(1) A barium swallow, or esophagram, is an x-ray exam that uses barium sulfate to visualize the esophagus.
(2) Barium sulfate coats the lining of the esophagus, allowing it to be seen clearly on x-rays. Images are taken as the patient swallows the barium.
(3) The exam can detect abnormalities in the esophagus like strictures, tears, or tumors and assess conditions like dysphagia or acid reflux. It provides a non-invasive evaluation of the anatomy and function of the upper GI tract.
Barium procedures provide a radiographic examination of the GI tract using barium sulfate as a contrast agent. Barium sulfate coats the intestinal mucosa, allowing visualization of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine on x-rays. A barium swallow examines the esophagus, while a barium meal examines the stomach and duodenum. A barium follow through further examines the small intestine by serial x-rays taken over 1-2 hours as barium transits through the bowel. These procedures are generally well-tolerated but risks include barium aspiration or leakage in cases of unsuspected perforation. Positioning, timing of x-rays, and use of compression allow optimal visualization
This document provides information about barium procedures, including barium swallow, barium meal, and barium follow through examinations. It defines barium as a radioopaque contrast agent used to provide a roadmap of GI tract pathologies in x-ray exams. Barium sulphate is commonly used because it is non-toxic, non-absorbable, and coats the mucosa, allowing double contrast studies. The document describes the techniques, positions, and views used in various barium exams to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It also lists common indications, contraindications, and complications.
This document discusses barium swallow procedures and techniques. It provides details on:
- Barium sulfate properties and its use as a contrast agent for visualizing the gastrointestinal tract.
- Techniques for barium swallow exams including single and double contrast for evaluating the esophagus and surrounding anatomy.
- Important anatomical landmarks visualized and potential findings such as esophageal rings, varices, and vascular impressions.
- Considerations for modifying the exam based on suspected issues like leaks or aspiration risk and conditions like motility disorders.
This document provides information about barium swallow procedures, including:
- Barium is the preferred contrast agent for upper GI procedures due to its superior contrast qualities.
- Properties of ideal barium preparations include being highly dense, stable in suspension, and having low melting characteristics.
- A barium swallow examines the esophagus, GE junction, and detects conditions like hernias, varices, and reflux.
- Techniques include single and double contrast, prone positioning, and maneuvers to induce reflux. Water soluble agents are used if perforation or aspiration is suspected.
COMPLETE BARIUM STUDIES Of GIT NAD [Adrian Dungu Niyimpa].pdfnadriandungu
Barium studies involve using barium sulfate contrast media under fluoroscopy to examine the gastrointestinal tract. A barium swallow specifically examines the pharynx, esophagus, and proximal stomach. It may be used to diagnose a wide range of esophageal pathologies like motility disorders, strictures, and perforations. Common findings include gastroesophageal reflux disease seen as reflux esophagitis, and achalasia seen as a dilated esophagus tapering at the lower esophageal sphincter. Barium swallows allow for assessment of swallowing function and mucosal abnormalities.
1. The document describes the procedure for an upper GI exam, including barium swallow and barium meal.
2. It details the anatomy of the upper GI tract, indications, contraindications, equipment, and techniques for barium swallow and barium meal exams.
3. Common pathologies that can be detected include hiatal hernia, achalasia, Zenker's diverticulum, esophageal varices, and GERD.
This document provides information about a barium meal procedure, including:
1. A barium meal involves oral administration of barium sulfate contrast media to visualize the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum under fluoroscopy.
2. Indications for a barium meal include epigastric pain, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, heartburn, and dyspepsia.
3. The procedure involves fasting, administering barium, imaging the stomach and duodenum with fluoroscopy and spot films, and observing gastric emptying through the pylorus.
4. Barium meals can be performed with single or double contrast to visualize
This document provides information on barium sulfate (BaSo4) used for barium studies and summarizes the procedures and findings for various barium examinations. It discusses the chemical nature and advantages/disadvantages of BaSo4. It also outlines the techniques, indications, findings and pathology seen on barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, enteroclysis and barium enema. Key findings are described for conditions like gastric ulcer, Crohn's disease, intestinal tuberculosis and celiac disease.
Barium procedures provide a radiographic examination of the GI tract using barium sulfate as a contrast agent. Barium sulfate coats the intestinal mucosa, allowing visualization of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine on x-rays. A barium swallow examines the esophagus, while a barium meal examines the stomach and duodenum. A barium follow through further examines the small intestine by serial x-rays taken over 1-2 hours as barium transits through the bowel. These procedures are generally well-tolerated but risks include barium aspiration or leakage in cases of unsuspected perforation. Positioning, timing of x-rays, and use of compression allow optimal visualization
This document provides information about barium procedures, including barium swallow, barium meal, and barium follow through examinations. It defines barium as a radioopaque contrast agent used to provide a roadmap of GI tract pathologies in x-ray exams. Barium sulphate is commonly used because it is non-toxic, non-absorbable, and coats the mucosa, allowing double contrast studies. The document describes the techniques, positions, and views used in various barium exams to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It also lists common indications, contraindications, and complications.
This document discusses barium swallow procedures and techniques. It provides details on:
- Barium sulfate properties and its use as a contrast agent for visualizing the gastrointestinal tract.
