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Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall, which can interfere with breathing and cause lung collapse. There are three main types: spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Spontaneous pneumothorax occurs without underlying lung disease and is usually caused by a ruptured bleb, while traumatic pneumothorax results from chest wall damage or nonpenetrating trauma. Tension pneumothorax is life-threatening due to increased intrapleural pressure that can compress the lungs and blood vessels. Risk factors include smoking, age, lung disease, and mechanical ventilation. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and CT
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Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space. A pneumothorax can occur when the negative pressure that normally exists in the pleural space is lost, allowing the lung to collapse. Symptoms include chest pain and dyspnea. Different types of pneumothorax are discussed, as well as causes, diagnostic tools, and treatment approaches which may include observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery depending on the size and severity in each case. Recurrent pneumothorax may warrant surgical pleurectomy or chemical pleurodesis to prevent future occurrences.
Something about PNEUMOTHORAX
This document defines and describes pneumothorax, including its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that can cause lung collapse. There are several types, including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Symptoms range from chest pain to difficulty breathing. Diagnosis is typically made through chest x-ray showing a pleural line and absence of lung markings. Treatment depends on the size and severity but may include oxygen therapy, chest tube insertion, or surgery.
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Pneumothorax (surgical management)
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, causing partial or complete lung collapse. It can be spontaneous or acquired through trauma or medical procedures. Spontaneous pneumothorax is often caused by subpleural bleb rupture in young, thin smokers and is classified as primary or secondary depending on underlying lung disease. Treatment depends on size and includes observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, chemical pleurodesis, or surgery like VATS for recurrent or large pneumothoraces. VATS allows inspection and bleb resection with pleurodesis to prevent recurrence in over 90% of patients.
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Dr. Sagar Gandhi discusses pneumothorax in this document. Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can be primary or secondary and spontaneous or traumatic. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment depends on size and includes observation, oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, catheter drainage, or chest tube placement. The goal is to promote lung re-expansion and prevent recurrence.
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Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space. A pneumothorax can occur when the negative pressure that normally exists in the pleural space is lost, allowing the lung to collapse. Symptoms include chest pain and dyspnea. Different types of pneumothorax are discussed, as well as causes, diagnostic tools, and treatment approaches which may include observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery depending on the size and severity in each case. Recurrent pneumothorax may warrant surgical pleurectomy or chemical pleurodesis to prevent future occurrences.
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This document defines and describes pneumothorax, including its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that can cause lung collapse. There are several types, including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Symptoms range from chest pain to difficulty breathing. Diagnosis is typically made through chest x-ray showing a pleural line and absence of lung markings. Treatment depends on the size and severity but may include oxygen therapy, chest tube insertion, or surgery.
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Pneumothorax (surgical management)
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, causing partial or complete lung collapse. It can be spontaneous or acquired through trauma or medical procedures. Spontaneous pneumothorax is often caused by subpleural bleb rupture in young, thin smokers and is classified as primary or secondary depending on underlying lung disease. Treatment depends on size and includes observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, chemical pleurodesis, or surgery like VATS for recurrent or large pneumothoraces. VATS allows inspection and bleb resection with pleurodesis to prevent recurrence in over 90% of patients.
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2. Placement involves local anesthesia and insertion of a tube between the ribs and into the pleural space, which is then connected to a drainage system.
3. Ongoing nursing care includes monitoring drainage, ensuring tube placement and connections, and assessing for complications like continued air leaks, until removal criteria are met and the lung is fully re-expanded.
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Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can be spontaneous, due to trauma, or iatrogenic. It is classified as primary spontaneous which occurs without lung disease usually in young males, secondary spontaneous which occurs with underlying lung pathology, or traumatic. Types include closed which seals off, open with a bronchopleural fistula, and tension which increases pressure. Clinical features include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made with chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothoraces may resolve on their own while secondary pneumothoraces and those with symptoms require tube thoracostomy drainage. Recurrent cases require pleurodesis or surgery.
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2. Placement involves local anesthesia and insertion of a tube between the ribs and into the pleural space, which is then connected to a drainage system.
