatment focuses on oxygenation, increasing systemic vascular resistance through vasopressors like epinephrine and norepinephrine, and improving heart contractility with medications that activate beta-1 receptors. Preventing cardiogenic shock involves maintaining a healthy heart through lifestyle.
Myocardial infarction
1. A myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. It is caused most often by atherosclerosis and plaque buildup that obstruct coronary arteries.
3. Symptoms include chest pain and other signs of reduced blood supply to the heart. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, electrocardiogram changes, and blood tests showing cardiac enzyme levels.
Infective diseases of heart
1) The document discusses various infective diseases of the heart, focusing on pericarditis. It defines pericarditis as inflammation of the pericardium, and describes different types including acute and chronic forms.
2) Causes of pericarditis include viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections, drug reactions, collagen diseases, myocardial injury, radiation, and neoplasms. Common symptoms are chest pain, palpitations, fever and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves EKG, echocardiogram, cardiac enzymes and sometimes pericardiocentesis.
3) Treatment involves NSAIDs, colchicines, or corticosteroids depending on severity. Some
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral valve anatomy
Mitral Regurgitation
Etiology
Pathology
Primary mitral regurgitation
Secondary mitral regurgitation
Functional Classification
Pathophysiology
Acute phase
Chronic compensated phase
Clinical Manifestations
Physical examination
Investigations
classification of severity
Indication for surgery
MV operations for correction of MR
Myocarditis. Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, drugs, toxins, or hypersensitivity reactions. It is diagnosed through physical exams, imaging tests, electrocardiograms, cardiac biopsy and lab tests. Symptoms can include chest pain, heart failure, or arrhythmias. Treatment involves managing symptoms, treating any identifiable causes, and supportive therapies like antibiotics, steroids, or heart failure medications. Prognosis depends on the severity and cause of myocarditis, with fulminant cases having higher mortality despite aggressive treatment.
Diastolic heart failure
Diastolic heart failure occurs when the ventricles become stiff and cannot relax fully during diastole. This prevents full ventricular filling and blood backs up in the organs. Around half of heart failure patients have diastolic heart failure. Diagnosis relies on echocardiogram showing diastolic dysfunction. Treatment focuses on controlling hypertension, volume overload, and other causes through medications like ACE inhibitors, diuretics and beta blockers.
Aortic stenosis
Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening that obstructs blood flow from the heart into the aorta. It has several causes including a congenitally abnormal bicuspid aortic valve, age-related degeneration and calcification of the valves, or rheumatic heart disease. Diagnosis involves echocardiography to measure the severity based on aortic valve area and pressure gradients. Severe aortic stenosis carries a poor prognosis without intervention, with 50% mortality within 3 years of symptom onset. Treatment options include surgical aortic valve replacement or the minimally invasive transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedure.
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that can be caused by infectious or non-infectious triggers. It has a variable clinical presentation ranging from mild symptoms to life-threatening conditions. The diagnosis is challenging due to the heterogeneity of symptoms but can involve electrocardiogram, cardiac biomarkers, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI and endomyocardial biopsy. About half of acute cases resolve in 2-4 weeks but some develop heart failure or arrhythmias. Treatment focuses on supporting heart function and managing symptoms while the disease runs its course.
cardiomegaly-201230142934.pdf
Cardiomegaly is a condition where the heart is enlarged. It can be caused by conditions that make the heart work harder like high blood pressure or damage the heart muscles. An enlarged heart may not pump blood effectively, possibly leading to heart failure. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, EKGs, and echocardiograms. Treatment includes medications to reduce blood pressure and swelling as well as lifestyle changes, while severe cases may require surgery. Complications include heart failure, blood clots, and sudden death.
Etiology of cardiomegaly the heart- (2).pptx
Cardiomegaly refers to an enlarged heart and can have various underlying causes. Some common causes include high blood pressure, heart attacks, heart muscle disease, and congenital heart conditions. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and swelling. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, EKGs, echocardiograms and cardiac CTs or MRIs. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications to reduce blood pressure and swelling, surgery to repair or replace heart valves, or even a heart transplant in severe cases. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, losing weight, and exercising can also help manage the condition.
