This document discusses pneumothorax and hemothorax. It defines pneumothorax as a collection of air in the pleural space, which can be spontaneous or traumatic. Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition where air builds up pressure in the pleural space. Hemothorax is defined as a collection of blood in the pleural space. The document covers causes, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, and treatment approaches for pneumothorax and hemothorax.
there is the introduction part of the torso trauma,
check out my next ppts for further more about torso trauma.
contents are in following order...
introduction
mechanism of injury
junctional zones of torso
tension pneumothorax
cardiac temponade
massive hemothorax
etc.
check out all slides
Despite modern anti-tuberculous chemotherapy, approximately 2% of all cases of pulmonary mycobacterial infection require surgical treatment.Therefore, surgical treatment of pulmonary mycobacterial disease is rarely necessary.Types of surgical procedures for PTB include: Collapse therapy, pulmonary resection, lung decortication, drainage procedures such as closed tube thoracostomy, rib resection and open window thoracotomy beside pulmonary resection+ collapse therapy (thoracoplasty). The decreasing morbidity and mortality of pulmonary resection for PTB is due to careful patient selection ( failure of chemotherapy, massive haemoptysis, BPF), improved anaesthetic techniques, stapling devices and better chemotherapy.The prognosis after successful resection is excellent ( 90% survive and remain disease free).
there is the introduction part of the torso trauma,
check out my next ppts for further more about torso trauma.
contents are in following order...
introduction
mechanism of injury
junctional zones of torso
tension pneumothorax
cardiac temponade
massive hemothorax
etc.
check out all slides
Despite modern anti-tuberculous chemotherapy, approximately 2% of all cases of pulmonary mycobacterial infection require surgical treatment.Therefore, surgical treatment of pulmonary mycobacterial disease is rarely necessary.Types of surgical procedures for PTB include: Collapse therapy, pulmonary resection, lung decortication, drainage procedures such as closed tube thoracostomy, rib resection and open window thoracotomy beside pulmonary resection+ collapse therapy (thoracoplasty). The decreasing morbidity and mortality of pulmonary resection for PTB is due to careful patient selection ( failure of chemotherapy, massive haemoptysis, BPF), improved anaesthetic techniques, stapling devices and better chemotherapy.The prognosis after successful resection is excellent ( 90% survive and remain disease free).
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This 𝐏𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐱 animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about 𝐏𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐱
𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
• 𝐏𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐱: Collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity. It occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleura causing lung collapse.
𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲
o Normal lung physiology involves the expansion and contraction of the lung during breathing.
o Air accumulation in the pleural space increases intrapleural pressure.
o Increased intrapleural pressure compresses the lung, decreasing its volume and leading to collapse
𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬
o Primary spontaneous pneumothorax: Occurs in healthy individuals due to rupture of abnormal air sacs.
o Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: Associated with underlying lung diseases like COPD, cystic fibrosis, and emphysema.
o Traumatic pneumothorax: Caused by chest injury, such as a fractured rib, gunshot wound, or blunt trauma.
o Tension pneumothorax: A life-threatening condition caused by a one-way valve mechanism allowing air entry but preventing its escape.
o Iatrogenic pneumothorax: Occurs as a complication of medical procedures like lung biopsy or central line insertion.
o Catamenial pneumothorax: Rare, occurring in women with endometriosis, where endometrial tissue bleeds into the pleural space
𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬
• Medical icons representing: emphysema, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, endometriosis, collagen vascular disease, tuberculosis, asthma, and pneumonia.
𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐤 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬
Gender, age, genetics, previous infection, smoking, deep-sea diving, drug use (inhaled), and changes in air pressure.
𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬
Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, fast breathing, fatigue, rapid heart rate. (Visualized)
𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
X-ray, CT scan, ultrasound, auscultation, percussion.
𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐎𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
Observation, chest tube drainage, supplemental oxygen, chemical pleurodesis, needle aspiration, and surgery.
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
• Re-expansion pulmonary edema, treatment-related damage/infection, inability to breathe, heart failure, death. (Visualized)
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
• Stop smoking, avoid high-altitude activities, monitor lung conditions.
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Fabry disease runs in families. It can have lots of different symptoms, including pain in the hands and feet and a specific kind of rash.When you have Fabry disease, a certain type of fatty substance builds up in your body. It narrows your blood vessels, which can hurt your skin, kidneys, heart, brain, and nervous system.
Galactosemia is a rare, hereditary disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that affects the body's ability to convert galactose (a sugar contained in milk, including human mother's milk) to glucose (a different type of sugar).
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. PulmonaryVentilation
BOYLE’S LAW
Gas pressure in closed container is inversely proportional to
volume of container
Pressure differences and Air flow
From high to low gradient
3. Pressures
Atmospheric pressure – 760 mm Hg
Intrapleural pressure – 756 mm Hg
Intrapulmonary pressure (Alveolar pressure) – varies,
pressure inside lungs
Transpulmonary Pressure – difference between the alveolar
pressure and intrapleural pressure in the lung
Ptp = Palv – Pip
4.
5. Under Physiological Conditions
Normally: Atmospheric P. > Alveolar P. > Intrapulmonary P.