- Techniques for barium swallow exams including single and double contrast for evaluating the esophagus and surrounding anatomy.
- Important anatomical landmarks visualized and potential findings such as esophageal rings, varices, and vascular impressions.
- Considerations for modifying the exam based on suspected issues like leaks or aspiration risk and conditions like motility disorders.
This document provides information about barium swallow procedures, including:
- Barium is the preferred contrast agent for upper GI procedures due to its superior contrast qualities.
- Properties of ideal barium preparations include being highly dense, stable in suspension, and having low melting characteristics.
- A barium swallow examines the esophagus, GE junction, and detects conditions like hernias, varices, and reflux.
- Techniques include single and double contrast, prone positioning, and maneuvers to induce reflux. Water soluble agents are used if perforation or aspiration is suspected.
COMPLETE BARIUM STUDIES Of GIT NAD [Adrian Dungu Niyimpa].pdfnadriandungu
Barium studies involve using barium sulfate contrast media under fluoroscopy to examine the gastrointestinal tract. A barium swallow specifically examines the pharynx, esophagus, and proximal stomach. It may be used to diagnose a wide range of esophageal pathologies like motility disorders, strictures, and perforations. Common findings include gastroesophageal reflux disease seen as reflux esophagitis, and achalasia seen as a dilated esophagus tapering at the lower esophageal sphincter. Barium swallows allow for assessment of swallowing function and mucosal abnormalities.
1. The document describes the procedure for an upper GI exam, including barium swallow and barium meal.
2. It details the anatomy of the upper GI tract, indications, contraindications, equipment, and techniques for barium swallow and barium meal exams.
3. Common pathologies that can be detected include hiatal hernia, achalasia, Zenker's diverticulum, esophageal varices, and GERD.
This document provides information about a barium meal procedure, including:
1. A barium meal involves oral administration of barium sulfate contrast media to visualize the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum under fluoroscopy.
2. Indications for a barium meal include epigastric pain, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, heartburn, and dyspepsia.
3. The procedure involves fasting, administering barium, imaging the stomach and duodenum with fluoroscopy and spot films, and observing gastric emptying through the pylorus.
4. Barium meals can be performed with single or double contrast to visualize
This document provides information on barium sulfate (BaSo4) used for barium studies and summarizes the procedures and findings for various barium examinations. It discusses the chemical nature and advantages/disadvantages of BaSo4. It also outlines the techniques, indications, findings and pathology seen on barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, enteroclysis and barium enema. Key findings are described for conditions like gastric ulcer, Crohn's disease, intestinal tuberculosis and celiac disease.
A barium enema is a radiographic procedure used to examine the large intestine. During the procedure, a liquid suspension of barium sulfate is introduced into the rectum to coat the intestinal walls. X-rays are then taken to visualize the colon. It allows visualization of the entire colon and can detect conditions like colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and diverticulitis. Proper preparation and positioning of the patient is important. Double contrast technique involves injecting air in addition to barium to better visualize the mucosal lining. Findings are evaluated for abnormalities that may indicate diseases of the colon.
The document provides information about barium meal examinations, including indications, contraindications, preparation, techniques, and findings. It describes single contrast and double contrast barium meal studies. Key points include:
- Barium meal examines the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and proximal jejunum through oral administration of barium contrast.
- Indications include abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, and suspected masses or malignancies.
- Contraindications include suspected perforation and recent biopsies.
- Single contrast visually assesses anatomy while double contrast enhances mucosal details through added gas contrast.
- Findings are evaluated for abnormalities like ulcers,
This document provides information about different types of barium enema examinations, including double contrast barium enema, single contrast barium enema, and water soluble contrast enema. It describes the indications, contraindications, patient preparation, procedure, and potential complications for each type. It also discusses special considerations for colostomy enema and conditions requiring contrast enema in neonates.
Barium meal ppt presentation is very important for radiology resident , radiologist and radiographers. this slide contents lots of barium image and technique, position, indication and modification and lots of information. this presentation help alot thanks .
1. This document provides information on various radiological procedures including enteroclysis, ERCP, ascending urethrogram, barium swallow, single contrast enema, T-tube cholangiography, and barium enema. It describes the indications, contraindications, required equipment, contrast agents, techniques, and potential complications for each procedure.
2. Five high risk factors for reactions to ionic contrast media are discussed. Ionic contrast agents contain both positively and negatively charged ions which can increase the risk of allergic-like reactions compared to non-ionic contrast.
3. Key details are provided for performing a single or double contrast barium enema examination including the indications, contraindications,
Barium meal is a radiological study used to examine the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum. It involves oral administration of barium contrast media. There are several types of barium meal studies including single contrast, double contrast, and biphase studies. Single contrast studies visualize the gross anatomy while double contrast studies provide better mucosal detail using barium and gas contrast. Barium meal exams can detect abnormalities such as ulcers, masses, polyps, and narrowings that may indicate conditions like peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, cancer, or motility disorders.
The document discusses barium enema procedures including:
1. Preparations for barium enema which involve dietary restrictions and bowel washouts to clear residual stool.
2. Types of barium enemas including double contrast barium enema (DCBE), single contrast barium enema (SCBE), and special procedures like sigmoid flush.