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Tricuspid valve stenosis
The document discusses tricuspid valve stenosis and insufficiency. It defines the conditions as a narrowing or stiffening of the tricuspid valve opening (stenosis), or the valve not closing tightly enough to prevent leakage (insufficiency). Causes can include rheumatic fever, infections, congenital malformations, and tumors. Risks include right heart failure and liver congestion. Diagnosis involves physical exams, echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment options include medications, valve repairs such as annuloplasty or valvuloplasty, and valve replacements. Complications include heart failure, endocarditis, and liver cirrhosis.
Holter monitoring
A Holter monitor is a portable device worn for 24-48 hours that continuously records heart activity through electrodes placed on the skin. It is used to diagnose conditions like valvular heart disease, CAD, arrhythmias, and pacemaker malfunctions. Proper nursing management during the procedure includes documenting attachment/removal times, encouraging activity logging, and avoiding interference. Risks are generally low but may include skin irritation.
Aortic anurysm
An aortic aneurysm is a localized sac or dilation formed at a weak point in the aortic wall. They most commonly occur in the abdominal aorta and can be caused by conditions like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and smoking. Aortic aneurysms are classified as either saccular or fusiform based on their shape and size. Untreated aneurysms risk rupture, which can cause massive hemorrhage and death. Surgical treatment involves replacing the diseased aortic segment with a synthetic graft to prevent rupture.
Aortic stenosis
1) Aortic stenosis is a chronic progressive disease that causes obstruction to left ventricular emptying, leading to symptoms like chest pain, breathlessness, syncope, and fatigue.
2) It is commonly caused by calcific aortic valvular disease in elderly patients or a bicuspid aortic valve. Other potential causes include rheumatic fever and familial hypercholesterolemia.
3) The pathophysiology involves increased left ventricular pressure and hypertrophy due to the obstruction, which can lead to ischemia, arrhythmias, and heart failure over time if left untreated. Symptomatic patients require aortic valve replacement.
Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly is a condition where the heart is enlarged. It can be caused by conditions that make the heart work harder like high blood pressure, heart disease, or heart valve problems. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and swelling. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, echocardiograms, and blood tests. Treatment may include medications to reduce blood pressure and swelling, surgery, lifestyle changes, and sometimes a heart transplant for severe cases.
Aortic regurgitation
The document discusses the anatomy, causes, diagnosis, and management of aortic regurgitation (AR). It provides details on the location of the aortic valve, variants such as bicuspid aortic valve, and common causes of AR including rheumatic heart disease. Physical exam findings, echocardiography parameters, and indications for surgery to replace the aortic valve are summarized. Medical management including vasodilator therapy to reduce afterload is also reviewed.
Rheumatic heart disease
This document provides information about rheumatic heart disease. It begins with definitions, noting it is a chronic condition resulting from rheumatic fever which involves scarring and deformity of the heart valves. Incidence is higher among those from poor socioeconomic backgrounds living in crowded, damp places. The disease is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection leading to rheumatic fever. This causes inflammation of the heart valves and formation of vegetations, resulting in valvular damage and potential heart failure. Clinical manifestations and treatments are also summarized.
Coronary Artery Disease Cvs 2 Es (1)
The document discusses coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction (MI). It defines these conditions and describes their causes, types, signs and symptoms, management, nursing care, and prevention. Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. The main conditions that result from CAD are angina pectoris (chest pain) and MI (heart attack). Angina has stable, unstable, and variant forms. An MI occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked by a clot, causing heart muscle tissue death. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and managing symptoms. Nursing care for patients involves pain management, activity tolerance, and coping with lifestyle changes.
Pericarditis for student
1. Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium and can be caused by viral infections, autoimmune diseases, uremia, or other conditions.
2. It presents clinically as chest pain, pericardial friction rub, dyspnea, or fever and is diagnosed using echocardiogram, ECG, or pericardiocentesis.
3. Treatment involves identifying the cause, administering medications like NSAIDs or steroids, and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral infections. It can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Viruses are the most common cause, with adenovirus now more prevalent than coxsackievirus. Myocarditis presents with symptoms of heart failure, chest pain, or arrhythmias. Diagnosis involves EKG, cardiac biomarkers, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI, and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing arrhythmias and heart failure with medications, while immunosuppression may benefit some forms of myocarditis but not others.