Transpulmonary pressure is always positive
Intrapleural pressure is always negative and relatively large
Alveolar pressure moves from slightly positive to slightly
negative as a person breathes
For a given lung volume the transpulmonary pressure is equal
and opposite to the elastic recoil pressure of the lung.
6. Under Pathological Condition
When transpulmonary pressure = Zero
Remember: Ptp = Palv – Pip
Alveolar pressure = Intrapleural pressure
Examples:
When the lungs are removed from the chest cavity
Air enters the intrapleural space Pneumothorax
Under both conditions the lungs collapse as a result of their
inherent elastic recoil
7. Pneumothorax
Definition: Collection of air with in the pleural space
Due to rupture of a subpleural or intrapleural bleb
Intrapleural pressure is the same as the atmospheric pressure
Transforms the potential space into a real one
With Progression, the intrapleural pressure may exceed
atmospheric pressure creating a tension-scenario
Impairs respiratory function
Decreases venous return to the right side of the heart
8. Classification of Pneumothorax
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Occurs without a precipitating event in a person who does not have
known lung disease
Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax
Occurs due to an underlying lung disease
Traumatic/Tension Pneumothorax
Pulmonary source
Tracheobronchial source
Esophageal source
9. Epidemiology of Spontaneous
Pneumothorax
More common in men than women
Spontaneous pneumothorax: commonly seen in tall, thin,
young men 20 to 40 years of age
Risk increases with smoking
Approximately 25% recurrence rate within 2 years
10. Causes of Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Idiopathic most common
Scuba Diving
Marfan Syndrome
Homocystinuria
Thoracic endometriosis
Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
COPD (most common), Asthma & Cystic Fibrosis
Immunocompromised Infections
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia On the rise due to AIDS
TB & Cocci
11. Pathogenesis of Spontaneous
Pneumothorax
Rupture of the apical subpleural or intrapleural bleb produces
a hole in the pleura.
Pleural cavity pressure is the same as the atmospheric
pressure.
Spontaneous pneumothorax: loss of negative intrathoracic
pressure
Causes a portion of lung or the entire lung to collapse
12. Hypoxemia & Hypercapnia
Hypoxemia is common
collapsed and poorly ventilated portions of lung continue to
receive significant perfusion V/Q mismatch
Hypercapnia is unusual
underlying lung function is relatively normal and adequate
alveolar ventilation can be maintained by the contralateral lung
13. Clinical Findings in Spontaneous
Pneumothorax
Sudden onset of dyspnea with pleuritic type of chest pain
(90%)
Physical examination
Tympanic percussion note
Absent breath sounds
Trachea deviated to the side of the collapse if there is total lung
collapse
14. Upright chest x-ray
White visceral pleural line
Absence of vessel markings peripheral to line
15. Treatment of Spontaneous
Pneumothorax
Observation alone if asymptomatic and pneumothorax < 15%
One hundred percent oxygen administration
Reduces partial pressure of nitrogen increases rate of
pneumothorax absorption
Chest tube insertion or thoracoscopy may be required.
V.A.T.S. (Video AssistedThoracoscopic Surgery) is becoming the
standard
16.
17. Tension Pneumothorax
Definition: A tension pneumothorax is generally considered
to be present when a pneumothorax leads to significant
impairment of respiration and/or blood circulation
18. Causes ofTension Pneumothorax
Penetrating trauma to the lungs (e.g., knife wound) valve
type of pleural tear
Rupture of tension pneumatocysts
19. Pathogenesis ofTension Pneumothorax
Flap-like pleural tear (check valve) allows air into the pleural
cavity but prevents its exit.
Similar in concept to filling a tire up with air
Increased pleural cavity pressure
Increase in pleural cavity pressure with each breath
Produces compression atelectasis
a condition in which a region of the lung cannot be ventilated as
a result of intrathoracic pressures that compress the alveoli in
that region
20. Clinical Findings ofTension
Pneumothorax
Sudden onset of severe dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain
Physical examination
Tympanic percussion note and absent breath sounds
Trachea and mediastinal structures deviate to contralateral side
if large tension pneumothorax
Compromised venous return to the heart, if the
pneumothorax is located on the left side
Due to obstruction of the venous return
21.
22.
23. Treatment ofTension Pneumothorax
Relieve pressure first.
Insert a needle into the second intercostal space on the
midclavicular line.
Insert a chest tube.
24. Hemothorax
Definition: The collection of blood between the visceral and
parietal pleura In the pleural space
26. Pathogenesis of Hemothorax
The accumulation of pleural blood forms a stable clot
Overall ventilation & Oxygenation becomes impaired
Mechanical compression of the lung parenchyma
Mediastinal shift
Flattening of the hemidiaphragm
27. Clinical Findings of Hemothorax
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Cyanosis Due to loss of blood
Hypotension Due to loss of blood
Tachycardia Normal Response to hypotenstion
Tracheal deviation to unaffected side
Decrease or absent of breath sounds on the affected side
28.
29. Treatment of Hemothorax
Goal of treatment: To remove the pleural blood and allow
for complete lung re-expansion
Thoracocentesis orThoracostomy Remove blood