3. Technical aspects of performing barium enemas including patient positioning, contrast injection, and imaging of different colon segments.
This document describes a barium swallow procedure used to examine the esophagus and detect esophageal diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus, the contrast agent used, and provides details on the different phases of swallowing. It outlines the technique for performing a barium swallow study, including evaluation of the pharynx and esophagus. Key findings on radiographic images are described. The document emphasizes analyzing swallowing studies by looking for asymmetry, stasis, cricopharyngeal dysfunction, and aspiration.
The document discusses radiographic techniques for examining the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. It describes 3 parts of the pharynx and techniques for visualizing each part, including lateral views with the mouth open or Valsalva maneuver. Esophagography techniques include single- and double-contrast studies to evaluate the esophageal walls and detect lesions or disorders. Stomach examinations involve prone, upright, and oblique views under single- or double-contrast to assess mucosal lining and identify abnormalities.
This document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the stomach. It provides the following key points:
1. During embryonic development, the stomach rotates along its longitudinal and anteroposterior axes, causing its final adult position with the cardiac portion on the left and pylorus on the right.
2. The adult stomach is located in the left upper quadrant and extends across the midline, with the greater curvature forming the anterior wall and lesser curvature the posterior wall.
3. Radiological techniques for examining the stomach include barium studies, CT, MRI, and virtual endoscopy, which allow evaluation of stomach morphology, layers, and relationships to surrounding organs.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal tract imaging procedures using barium as a contrast agent. It describes the characteristics and uses of barium sulfate for outlining GI structures. Various GI imaging techniques are outlined, including barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema. Patient preparation, contrast agents, positioning, and film techniques are discussed for each procedure. Potential complications are also briefly mentioned.
A T-tube cholangiogram is a radiological procedure to visualize the biliary tract after surgery involving placement of a T-tube. Contrast medium is injected through the T-tube under fluoroscopy and images are taken in various views. It is used to identify any obstructions in the biliary tract post-surgery. Precautions include having bleeding parameters within normal limits and administering antibiotics prior. The T-tube cholangiogram provides important information about the biliary system after surgery involving placement of a T-tube for biliary drainage.
A barium enema, also known as a lower GI exam, is an x-ray examination of the large intestine that uses barium sulfate and fluoroscopy to detect abnormalities. During the procedure, a contrast material is instilled into the rectum and colon through an enema tube while x-ray images are taken. It can detect issues like cancer, polyps, inflammation and other structural abnormalities. Barium enemas can be single or double contrast, with double contrast using air in addition to barium to better coat the colon walls. The test aims to evaluate symptoms like bleeding, pain, weight loss or change in bowel habits. Precautions are taken to avoid perforation and risks like barium hardening.
This document provides information about a barium swallow procedure, including:
1) A barium swallow examines the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially the esophagus and stomach, using barium sulfate contrast.
2) It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and locations of sphincters.
3) The preparation, views, indications, contraindications, and critique of barium swallow exams are outlined.
4) Images are included showing normal esophagus anatomy and examples of conditions like achalasia and hiatal hernia that can be identified.
This document provides information about a barium swallow procedure, including:
1) A barium swallow examines the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially the esophagus and stomach, using barium sulfate contrast.
2) It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and locations of sphincters.
3) The preparation, views, indications, contraindications, and critique of barium swallow exams are outlined.
4) Images are included showing normal esophagus anatomy and examples of conditions like achalasia and hiatal hernia that can be identified.
Learn Barium Meal & Follow Through for the beginners from a Radiology Resident.For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
Barium meal follow through (BMFT), Enteroclysis and Barium enema (BE)Khursheed Ganie
This document provides information about various radiographic procedures involving the gastrointestinal tract, including barium meal follow through (BMFT), enteroclysis, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the small and large intestines, indications and contraindications for the procedures, patient preparation, techniques used, and advantages and disadvantages. BMFT involves administering barium orally to visualize the small intestine, enteroclysis involves inserting a tube to infuse barium directly into the jejunum, and barium enema involves administering barium rectally to examine the large intestine. The document provides detailed information on performing each procedure.
This document provides information about performing fluoroscopy procedures for various parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It describes indications, contraindications, supplies needed and procedures for modified barium swallow studies, esophagrams, upper GI studies, and small bowel follow through exams. Key steps include obtaining patient history, administering contrast agents orally or via nasogastric tube, and taking sequential images as the contrast travels through the GI tract.
This document provides information about various radiological studies of the gastrointestinal tract including barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and conditions that can be examined using barium swallow such as achalasia, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal cancer. Techniques, indications, contraindications and findings for each study are summarized. Common abnormalities that can be identified on these studies including ulcers, polyps, tumors and inflammatory conditions are also outlined.