Rheumatic heart disease
Rheumatic heart disease is caused by damage to heart valves from one or more attacks of acute rheumatic fever, which can develop after a streptococcal throat infection. The mitral and aortic valves are most commonly affected. Symptoms range from none in mild cases to heart failure in severe cases. Diagnosis involves confirming a history of streptococcal infection and assessing for valve damage or dysfunction via echocardiogram. Treatment focuses on preventing recurrent infections with long-term antibiotic prophylaxis and managing valve problems or heart failure as needed.
Common Diseases of the heart
This document discusses diseases of the heart, including:
1. The major causes of heart disease are atherosclerosis, heart failure, metabolic/autoimmune damage, high blood pressure, and valve/structural abnormalities.
2. Arrhythmias can cause inefficient pumping and death from ischemia, heart attacks, electrolyte imbalances or genetic defects.
3. Coronary artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis and can lead to angina, heart attacks, and heart failure. It is a major cause of death.
4. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump sufficiently due to issues like coronary disease, high blood pressure, or valve problems. It affects blood flow and congestion.
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition caused by the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, usually due to a severe heart attack damaging the heart muscle. Symptoms include increased respiratory rate, decreased heart rate, decreased urine output, and decreased consciousness. Treatment focuses on oxygenation, increasing systemic vascular resistance through vasopressors like epinephrine and norepinephrine, and improving heart contractility with medications that activate beta-1 receptors. Preventing cardiogenic shock involves maintaining a healthy heart through lifestyle.
Myocardial infarction
1. A myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. It is caused most often by atherosclerosis and plaque buildup that obstruct coronary arteries.
3. Symptoms include chest pain and other signs of reduced blood supply to the heart. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, electrocardiogram changes, and blood tests showing cardiac enzyme levels.
Infective diseases of heart
1) The document discusses various infective diseases of the heart, focusing on pericarditis. It defines pericarditis as inflammation of the pericardium, and describes different types including acute and chronic forms.
2) Causes of pericarditis include viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections, drug reactions, collagen diseases, myocardial injury, radiation, and neoplasms. Common symptoms are chest pain, palpitations, fever and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves EKG, echocardiogram, cardiac enzymes and sometimes pericardiocentesis.
3) Treatment involves NSAIDs, colchicines, or corticosteroids depending on severity. Some
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral valve anatomy
Mitral Regurgitation
Etiology
Pathology
Primary mitral regurgitation
Secondary mitral regurgitation
Functional Classification
Pathophysiology
Acute phase
Chronic compensated phase
Clinical Manifestations
Physical examination
Investigations
classification of severity
Indication for surgery
MV operations for correction of MR
Myocarditis. Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, drugs, toxins, or hypersensitivity reactions. It is diagnosed through physical exams, imaging tests, electrocardiograms, cardiac biopsy and lab tests. Symptoms can include chest pain, heart failure, or arrhythmias. Treatment involves managing symptoms, treating any identifiable causes, and supportive therapies like antibiotics, steroids, or heart failure medications. Prognosis depends on the severity and cause of myocarditis, with fulminant cases having higher mortality despite aggressive treatment.
Diastolic heart failure
Diastolic heart failure occurs when the ventricles become stiff and cannot relax fully during diastole. This prevents full ventricular filling and blood backs up in the organs. Around half of heart failure patients have diastolic heart failure. Diagnosis relies on echocardiogram showing diastolic dysfunction. Treatment focuses on controlling hypertension, volume overload, and other causes through medications like ACE inhibitors, diuretics and beta blockers.
Aortic stenosis
Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening that obstructs blood flow from the heart into the aorta. It has several causes including a congenitally abnormal bicuspid aortic valve, age-related degeneration and calcification of the valves, or rheumatic heart disease. Diagnosis involves echocardiography to measure the severity based on aortic valve area and pressure gradients. Severe aortic stenosis carries a poor prognosis without intervention, with 50% mortality within 3 years of symptom onset. Treatment options include surgical aortic valve replacement or the minimally invasive transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedure.
