Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It occurs when the alveoli in the lungs become filled with fluid or pus, making breathing painful and limiting oxygen intake. There are different classifications and types of pneumonia depending on the causative agent and where it was acquired. Diagnosis involves physical exams, imaging tests like chest x-rays, and lab tests of sputum, blood, or fluid samples. Complications can include respiratory failure or sepsis. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, antivirals for viral pneumonia, and managing symptoms at home with rest, fluids, and fever control.

1. Pneumonia
Claire Alcober
BSN-1A

2. Contents
• Classification of Pneumonia
• Causative agents
• Mode of Transmission
• Differential diagnosis
• Diagnostic examination
• Complications
• Prevention and treatment

3. Pneumonia
• a form of acute respiratory infection
that affects the lungs.
• It can be caused by bacteria, viruses,
or fungi.
• When an individual has pneumonia,
the alveoli are filled with pus and
fluid, which makes breathing painful
and limits oxygen intake.

4. Classification of Pneumonia
Bacterial pneumonia
• The most common cause is Streptococcus pneumoniae.
• Chlamydophila pneumonia and Legionella pneumophila can
also cause bacterial pneumonia.
Viral pneumonia
• Complication of the viruses that cause colds and the flu
• Usually less serious than bacterial pneumonia

5. Mycoplasma pneumonia
• Mycoplasma organisms are not viruses or bacteria, but they
have traits common to both.
• Mycoplasmas generally cause mild cases of pneumonia, most
often in older children and young adults.
Fungal pneumonia
• Fungi from soil or bird droppings can cause pneumonia in
people who inhale large amounts of the organisms.
• It can also cause pneumonia in people with chronic diseases
or weakened immune systems.

6. Types by where it was acquired
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
• It is acquired during a hospital stay. It can be more serious
than other types, because the bacteria involved may be
more resistant to antibiotics.
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
• It is acquired outside of a medical or institutional setting.

7. Types by how they are acquired
Aspiration pneumonia
• It occurs when you inhale bacteria into your lungs from
food, drink, or saliva. This type is more likely to occur if
you have a swallowing problem or if you become too
sedate from the use of medications, alcohol, or some
types of illicit drugs.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
• Acquired by people who are using a ventilator/ breathing
apparatus

8. Causative Agents
The most common are:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in
children
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
the second most common cause of bacterial
pneumonia

9. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
the most common viral cause of pneumonia
Pneumocystis jiroveci
 one of the most common causes of pneumonia
It is responsible for at least one quarter of all
pneumonia deaths in HIV-infected infants.

10. Signs and Symptoms
P Productive cough, pleuritic pain
N Neuro changes (common in elderly patient with fatigue and increased RR)
E Elevated labs (PCO2 >45mm Hg and increased WBC)
U Unusual breath sounds
M Mild to high fever
O Oxygen saturation (Need supplementary oxygen <60 mmHg)
N Nausea and vomiting
I Increased HR and RR
A Aching all over the body, activity intolerance with shortness of breath

11. Mode of Transmission
•The viruses and bacteria that are commonly found in a
child's nose or throat, can infect the lungs if they are
inhaled.
•Via air-borne droplets from a cough or sneeze.
•It may spread through blood, especially during and
shortly after birth.

12. If your pneumonia is so severe that you are treated in the
hospital, you may be given intravenous fluids and antibiotics,
as well as oxygen therapy and possibly other breathing
treatments.

13. Several diseases can present with similar signs and symptoms to
pneumonia, such as:
•Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)
•Asthma
•pulmonary edema
•Bronchiectasis
•lung cancer
•pulmonary embolism
Differential Diagnosis

14. Mild pneumonia should be differentiated from upper respiratory tract
infection (URTI).
Severe pneumonia should be differentiated from acute heart failure.
Pulmonary penetrates that resolved after giving mechanical ventilation
should point to heart failure and atelectasis rather than pneumonia.
For recurrent pneumonia, underlying lung
cancer, metastasis, tuberculosis, foreign body, immunosuppression, and
hypersensitivity should be required after.

15. Diagnostic Examination
Physical exam
• listening to lungs with a stethoscope for any
abnormal sounds, such as crackling.

16. Chest x-ray
•to look for inflammation
in your lungs
•It is the best test for
diagnosing pneumonia.
However, this test won't
tell the kind of germ that
is causing the
pneumonia.

17. Blood Test
•such as a complete blood
count (CBC) to see if your
immune system is actively
fighting an infection.
But depending on the severity of your symptoms and your
risk of complications, your doctor may also order one or more
of these tests:

18. Sputum Test
•It is used to detect
and diagnose bacterial lower
respiratory tract infections such as
bacterial pneumonia or bronchitis.
•It is typically performed with a
Gram stain to identify the bacteria
causing a person's infection

19. Pleural Fluid Sample
•It is taken from the pleural space (a thin space between two
layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity).
•Doctors use a procedure called thoracentesis to collect
the fluid sample.
•The fluid is studied for bacteria that may cause pneumonia.

20. Urine Test
•This test can identify the
bacteria Streptococcus
pneumoniae and Legionella
pneumophila.
•A positive result indicates
that the patient most likely
has pneumococcal
pneumonia.

21. Normal pulse oximeter levels = 96% or higher.
Less than 90% indicates hypoxemia—a condition in which there is a
deficiency of oxygen in the blood associated with severe pneumonia.
Pulse Oximetry
An oxygen sensor placed on one of
your fingers can indicate whether
your lungs are moving enough
oxygen through your bloodstream.

22. Computed Tomography
(CT Scan)
This test provides a clearer
and more detailed picture of
your lungs.

23. Bronchoscopy
The doctor may do this test
if the initial symptoms are
severe, or if the patient is
hospitalized and his/her
body is not responding well
to antibiotics.

24. People who may be more likely to have complications from
pneumonia include:
•Older adults or very young children.
•People whose immune system does not work well.
•People with other, serious medical problems such as diabetes or
cirrhosis of the liver.
Possible Pneumonia Complications

25. Possible complications include:
•Respiratory failure, which requires a breathing machine or ventilator.
•Sepsis, a condition in which there is uncontrolled inflammation in the
body, which may lead to widespread organ failure.
•Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of
respiratory failure.
•Lung abscesses, which are uncommon, but serious complications of
pneumonia. They occur when pockets of pus form inside or around the
lung. These may sometimes need to be drained with surgery.

26. Immunization against Hib, pneumococcus, measles and whooping cough (pertussis) is the
most effective way to prevent pneumonia.
Adequate nutrition is key to improving children's natural defenses, starting with exclusive
breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life. This also helps to reduce the length of the illness if a
child does become ill.
Addressing environmental factors such as indoor air pollution (by providing affordable clean
indoor stoves) and encouraging good hygiene in crowded homes
In children infected with HIV, the antibiotic cotrimoxazole is given daily to decrease the risk of
contracting pneumonia.
Prevention

27. If your pneumonia is caused by bacteria, you will be given
an antibiotic.
If you have viral pneumonia, your doctor may prescribe an
antiviral medication.
Treatment

28. Most people can manage their symptoms such as fever and cough at
home by following these steps:
•Control your fever with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen), or acetaminophen. DO NOT
give aspirin to children.
•Drink plenty of fluids to help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm.
•Do not take cough medicines without first talking to your doctor.
•Drink warm beverages, take steamy baths and use a humidifier to help
open your airways and ease your breathing.
•Stay away from smoke to let your lungs heal.
•Get lots of rest.