The document discusses plastics and their environmental impacts. It provides background on plastics, including their history and types. Plastics were first developed in the 1860s and gained widespread usage after World Wars I and II. There are three main types of plastics - thermoplastics, thermosets, and bio-plastics. Thermoplastics are the most common and include materials like polyethylene, polypropylene, and PVC. The plastics industry generates $374 billion in shipments annually in the US. However, the large usage and poor disposal of plastics poses environmental challenges.
The document discusses plastic, including its origins, composition, properties, and common uses. It notes that plastic is derived from petroleum and can be molded into various shapes. Common plastic types include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polypropylene. While plastic is useful for its strength and durability, the document outlines concerns about certain additives like bisphenol A, phthalates, and microplastics that can leach out of plastics and harm health or the environment.
Development of Wood-Plastic Composite at Dedan Kimathi University of Technolo...IJERA Editor
Disposal of plastics and other solid wastes has been a major problem in Kenya. Most of these wastes can be
recycled through various ways and methods to produce new products. Plastics can be combined with sawdust to
develop composite materials for applications such as in building. In this project, a wood-plastic composite
(WPC) was developed from sawdust and plastic solid wastes.
The composite bore the advantages of both wood and plastics which can be applied in various sectors including
interior design work and in automotive among others, thereby curbing the problem of garbage accumulation in
the environment. The project provides eco-friendly solutions by making best use of the available resources
(wood and plastic resins) thus, finding sustainable solutions to the problem of limited waste dumping sites and
deforestation in the country. The composites were made from PP and HDPE thermoplastics and mahogany
sawdust obtained from our wood workshop in Dedan Kimathi University. From the tests carried out and results
obtained, it was found that, the composite has more advantages than the individual constituent materials.
Water absorption test revealed that all the samples took up water though not as much pronounced as for plain
sawdust. Additionally, the rate of water reduction was found to be excellent. They took less time to release the
absorbed water to the environment meaning that they can be applied in humid or wet environ. The composite
samples were easy to machine since they were easily shaped using a handsaw.
Benefits And Applications of PET Plastic Packagingplasticingenuity
Polyethylene terephthalate or PET, is a staple in food and beverage packaging. It's also used in the packaging of plenty of other products, though not necessarily ones you want to eat or drink—PET is a mainstay for packaging things like cosmetics and cleaning chemicals. Just look at the recycling code on any PET plastic package, and you'll see: It's number one. Learn the benefits and applications of PET from the industry experts at Plastic Ingenuity.
Visit http://plasticingenuity.com/ for more information.
Plastic is a general term for synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that are used in a wide variety of applications. The term comes from the Greek word "plastikos" meaning capable of being molded. There are two main categories of plastics: thermoplastics, which can be remelted after heating, and thermosets, which set permanently after heating. Plastics are derived from natural organic products like crude oil, natural gas, coal, and salt, and are made through polymerization and polycondensation processes that link monomers into polymer chains. Common types of plastics include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polystyrene.
IRJET- An Innovative Technique as per SPI Code to Breakdown the PlasticIRJET Journal
The document discusses an innovative technique to break down plastic waste and transform it into marble by mixing varying percentages of recycled plastic with other materials like zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, and magnesium carbonate. The technique aims to provide an economical alternative to concrete for uses with low soil bearing capacity like parking lots. Test results show the plastic marble has compressive strengths up to 16 MPa and can withstand temperatures up to 225°C without melting.
Using Degradable Plastics In Indonesia NewHenky Wibawa
This document discusses the use of degradable plastics in Indonesia. It provides background on plastics, noting their benefits but also that they do not readily degrade and accumulate in the environment. It then discusses the global push for more sustainable packaging and laws requiring producer responsibility. Various degradable plastic options are presented, like bioplastics from corn starch (PLA) and additives that make conventional plastics oxo-biodegradable. Standards and certifications for testing degradable plastics are also covered. The document advocates for the use of biodegradable plastics in Indonesia to reduce environmental impacts of plastic waste.
This document summarizes different types of plastics, their manufacturing processes, properties, and applications. It discusses the main plastics - high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). For each plastic, it describes the manufacturing process, physical and chemical properties, and common products made from that plastic. The core plastic manufacturing processes of injection molding, extrusion molding, and thermoforming are also summarized.
Plastic has been most inculcating material in our modern world. Plastic has a major problem as it cannot be disposed in the environment safely so many ideas has made up to decrease the pollution caused due to plastic. It has been remoulded into useful products to decrease its disposal problem. One of the methods of reforming plastic into useful product is our “PLASTIC PAVEMENTS”.
Plastic pavement has been formed from different plastic. It has only two materials plastic and sand. Plastic is best in it use for moisture resistant. It is mixed with sand to give good compressive strength. Plastic pavement is used for light weight traffic. The pavements manufactured possess the properties such as neat and even finishing
The document discusses plastic, including its origins, composition, properties, and common uses. It notes that plastic is derived from petroleum and can be molded into various shapes. Common plastic types include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polypropylene. While plastic is useful for its strength and durability, the document outlines concerns about certain additives like bisphenol A, phthalates, and microplastics that can leach out of plastics and harm health or the environment.
Development of Wood-Plastic Composite at Dedan Kimathi University of Technolo...IJERA Editor
Disposal of plastics and other solid wastes has been a major problem in Kenya. Most of these wastes can be
recycled through various ways and methods to produce new products. Plastics can be combined with sawdust to
develop composite materials for applications such as in building. In this project, a wood-plastic composite
(WPC) was developed from sawdust and plastic solid wastes.