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that can be caused by infectious or non-infectious triggers. It has a variable clinical presentation ranging from mild symptoms to life-threatening conditions. The diagnosis is challenging due to the heterogeneity of symptoms but can involve electrocardiogram, cardiac biomarkers, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI and endomyocardial biopsy. About half of acute cases resolve in 2-4 weeks but some develop heart failure or arrhythmias. Treatment focuses on supporting heart function and managing symptoms while the disease runs its course.
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cardiomegaly-201230142934.pdf
Cardiomegaly is a condition where the heart is enlarged. It can be caused by conditions that make the heart work harder like high blood pressure or damage the heart muscles. An enlarged heart may not pump blood effectively, possibly leading to heart failure. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, EKGs, and echocardiograms. Treatment includes medications to reduce blood pressure and swelling as well as lifestyle changes, while severe cases may require surgery. Complications include heart failure, blood clots, and sudden death.
Etiology of cardiomegaly the heart- (2).pptx
Cardiomegaly refers to an enlarged heart and can have various underlying causes. Some common causes include high blood pressure, heart attacks, heart muscle disease, and congenital heart conditions. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and swelling. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, EKGs, echocardiograms and cardiac CTs or MRIs. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications to reduce blood pressure and swelling, surgery to repair or replace heart valves, or even a heart transplant in severe cases. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, losing weight, and exercising can also help manage the condition.
seminar ON cardiomegaly FOR NURSING STUDENTS.pptx
Cardiomegaly is a condition where the heart becomes enlarged. It is usually caused by underlying conditions that make the heart work harder like obesity, heart valve disease, and high blood pressure. An enlarged heart may not pump blood effectively, potentially leading to congestive heart failure. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, EKGs, echocardiograms and cardiac catheterization. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause with medications, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery. Complications include heart failure, blood clots, and sudden cardiac death if not properly treated.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that weaken and enlarge the heart muscle, making it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy which causes the heart chambers to enlarge and the heart walls to thin; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick; and restrictive cardiomyopathy which causes the heart muscles to stiffen. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and heart palpitations. Diagnosis involves echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and cardiac imaging to examine the structure and function of the heart. Treatment may include medications, medical devices, and
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood effectively. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy causes the heart chambers to enlarge; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy results in abnormal thickening of the heart muscle; and restrictive cardiomyopathy occurs when heart muscle is replaced with scar tissue causing stiffness. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and heart failure. Treatment involves medications, surgically implanted devices, and possibly heart transplant for severe cases.
Congestive heart failure
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Fluid backs up in the lungs and body, causing congestion. Common causes include coronary artery disease, heart attacks, high blood pressure, and congenital or valvular heart defects. Symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling, fatigue, and reduced exercise capacity. Treatment involves medications, lifestyle changes, and potentially surgery or devices. Nursing focuses on managing symptoms like fatigue and anxiety while monitoring for fluid retention.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that weakens the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. The main types are dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type and causes the heart chambers to enlarge over time. Treatment involves managing symptoms and risk factors with medications, lifestyle changes, surgery such as implantable devices or transplant, and treating any underlying causes. A heart transplant may be an option for severe cases but carries risks of organ rejection, infection, and side effects of immunosuppressant drugs.
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An acquired or inherited disease of the heart muscle which makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood to other parts of the body. Can be dangerous or life threatening if untreated
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The document calculates the average lifetime total heartbeats for a person based on average heart rate, lifespan, and conversions between heartbeats per minute/hour/day/year. It finds that the average lifetime total heartbeats is approximately 2.8 billion beats.
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Hypertensive heart disease refers to heart conditions caused by high blood pressure and includes problems like heart failure, coronary artery disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Risk factors include obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, an unhealthy diet, family history, and increasing age. Symptoms vary but can include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling. Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, and tests like EKGs, echocardiograms, and stress tests. Treatment depends on severity but may include medications, surgeries like bypass, or devices like pacemakers. Preventing high blood pressure through diet, exercise, weight control and not smoking can reduce heart disease risk.