This document summarizes the mechanisms and uses of various drugs that act on the central nervous system. It discusses how drugs can alter CNS function to provide anticonvulsant, sedative, and analgesic effects. It describes the neurotransmitter-receptor relationship and how drugs act at receptor sites to open or close ion channels. It also discusses how drugs must cross the blood-brain barrier to access neurons. The rest of the document summarizes specific classes of drugs including anticonvulsants, CNS stimulants, tranquilizers, and their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
This document discusses pharmacokinetics and describes the processes of absorption, distribution, and plasma protein binding of drugs in the body. It defines pharmacokinetics as the study of what the body does to drugs and explains that drug concentration at the site of action determines the intensity of effect. Several mechanisms of drug absorption are covered, including passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and factors that influence absorption like pH, blood flow, and route of administration. The concepts of volume of distribution, redistribution, and barriers to drug distribution like the blood-brain barrier and placenta are explained. Plasma protein binding is also briefly mentioned.
A barium enema is a radiographic procedure used to examine the large intestine. During the procedure, a liquid suspension of barium sulfate is introduced into the rectum to coat the intestinal walls. X-rays are then taken to visualize the colon. It allows visualization of the entire colon and can detect conditions like colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and diverticulitis. Proper preparation and positioning of the patient is important. Double contrast technique involves injecting air in addition to barium to better visualize the mucosal lining. Findings are evaluated for abnormalities that may indicate diseases of the colon.
The document provides information about barium meal examinations, including indications, contraindications, preparation, techniques, and findings. It describes single contrast and double contrast barium meal studies. Key points include:
- Barium meal examines the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and proximal jejunum through oral administration of barium contrast.
- Indications include abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, and suspected masses or malignancies.
- Contraindications include suspected perforation and recent biopsies.
- Single contrast visually assesses anatomy while double contrast enhances mucosal details through added gas contrast.
- Findings are evaluated for abnormalities like ulcers,
This document provides information about different types of barium enema examinations, including double contrast barium enema, single contrast barium enema, and water soluble contrast enema. It describes the indications, contraindications, patient preparation, procedure, and potential complications for each type. It also discusses special considerations for colostomy enema and conditions requiring contrast enema in neonates.
Barium meal ppt presentation is very important for radiology resident , radiologist and radiographers. this slide contents lots of barium image and technique, position, indication and modification and lots of information. this presentation help alot thanks .
1. This document provides information on various radiological procedures including enteroclysis, ERCP, ascending urethrogram, barium swallow, single contrast enema, T-tube cholangiography, and barium enema. It describes the indications, contraindications, required equipment, contrast agents, techniques, and potential complications for each procedure.
2. Five high risk factors for reactions to ionic contrast media are discussed. Ionic contrast agents contain both positively and negatively charged ions which can increase the risk of allergic-like reactions compared to non-ionic contrast.
3. Key details are provided for performing a single or double contrast barium enema examination including the indications, contraindications,
Barium meal is a radiological study used to examine the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum. It involves oral administration of barium contrast media. There are several types of barium meal studies including single contrast, double contrast, and biphase studies. Single contrast studies visualize the gross anatomy while double contrast studies provide better mucosal detail using barium and gas contrast. Barium meal exams can detect abnormalities such as ulcers, masses, polyps, and narrowings that may indicate conditions like peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, cancer, or motility disorders.
The document discusses barium enema procedures including:
1. Preparations for barium enema which involve dietary restrictions and bowel washouts to clear residual stool.
2. Types of barium enemas including double contrast barium enema (DCBE), single contrast barium enema (SCBE), and special procedures like sigmoid flush.
3. Technical aspects of performing barium enemas including patient positioning, contrast injection, and imaging of different colon segments.
This document describes a barium swallow procedure used to examine the esophagus and detect esophageal diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus, the contrast agent used, and provides details on the different phases of swallowing. It outlines the technique for performing a barium swallow study, including evaluation of the pharynx and esophagus. Key findings on radiographic images are described. The document emphasizes analyzing swallowing studies by looking for asymmetry, stasis, cricopharyngeal dysfunction, and aspiration.
The document discusses radiographic techniques for examining the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. It describes 3 parts of the pharynx and techniques for visualizing each part, including lateral views with the mouth open or Valsalva maneuver. Esophagography techniques include single- and double-contrast studies to evaluate the esophageal walls and detect lesions or disorders. Stomach examinations involve prone, upright, and oblique views under single- or double-contrast to assess mucosal lining and identify abnormalities.
This document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the stomach. It provides the following key points:
1. During embryonic development, the stomach rotates along its longitudinal and anteroposterior axes, causing its final adult position with the cardiac portion on the left and pylorus on the right.
2. The adult stomach is located in the left upper quadrant and extends across the midline, with the greater curvature forming the anterior wall and lesser curvature the posterior wall.
3. Radiological techniques for examining the stomach include barium studies, CT, MRI, and virtual endoscopy, which allow evaluation of stomach morphology, layers, and relationships to surrounding organs.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal tract imaging procedures using barium as a contrast agent. It describes the characteristics and uses of barium sulfate for outlining GI structures. Various GI imaging techniques are outlined, including barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema. Patient preparation, contrast agents, positioning, and film techniques are discussed for each procedure. Potential complications are also briefly mentioned.
A T-tube cholangiogram is a radiological procedure to visualize the biliary tract after surgery involving placement of a T-tube. Contrast medium is injected through the T-tube under fluoroscopy and images are taken in various views. It is used to identify any obstructions in the biliary tract post-surgery. Precautions include having bleeding parameters within normal limits and administering antibiotics prior. The T-tube cholangiogram provides important information about the biliary system after surgery involving placement of a T-tube for biliary drainage.