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A 22-year-old male presented with a 14-day history of fever and right-sided chest pain that worsened with deep breathing and coughing. On examination, he was febrile and tachycardic with dullness on percussion of the right infraaxillary area and diminished breath sounds. The document discusses various pleural diseases including pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and fibrous pleurisy. It outlines their etiologies, clinical features, investigations, and management. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax commonly affects young, thin males and smokers due to rupture of subpleural blebs. Pleural effusions can be transudative such as in heart failure or exudative including those
pneumothorax-141221114833-conversion-gate02.pptx
This document defines pneumothorax and describes its types, clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins by defining pneumothorax as an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that can cause lung collapse. There are three main types - spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors include smoking, male sex, age, lung disease, and family history. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment aims to promote lung re-expansion through techniques like tube drainage or surgery. Complications can include recurrence, tension physiology, or respiratory failure.
CHEST INJURIES.pptx
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Pleural disease
This document provides information on pleural diseases from the Department of Pulmonary Medicine. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the pleura, and then summarizes different pleural conditions including pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and empyema. For each condition, it outlines the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. The document uses headings to separate each section and provides detailed information on evaluating and managing common pleural diseases.
PNEUMOTHORAX Forensic Medicine.pptx
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, which can occur spontaneously or due to trauma or medical procedures. It most commonly affects young men. There are two main types: primary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in those with no lung disease, while secondary occurs in those with pre-existing lung conditions like COPD. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency where air enters the pleural space but cannot exit, collapsing the lung. The case scenario describes a stab wound patient brought to the emergency department who is diagnosed with tension pneumothorax based on symptoms and treated with immediate needle decompression followed by chest tube insertion.
Pneumothorax PPT
Pneumothorax refers to the presence of air in the pleural space and can occur spontaneously due to ruptured blebs or as a result of trauma or medical procedures. It presents clinically as reduced breath sounds, hyperresonance to percussion, and mediastinal shift. Chest x-ray or CT scan are used for diagnosis and show hypertranslucency. Treatment involves supplemental oxygen, aspiration, or chest tube placement. Physiotherapy focuses on improving ventilation and exercise tolerance. Recurrence can be prevented through procedures like pleurodesis or thoracotomy along with smoking cessation.
Pneumothorax.pptx
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Pneumothorax & Haemothorax
A pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, causing partial or full lung collapse. It can be caused by trauma, mechanical ventilation, or ruptured blebs. There are three main types: closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. A tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency where air builds rapidly in the pleural space, compressing the heart and blood vessels. Needle decompression is needed to release trapped air. Hemothorax is the presence of blood in the pleural space, often accompanying an open pneumothorax or lung injury. Diagnosis involves history, exams, imaging, and blood gas tests. Treatment depends on severity but may include aspiration or
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Help for medical students about topic Suppurative lung diseases - Abscess and gangrene of the lungs, Pneumothorax, Hematorax, Purulent pleurisy. And useful material as required by students. Everything is inserted as per outlines of topics.
emphyema.pptx
The document discusses pneumothorax and empyema. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, which can be spontaneous, traumatic, or tension-related. Empyema involves a purulent pleural effusion resulting from infection. Signs include chest pain, shortness of breath, and reduced breath sounds. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment depends on type but may include oxygen, chest tube drainage, antibiotics, and surgery. Complications can include respiratory distress or sepsis.
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Pneumothorax by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space. It can be classified as closed, open, or tension pneumothorax. The annual incidence is around 9 per 100,000 people. Risk factors include being a tall, thin male aged 20-40 who smokes cigarettes. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Chest x-ray is used for diagnosis and can classify pneumothorax as small or large based on rim size. Needle decompression is immediately needed for tension pneumothorax. Oxygen, aspiration, chest drain insertion, and surgery are treatment options depending on the severity of the case.
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ASTHMA_012154.pptx
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PNEUMOTHORAX_075811.pptx
- 2. DEFINITION Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space separating the lung from the chest wall which may interfere with normal breathing, causing the lungs to collapse.
- 3. TYPES 1. Spontaneous pneumothorax 2. Traumatic pneumothorax 3. Tension pneumothorax
- 4. Spontaneous pneumothorax 1. Primary: It occurs in young healthy individuals without underlying lung disease. It is due to the rupture of apical subpleural bleb. 2. Secondary: occurs in the presence of pre- existing lung pathology. Ex : Cystic fibrosis, COPD, Asthma, pneumonia, Lung cancer.