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Cardio myopathy
Cardiac myopathy is a heart-related disorder. many types are there in cardiomyopathy .4 types of CMP is hypertrophic CMP, dilated CMP, restrictive CMP, stress CMP. causes of this are node related problem,ischemic condion of the heart .symptoms to this is chest pain breathlessness, edema like cardiacfailure will happen at last . manage mesvn t like betablockers , ace inhibitors doamine .dobutamine, and diuretics should be given to the patient .surgical manage meant is septal ablation, and heart transplantation should be given to the patient
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle that are classified based on etiology and functional characteristics. The main types are dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Symptoms vary depending on the type but often include heart failure symptoms like shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on managing underlying causes, controlling symptoms, preventing worsening of the disease, and reducing complications through medications, lifestyle changes, and procedures.
Arrhythmia as secondary disease
Coronary artery disease occurs when arteries become hardened and narrowed due to plaque buildup. Over time this can weaken the heart muscle and lead to heart failure or arrhythmias by disrupting blood flow. Electrolyte imbalances can also cause arrhythmias by making heart cells abnormally electrically charged and disrupting the normal rhythm. Both heart muscle diseases and myocarditis weaken the heart by affecting heart muscle structure and function. Post-cardiac surgery, irregular heart rhythms can occur due to trauma, inflammation, hemodynamic stress, ischemic injury or perioperative drugs.
Ccf
This document provides information on congestive heart failure, including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and nursing care considerations. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs due to weakened contraction or stiffened ventricles. Common causes include coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, and conditions that overwork the heart like high blood pressure. Diagnostic tests include echocardiograms, stress tests, and blood tests. Treatment involves medications, lifestyle changes, and potentially surgeries like bypass, angioplasty, or device implants. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, fluid management, providing education and support, and addressing symptoms and side effects of treatment.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle and cause it to enlarge and stiffen. It is often hereditary. The main types are dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Symptoms of heart failure often occur as the condition worsens and weakens the heart. Treatment depends on severity but may include medications, surgery like implantable devices or transplant, or lifestyle changes. Family history and other conditions increasing risk. Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, and tests like ECG, echocardiogram, or stress test.
Congestive Heart failure(1).pptx
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be chronic or acute and symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and reduced ability to exercise. It is often caused by conditions like coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, or heart attack that damage the heart muscle over time. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like reducing salt, exercising, and weight control as well as medications to remove fluid, lower blood pressure on the heart, strengthen contractions, or improve pumping ability.
Congestive Heart Failure.pdf
This document provides information on congestive heart failure (CHF), including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and nursing care considerations. CHF occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs due to weakening of the heart muscle. Common causes include coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, and conditions that overwork the heart like high blood pressure. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and blood tests. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medications like ACE inhibitors and diuretics, and procedures like coronary bypass surgery or implantable defibrillators. Nurses monitor patients for fluid retention and electrolyte im
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Cardiomyopathy
This document defines and describes various types of cardiomyopathies including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. It discusses their causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. The main types are defined as primary disorders of the heart muscle that cause abnormal function and are not caused by other cardiac diseases. Causes can include genetic/inherited factors, infections, metabolic disorders, toxins and medications. Symptoms vary from none to heart failure and arrhythmias depending on the individual and severity of disease.
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cardiomegaly-201230142934.pptx
- 1. CARDIOMEGALY SUBMITTED BY, SHEELA M JOHN 2 ND YEAR MSC NURSING
- 3. • Cardiomegaly is a medical condition in which the heart is enlarged. • It is more commonly referred to as an enlarged heart . • Other common names for cardiomegaly is megacardia or megalocardia, but they all refer to the same thing . • The causes of cardiomegaly vary from patient to patient,depending on each case . INTRODUCTION
- 4. >Cardiomegaly is a medical condition in which the heart is enlarged . It is more commonly referred to as an enlarged heart . >An enlarged heart may not pump blood effectively, resulting in congestive heart failure . DEFINITION
- 5. > Idiopathic: an enlarged heart can be caused by conditions that caused by conditions that cause heart to pump harder than usual or that damage heart muscle . Sometimes the heart enlarges and becomes weak for unknown reasons . > Diseases of the heart muscle or heart valves , as the thickening and stiffening of heart muscles progresses, the heart may enlarge to try to pump more blood to the body. > High blood pressure > Arrhythmias: A congenital heart condition, damage from a heart attack or an abnormal heartbeat can cause heart to enlarge . > Infectious endocarditis, connective tissue disorders, certain medications or radiation treatments for cancer , the heart may enlarge . > Pulmonary hypertension. ETIOLOGY
- 6. >Longstanding anemia (Low red blood cell count) >Thyroid diseases. >Pericardial effusion: Accumulation of fluid in the sac(pericardium) that contains the heart may cause heart to appear enlarged on a chest xray. >Excessive iron in blood (hemochromatosis): It is a disorder in which the body doesn’t properly metabolize iron, causing it to build up in various organs, including heart . >Rare diseases such as Amyloidosis (It is a condition in which abnormal proteins circulate in blood and may be deposited in heart, interfering with heart’s function and causing it to enlarge .