A barium enema, also known as a lower GI exam, is an x-ray examination of the large intestine that uses barium sulfate and fluoroscopy to detect abnormalities. During the procedure, a contrast material is instilled into the rectum and colon through an enema tube while x-ray images are taken. It can detect issues like cancer, polyps, inflammation and other structural abnormalities. Barium enemas can be single or double contrast, with double contrast using air in addition to barium to better coat the colon walls. The test aims to evaluate symptoms like bleeding, pain, weight loss or change in bowel habits. Precautions are taken to avoid perforation and risks like barium hardening.
This document provides information about a barium swallow procedure, including:
1) A barium swallow examines the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially the esophagus and stomach, using barium sulfate contrast.
2) It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and locations of sphincters.
3) The preparation, views, indications, contraindications, and critique of barium swallow exams are outlined.
4) Images are included showing normal esophagus anatomy and examples of conditions like achalasia and hiatal hernia that can be identified.
This document provides information about a barium swallow procedure, including:
1) A barium swallow examines the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially the esophagus and stomach, using barium sulfate contrast.
2) It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and locations of sphincters.
3) The preparation, views, indications, contraindications, and critique of barium swallow exams are outlined.
4) Images are included showing normal esophagus anatomy and examples of conditions like achalasia and hiatal hernia that can be identified.
Learn Barium Meal & Follow Through for the beginners from a Radiology Resident.For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
Barium meal follow through (BMFT), Enteroclysis and Barium enema (BE)Khursheed Ganie
This document provides information about various radiographic procedures involving the gastrointestinal tract, including barium meal follow through (BMFT), enteroclysis, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the small and large intestines, indications and contraindications for the procedures, patient preparation, techniques used, and advantages and disadvantages. BMFT involves administering barium orally to visualize the small intestine, enteroclysis involves inserting a tube to infuse barium directly into the jejunum, and barium enema involves administering barium rectally to examine the large intestine. The document provides detailed information on performing each procedure.
This document provides information about performing fluoroscopy procedures for various parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It describes indications, contraindications, supplies needed and procedures for modified barium swallow studies, esophagrams, upper GI studies, and small bowel follow through exams. Key steps include obtaining patient history, administering contrast agents orally or via nasogastric tube, and taking sequential images as the contrast travels through the GI tract.
This document provides information about various radiological studies of the gastrointestinal tract including barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and conditions that can be examined using barium swallow such as achalasia, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal cancer. Techniques, indications, contraindications and findings for each study are summarized. Common abnormalities that can be identified on these studies including ulcers, polyps, tumors and inflammatory conditions are also outlined.
This document summarizes the mechanisms and uses of various drugs that act on the central nervous system. It discusses how drugs can alter CNS function to provide anticonvulsant, sedative, and analgesic effects. It describes the neurotransmitter-receptor relationship and how drugs act at receptor sites to open or close ion channels. It also discusses how drugs must cross the blood-brain barrier to access neurons. The rest of the document summarizes specific classes of drugs including anticonvulsants, CNS stimulants, tranquilizers, and their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
This document discusses pharmacokinetics and describes the processes of absorption, distribution, and plasma protein binding of drugs in the body. It defines pharmacokinetics as the study of what the body does to drugs and explains that drug concentration at the site of action determines the intensity of effect. Several mechanisms of drug absorption are covered, including passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and factors that influence absorption like pH, blood flow, and route of administration. The concepts of volume of distribution, redistribution, and barriers to drug distribution like the blood-brain barrier and placenta are explained. Plasma protein binding is also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses the interactions of ionizing radiation with matter. It begins by introducing the objectives of understanding how radiation interacts with matter and the effects on physical, chemical, and biological levels. It then covers the three main interactions of photons (photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production) and how they lead to attenuation. Key points include how probability depends on photon energy and atomic number, and the byproducts of each interaction. It also discusses the interactions of particulate radiation like electrons, protons, neutrons, and how they ionize matter through excitation, ionization, and bremsstrahlung. Factors like linear energy transfer and specific ionization are addressed. The document is intended to provide background knowledge on radiation detection and
Radiographic Anatomy(chest abdomen and skeletal).pptxEmmanuelOluseyi1
This document provides an overview of radiographic anatomy of the chest, abdomen, and skeletal system. It begins with an introduction to the discovery of x-rays and the basic densities seen on radiographs. It then covers zones of the lungs, anatomy of the thorax, and learning objectives for identifying structures on a chest x-ray. Specific abnormalities that can be seen on chest x-rays are also outlined. The document then discusses radiographic anatomy, views, and specific abnormalities that can be seen on abdominal and skeletal system x-rays. Patient preparation and positioning for various views are also covered.
PRINCIPLES OF PHARMOCODYNAMICS 2 [Autosaved].pptxEmmanuelOluseyi1
The document discusses principles of pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs act on the body. It explains that drugs act by interacting with receptors to cause physiological effects. The key concepts covered are: drugs must bind to receptors to have an effect; receptors determine selectivity and dose-response; and drugs can act as agonists or antagonists depending on if they activate or block receptor activity. Factors influencing drug effects and concepts of drug-receptor interactions are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of chest radiography procedures, including indications for chest x-rays, patient preparation, basic views and positioning, anatomy of the chest, and technical evaluation of chest radiographs to ensure diagnostic quality images. Key points covered include common indications for chest x-rays, patient positioning and preparation, basic posterior-anterior and alternative views, and technical factors radiographers should evaluate such as correct exposure, positioning, and demonstration of pertinent anatomy.