- 5. Traumatic pneumothorax 1. Open: Chest wall is damaged by any wound, outside air enters pleural space and causes lungs to collapse. Usually associated with hemothorax. E.g. Penetrating trauma: stab wound or gun shot injury. 2. Closed: nonpenetrating chest trauma such as rib fracture can lacerates the lung or a ruptured bronchus cause air to leaks into pleural space. 3. Iatrogenic: Postoperative Mechanical ventilation, Thoracocentesis & Central venous cannulation.
- 6. Tension pneumothorax • It is life threatening condition. The pleural pressure is more than the atmospheric pressure. • It occurs when site of air leak acts as one way valve, air enters pleural space during inspiration but cannot escape during expiration. • Volume of air and intrapleural pressure increasingly elevated results in compression of lung on the affected side. • Mediastinal shift towards the unaffected side, compressing the good lung which further compromises oxygenation.
- 7. Cont.. • Possible shift of trachea, pressure on the heart and great vessels, resulting in decreased venous return and cardiac output. • Associated with clinical manifestations of circulatory collapse (tachycardia, hypotension & sweating). • It is more common with Positive pressure ventilation & Traumatic pneumothorax.
- 9. RISK FACTORS • Sex : men are far more likely to have a pneumothorax than are women. • Smoking. • Age: The type of pneumothorax caused by ruptured air blisters is most likely to occur in people between 20 and 40 years old, especially if the person is very tall & underweight man. • Genetics. • Lung disease • Mechanical ventilation. • A history of pneumothorax.
- 10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • In normal people, the pressure in pleural space is negative during the entire respiratory cycle. • Two opposite forces result in negative pressure in pleural space (outward pull of the chest wall and elastic recoil of the lung). • The negative pressure will be disappeared if any communication develops between an alveolus or other intrapulmonary air space and pleural space. • Air will flow into the pleural space until there is no longer a pressure difference or the communication is sealed.
- 12. CLINICAL FEATURES • Predominant symptom is acute pleuritic chest pain • Dyspnea results form pulmonary compression • Breath sounds may be diminished on the affected side • Percussion of the chest may be perceived as hyperresonant. • Other signs include: Tachypnoea, Hypoxemia, Cyanosis, Hypercapnia.
- 13. Presentation of pneumothorax P-THORAX • Pleuritic pain • Tracheal deviation • Hyperresonance • Onset sudden • Reduced breath sounds (and dyspnea) • Absent fremitus • X-ray shows collapse
- 14. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS • History Collection • Physical examination • CT Scan: to identify underlying lung lesions. • Chest X-ray: The characteristics of pneumothorax (Pleural line, lung markings) • Chest ultrasound
- 15. TREATMENT Goals • To promote lung expansion. • To eliminate the pathogenesis. • To decrease pneumothorax recurrence. Treatment options : • Simple aspiration • Intercostal tube drainage • Trocar tube thoracostomy • Surgical treatment: pleurodesis, pneumonectomy
- 16. Simple aspiration • The aspiration can be done by needle or catheter • A volume of < 2.5 L has been aspirated on the first attempt • Repeated aspiration is reasonable for primary pneumothorax when the first aspiration has been unsuccessful.
- 17. Trocar tube thoracostomy • Insertion of trocar into the pleural space. • Insertion of the chest tube through the trocar
- 18. Intercostal tube drainage • A common site of chest tube insertion is in the 2nd ICS in midclavicular line. • An alternative site now commonly used is midaxillary line of 4th and 5th intercostal space for cosmetic reason and also for when pleural effusion.
- 19. Observation of drainage • No bubble released oThe lung re-expansion oThe chest tube is obstructed by secretion or blood clot oThe chest tube shift to chest wall, the hole of the chest tube is located in the chest wall. • If the lung re expanded, removing the chest tube 24 hours after re expansion. Otherwise, the chest tube will be inserted again or regulated the position
- 20. NURSING MANAGEMENT • Ineffective breathing pattern • Impaired tissue perfusion • Risk for infection • Activity intolerance • Anxiety • Imbalanced nutrition • Knowledge deficit
- 21. THANK YOU