- 7. >Viral infection of the heart. >Pregnancy, with enlarged heart developing around the time of delivery (peripartum cardiomyopathy) >Kidney diseases requiring dialysis >HIV infection >Alcohol or cocaine abuse >Diabetes
- 8. >High blood pressure : higher than 140/90 millimeters of mercury >A family history of enlarged hearts or cardiomyopathy >Coronary artery disease >Congenital heart disease >Valvular heart disease >Heart attack RISK FACTORS
- 9. >Ventricular hypertrophy (VH): • It is thickening of the walls of a ventricle (lower chamber) of the heart . Although left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is more common, rightventricular hypertrophy (RVH), as well as concurrent hypertrophy of both ventricles can also occur. CLASSIFICATION
- 10. of the heart is larger than would be expected . • It can also affect both atria . • It refers to a condition where the left atrium >Atrial enlargement atrium right or
- 11. > Dilated cardiomyopathy • It is the most common type of cardiomegaly. In this condition, the walls of the left and/or right ventricles of the heart become thin and stretched . • The result is an enlarged heart . • In the other types of cardiomegaly, the heart's large muscular left ventricle becomes abnormally thick . • Hypertrophy is usually what causes left ventricular enlargement .
- 12. It is typically an inherited condition >Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- 13. > Heart palpitations > Severe shortness of breath (especially physically active) -irregulary unable to catch one’s breath . > Chest pain > Fatigue > Swelling in legs > Increased abdominal girth > Weight gain > Edema > Fainting SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- 14. >Chest xray >Electrocardiogram >Echocardiogram >Stress test >Cardiac computerized tomography or MRI >Blood test >Cardiac catheterization >Biopsy DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
- 15. . Diuretics: To lower the amount of sodium and water in the body, which can help lowers the pressure in the arteries and heart . . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) : To lower the BP and improves the heart pumping ability. . Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs): To provide the benefits of ACE inhibitors for those who cannot take ACE inhibitors . MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- 16. . Beta blockers: To lower blood pressure and improve heart function . . Digoxin: To help improve the pumping function of the heart and lessen the need for hospitalization for heart failure . . Anticoagulants: To reduce the risk of blood clots that could cause a heart attack or stroke . . Anti- arrythmics: To keep the heart beating with a normal rhythm .
- 17. . In people who may be at risk of serious arrythmias, drug therapy or an implantable cardioverter- defibrillator may be an option. . Heart valve surgery: to remove the valve and replace it with either an artificial valve from a pig, cow or deceased human donor . Coronary bypass surgery . Left ventricular assist device . Heart transplant SURGICAL MANAGEMENT . Pacemaker : It coordinates the contractions between the left and right ventricle.
- 19. . Heart failure . Blood clots . Heart murmur . Cardiac arrest . Sudden death COMPLICATIONS
- 20. . Quit smoking . . Lose excess weight . . Limit salt in the diet . . Control diabetes . . Monitor blood pressure . . Get modest exercises, after discussing with the doctor the most appropriate program of physical activity. . Avoid or eliminate alcohol and caffeine . . Try to sleep eight hours nightly. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS
- 21. • Cardiomegaly (megacardia or megalocardia) is a medical condition in which the heart is enlarged . • As such, it is more commonly referred to simply as "having an enlarged heart" . • It is not a disease, but rather a condition that can result from a host of other diseases such as obesity or coronary artery disease . CONCLUSION
- 22. . Brunner and Sudharth’s .Textbook of Medical Surgical nursing: Lippincott Publishers: Page no . 1208- 1212 . . www.wikipedia.com www.mayoclinic.com. . www.currentnurses.com BIBLIOGRAPHY