LCU RDG 402 PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY.pptxEmmanuelOluseyi1
This document provides an outline for a course on principles of computed tomography. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including image digitization, computed radiography, basic CT principles, and care of radiographic equipment. The objectives are for students to understand the principles of image digitization, computed radiography, CT scanning, and components of CT machines. It also explains some of the technical aspects of digital imaging, spatial resolution, CT scanning principles, CT equipment components like the gantry and x-ray tube, and characteristics of ideal x-ray detectors.
The document discusses daylight film processing systems which allow x-ray films to be loaded, unloaded, and processed outside of a darkroom. It describes how daylight loading cassettes were developed to automatically load films before exposure and unload them after for processing. The key advantages are that staff no longer need to work in a darkroom and can remain with patients, and the x-ray room does not need to close for processing. A small darkroom may still be needed for loading some equipment or handling special film types, but overall daylight processing reduces space needs and improves work conditions by eliminating the darkroom.
This document discusses safety issues for darkroom workers and hobbyists. It notes that darkroom workers face various health risks from long-term exposure to photographic chemicals through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion. Many darkrooms lack adequate ventilation and safety equipment. The document provides recommendations for darkroom workers to reduce risks, such as obtaining safety data sheets for chemicals, using safelights and protective equipment, proper ventilation, and safe disposal of chemicals. It emphasizes replacing hazardous chemicals when possible and properly disposing of chemicals to avoid environmental threats.
Cardiomegaly refers to an enlarged heart and can be caused by conditions that make the heart work harder over time like high blood pressure or damage the heart muscle. An enlarged heart may not pump blood as effectively, possibly leading to heart failure. Symptoms include chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves tests like echocardiograms, EKGs, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause through medications, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery.
This document describes various signs seen on chest x-rays that can help diagnose medical conditions:
1. The air bronchogram sign shows the outline of airways filled with fluid or inflammation, seen in conditions like lung consolidation or edema.
2. The spinnaker sign outlines the thymus gland with air, appearing like spinnaker sails on neonatal chest x-rays and indicating pneumomediastinum.
3. The Hampton hump sign shows a wedge-shaped pleural-based consolidation pointing towards the hilum, usually in the lower lobes and indicating healing with scar formation.
Dr Varsha Atul Shah presented on congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Key points include: CDH occurs when abdominal organs herniate into the chest cavity due to a defect in the diaphragm, causing pulmonary hypoplasia. Presentation is usually respiratory distress after birth. Treatment involves medical stabilization, surgical repair of the defect, and management of long term complications like chronic lung disease and feeding difficulties. Close monitoring is needed due to risks of developmental delays, hearing loss, and other issues.
Radiation therapy uses radiation to damage and destroy cancer cells. It has been used to treat cancer for over 100 years. Modern radiation therapy is very precise and most patients receive it as part of their overall cancer treatment plan. Radiation therapy can cure cancer or reduce symptoms by shrinking tumors. While it causes some side effects, radiation is a generally safe and effective way to treat many types of cancer.
This document summarizes adrenal sex hormones and conditions related to their hypersecretion and hyposecretion. It discusses that adrenal cortex secretes mainly androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione. Hypersecretion of these hormones in females can cause masculinization. Conditions like Cushing syndrome and Congenital adrenal hyperplasia are discussed where excess androgens are produced. Cushing syndrome is characterized by obesity, moon face and buffalo hump. Hyposecretion of adrenal hormones causes Addison's disease where patients present with pigmentation, weakness and hypotension.
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Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease that causes scarring and stiffening of lung tissue. It affects around 5 million people worldwide and usually occurs in those aged 50-70. The cause is often unknown but may be related to workplace exposures, medications, genetics, or smoking. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, lung biopsies, and pulmonary function tests. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and weight loss. While there is no cure, treatments aim to reduce inflammation, supplement oxygen, and possibly perform lung transplants in severe cases. Researchers are studying new medications that may prevent further lung damage or slow the scarring process.
Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs caused by fluid leaking from blood vessels into the lungs. It can be cardiogenic (caused by heart problems increasing blood pressure in the lungs) or non-cardiogenic. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, echocardiogram, and measuring wedge pressure. Treatment focuses on reducing preload on the heart, lowering afterload, and providing supportive care like oxygen and diuretics. Outcomes depend on the underlying cause but most cardiogenic pulmonary edema resolves within a few days with medical management.
This document describes several planes and lines used to position the skull for radiographic imaging, as well as the positioning for common skull views. The three main planes are the median sagittal, anthropological, and auricular planes. Key lines include the interorbital, infraorbital, anthropological baseline, and orbitomeatal baseline. Common views described include the lateral, AP/PA, Towne's, Caldwell's, submentovertex, and Waters views. For each view, the positioning of the patient and direction of the central ray are outlined.
X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation produced through interactions in electron shells. The document discusses the formation of x-rays in an x-ray tube, the spectra of x-rays including bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation, and factors that affect x-ray beam quality such as anode material, voltage, current, and filters. It also examines the five types of interactions between x-rays and matter: photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, coherent scattering, and photodisintegration. The photoelectric effect is the dominant interaction at low energies important for medical applications.
A 60-year old male smoker with diabetes presented with a 1-week history of high fever, right-sided chest pain, and cough producing rusty sputum. This is consistent with a provisional diagnosis of pneumonia. Pneumonia causes lung inflammation and fluid/pus in the alveoli, making breathing difficult. It is usually caused by viruses or bacteria like streptococcus pneumoniae. Complications can include lung abscesses, respiratory failure, and sepsis. Treatment involves antibiotics like macrolides, fluoroquinolones, or beta-lactams based on severity and location of infection. Prevention strategies include vaccination, smoking cessation, and respiratory hygiene.
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2. Introduction
• Barium Procedures are Group of diagnostic tests
used to detect abnormalities of the Gastro-
Intestinal Tract using
X-ray imaging.
• Radio-opaque contrast used: Barium Sulphate
It coats lining of the digestive tract, allowing
accurate X-ray imaging of the part to be examined.
3. • Barium swallow is the non invasive contrast procedure used in
assessing the anatomy, physiology & pathology of upper GI
tract including esophagus & GE junction.
• Barium has superior contrast qualities and unless there are specific
contraindications, its use (rather than water-soluble agents) is
preferred.
4. Definition:-
Barium provides a roadmap of GI tract pathologies in the form x-ray
examination of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine
& large intestine.
5. Common Barium Procedures
1. Barium swallow - Pharynx to Fundus of the Stomach
2. Barium meal - Oesophagus to proximal jejunum
3. Barium meal follow through
4. Small bowel enema/Enteroclysis -
5. Barium Enema – Colon
6. • Barium Sulphate is mixed with water and is
swallowed.
• Following this a series of X-rays are taken.
11. BARIUM SULPHATE - 250% OF HIGH DENSITY LOW VISCOSITY
• the most common material for radiographic visualisation of GIT.
• made up from pure barium sulphate.
• For stability particles are small (0.1 -3 micron)
• A non-ionic suspension medium is used to avoid clumping.
• Ph is 5.3 , which makes it stable in gastric acid.
12. WHY DO WE USE BARIUM SULPHATE?
Caracteristic of barium:-
The reason for using Barium sulphate for GI studies are :
1. Ba has a high atomic number 56. Therefore, it is highly radioopaque and
produces excellent bowel opacification.
2. Non absorbable (Therefore does not degrade throughout the bowel
), non-toxic.
3. Insoluble in water/lipid.
4. Inert to tissues.
5. Suitable for double contrast studies as it coats the mucosa in a thin layer, thus
allowing the introduction of 2nd or negative contrast agent without significant
degradation.
13. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF BARIUM
Advantages
• Not absorbed or degraded by the
GIT.
• coat the mucosa in a
thin layer for long period of
time, thus allowing the
introduction of a second or
negative contrast agent
without significant
degradation.
• Low cost
DISADVANTAGES
Leakage into mediastinum
or peritoneum can cause
fibrosis.
Subsequent abdominal CT or
US are rendered difficult.
Intravasation – this may
result
in a barium pulmonary
embolus, which carries a
mortality
14. • (a) Ba has a high atomic number
56. Therefore, it is
highly radioopaque
• (b) Non absorbable, non-toxic.
• (c) Insoluble in water/lipid.
• ( d) Inert to tissues.
• (e) Can be used for double
contrast studies
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL
BARIUM PREPARATION
1.High density for optimum study
being performed.
2.Stable suspension which does not
settle.
3.Should not flocculate
with secretions.
4.Low melting characteristics
to give a good and stable
mucosal coating.
15. Anatomy
The oesophagus begins at the upper oesophageal sphincter at the level of
C6 and finishes at lower oesophageal sphincter at T11 and is approx 25 cm.
17. CONSTRICTIONS
• superiorly: level of Cricoid cartilage,
juncture with pharynx
• Middle: crossed by aorta and left main
bronchi
• Inferiorly: diaphragmatic sphincter
20. SPHINCTERS
Two high pressure zones prevent the backflow
of food:
• Upper Esophageal sphincter.
• Lower Esophageal sphincter.
• It is located at upper and lower end of
esophagus.
21. CONTRAST
• TYPES OF CONTRAST STUDY
(i) SINGLE CONTRAST STUDY
(ii) DOUBLE CONTRAST STUDY
22. CONTRAST USED
• 100% BARIUM SULPHATE PASTE
• 80% BARIUM SULPHATE SUSPENSION
• 30% BARIUM SULPHATE SUSPENSION FOR
HIGH KV TECHNIQUE
• 200-250% HIGH DENSITY,LOW VISCOSITY
FOR DOUBLE CONTRAST STUDY
23. INDICATIONS
• Dysphagia
• Heart burn, retrosternal pain, regurgitation & odynophagia.
• Hiatus hernia
• Reflux oesophagitis
• Stricture formation.
• Esophageal carcinoma.
• Motility disorder like
i. Achalasia
ii. diffuse esophageal spasms.
• Pressure or invasion from extrinsic lesions.
• Assessment of abnormality of
i. pharyngo esophageal junction including zenkers diverticulum
ii. cricoid webs
iii. cricopharyngeal Achalasia.
26. What you should
expect in Barium
Swallow
• No special preparations are required.
• Study of the larynx, pharynx, and esophagus.
• A thick barium mixture(350-450 mL ) is
swallowed in supine position.
• Fluoroscopic images of the swallowing process
are made.
• The procedure is repeated several times with
the examination table tilted at various angles.
• Normally, 90% of ingested fluid should
have passed into the stomach after 15
seconds.
29. Indications
1. Dysphagia
2. Heart burn, retrosternal pain, regurgitation & odynophagia
3. Hiatus hernia
4. Reflux oesophagitis
5. Stricture formation
6. Esophageal carcinoma
7. Motility disorder like – Achalasia , diffuse esophageal spasms
8. Pressure or invasion from extrinsic lesions
9. Assessment of abnormality of
1. Pharyngo esophageal junction including zenkers diverticulum
2. Cricoid webs
3. Cricopharyngeal Achalasia.
30. Contraindications
1. Barium should NOT be used initially if perforation is suspected.
If perforation is not identifed with a water-soluble contrast agent
then a barium examination should be considered.
2. Tracheo-esophageal fistula
31. Patient preparation
1. NPO for 6 hours prior to the examination.
2. Smoking should be avoided on the day of examination.
3. Muscle relaxants before the procedure
4 Ensure that no contra indication to the contrast
agent.
5 Check pregnancy status for female of child
bearing age.
6 Procedure should be explained to the patient
before under
7. Going the procedure and the duration the exam
may take.
8.Any other medical history needed.
32. Contrast
2 Types of contrast study
1. Single contrast study
2. Double contrast study
34. Single vs double contrast:-
Single contrast
medium
Double contrast
medium
Only barium is given. 60-100%
w/v
Tooutline the structures, lumen
and large abnormalities.
Barium with gas producing agent
is given. 200-250% w/v
For detail viewing of the mucosal
pattern, making it easier to see
narrowed areas (strictures),
diverticula or inflammation.
35. Patient positioning for a single-contrast esophagram
Place the patient in the right anterior oblique (RAO)
position to offset the esophagus from the spine. The patient’s
right arm is placed alongside the body, with the left knee
flexed.
PA oblique esophagus, RAO position (the
midsagittal position forms an angle of 35°-
45° from the grid device).
36. The Radiographer should place the
cup barium in the patient’s left hand,
with the straw between the patient’s
teeth.
Patients who are unable to tolerate
this position may be imaged in the left
posterior oblique (LPO) position.
Position the fluoroscope so that the apex
of the left lung appears at the top of the
monitor.
The technologist will ask the patient to
continuously drink the barium. This fills and
distends the esophagus while the technologist
obtains images of the proximal esophagus,
midesophagus, and the distal esophagus,
including an open lower esophageal sphincter
(magnified if possible).
Single-contrast study of esophagus in RAO
position with table top in head-down -20°
position
37.
38. Critique Criteria:
Right Anterior Oblique,Lateral Oblique's
The RAO should demonstrate the entire barium
filled Esophagus.
Like the RAO stomach , which is the single best projection,
the Right anterior oblique is also best for the esophagus.
The heart provides a homogeneous back ground to contrast
it Against and the distal esophagus traversing the
esophageal
Hiatus is laid out in profile.
44. Xray views
Lateral projection:-
Place pt in lateral position.
Center midcoronal plane to cassette.
Bottom of cassette below xiphoid process.
Pt must drink continuously before and
during exposure.
Use shielding!
46. Xray views
AP or PA Projection:-
Pt. supine or prone
Center midsagittal plane to cassette
Bottom of cassette should be placed just
below tip of xiphoid
Pt. drinks contrast before exposure and
continues drinking during exposure.
Shield!
47. Xray views
RAO or LAO Positions:-
Tothrow the esophagus clear of the spine.
Pt should be rotated 35 - 40 degrees
Center about 2 inches lateral to MSP
Bottom of cassette below xiphoid.
61. 1.Oesophageal
Varices
They appear inside the oesophagus and
occasionally they occur in the stomach. Varices
develop when most of the normal liver tissue has
been replaced by scar tissue. Because the scar
tissue pushes upon the veins in the liver, blood
cannot flow normally through the veins.
62. What is the radiographicappearance ?
• There are multiple submucosal filling defects in
a barium filled esophagus in AP view.
65. What is the radiographic appearance
?
• Dilated smooth outlined barium filled
esophagus with narrow tapering lower end of
the esophagus with smooth outline and
absence of fundal gas in stomach. .
( Rat Tail or Bird Beak Deformity)
66. 3. Zenker's
diverticulum (ZD)
Is a blind sac (pouch) that branches off the cervical esophagus. It is
the most common type of esophageal diverticulum.
69. 3. Zenker's
diverticulum (ZD)
Diverticula appeared as smoothly marginated
round-to-ovoid sacs. The size of the openings
of the diverticula depended on the location of
the barium bolus .