The composite bore the advantages of both wood and plastics which can be applied in various sectors including
interior design work and in automotive among others, thereby curbing the problem of garbage accumulation in
the environment. The project provides eco-friendly solutions by making best use of the available resources
(wood and plastic resins) thus, finding sustainable solutions to the problem of limited waste dumping sites and
deforestation in the country. The composites were made from PP and HDPE thermoplastics and mahogany
sawdust obtained from our wood workshop in Dedan Kimathi University. From the tests carried out and results
obtained, it was found that, the composite has more advantages than the individual constituent materials.
Water absorption test revealed that all the samples took up water though not as much pronounced as for plain
sawdust. Additionally, the rate of water reduction was found to be excellent. They took less time to release the
absorbed water to the environment meaning that they can be applied in humid or wet environ. The composite
samples were easy to machine since they were easily shaped using a handsaw.
Benefits And Applications of PET Plastic Packagingplasticingenuity
Polyethylene terephthalate or PET, is a staple in food and beverage packaging. It's also used in the packaging of plenty of other products, though not necessarily ones you want to eat or drink—PET is a mainstay for packaging things like cosmetics and cleaning chemicals. Just look at the recycling code on any PET plastic package, and you'll see: It's number one. Learn the benefits and applications of PET from the industry experts at Plastic Ingenuity.
Visit http://plasticingenuity.com/ for more information.
Plastic is a general term for synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that are used in a wide variety of applications. The term comes from the Greek word "plastikos" meaning capable of being molded. There are two main categories of plastics: thermoplastics, which can be remelted after heating, and thermosets, which set permanently after heating. Plastics are derived from natural organic products like crude oil, natural gas, coal, and salt, and are made through polymerization and polycondensation processes that link monomers into polymer chains. Common types of plastics include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polystyrene.
IRJET- An Innovative Technique as per SPI Code to Breakdown the PlasticIRJET Journal
The document discusses an innovative technique to break down plastic waste and transform it into marble by mixing varying percentages of recycled plastic with other materials like zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, and magnesium carbonate. The technique aims to provide an economical alternative to concrete for uses with low soil bearing capacity like parking lots. Test results show the plastic marble has compressive strengths up to 16 MPa and can withstand temperatures up to 225°C without melting.
Using Degradable Plastics In Indonesia NewHenky Wibawa
This document discusses the use of degradable plastics in Indonesia. It provides background on plastics, noting their benefits but also that they do not readily degrade and accumulate in the environment. It then discusses the global push for more sustainable packaging and laws requiring producer responsibility. Various degradable plastic options are presented, like bioplastics from corn starch (PLA) and additives that make conventional plastics oxo-biodegradable. Standards and certifications for testing degradable plastics are also covered. The document advocates for the use of biodegradable plastics in Indonesia to reduce environmental impacts of plastic waste.
This document summarizes different types of plastics, their manufacturing processes, properties, and applications. It discusses the main plastics - high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). For each plastic, it describes the manufacturing process, physical and chemical properties, and common products made from that plastic. The core plastic manufacturing processes of injection molding, extrusion molding, and thermoforming are also summarized.
Plastic has been most inculcating material in our modern world. Plastic has a major problem as it cannot be disposed in the environment safely so many ideas has made up to decrease the pollution caused due to plastic. It has been remoulded into useful products to decrease its disposal problem. One of the methods of reforming plastic into useful product is our “PLASTIC PAVEMENTS”.
Plastic pavement has been formed from different plastic. It has only two materials plastic and sand. Plastic is best in it use for moisture resistant. It is mixed with sand to give good compressive strength. Plastic pavement is used for light weight traffic. The pavements manufactured possess the properties such as neat and even finishing
The document discusses the process of obtaining plastics from raw materials through synthesis of monomers and polymers, addition of additives, shaping and finishing. It also covers the properties and classification of plastics, listing common thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics as well as their characteristics and uses.
This document summarizes a presentation about utilizing biopolymers for lightweighting parts in the transportation industry. The presentation discusses Innovative Plastics and Molding, a company that develops biopolymer technologies using wood and cellulose fillers. It identifies potential biopolymer applications in automobiles and discusses challenges with molding complex lightweight parts from reinforced thermoplastics. Requirements for successful biopolymer formulations, processing, and molded part performance are also outlined.
The document discusses polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. It describes PET as a plastic resin made from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid monomers. PET was first synthesized in the 1940s and was later used to create plastic bottles in 1973. The production process for PET bottles involves either extrusion or injection molding to form the bottles, which are then blow molded into shape. PET bottles are commonly used for packaging foods and beverages due to PET's clarity, strength and light weight. Recycled PET can be used to create new products like fiber, carpet, and food/beverage containers.
plastic waste management 226 a perspectiveArvind Kumar
This document summarizes information about plastic waste management and e-waste management. It discusses the types and sources of plastic waste, issues with plastic waste in India like child labor in collection and import of waste without proper technology. It also discusses e-waste including sources and composition of e-waste, partnerships for e-waste management, and the growing e-waste problem in India.
This document provides an overview of polymeric food packaging materials. It discusses the history and evolution of packaging from skins and leaves to modern materials. The key types of polymeric materials used in food packaging are described, including polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyesters, nylons, polystyrene, and polycarbonate. Properties, applications, and testing methods of these materials are summarized. The packaging industry is growing significantly with increasing global demand and consumption.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of roads constructed using polymer-coated bitumen aggregate. It was conducted by Thigarajar College of Engineering in Madurai, India in association with the Central Pollution Control Board. The study evaluated various roads built between 2002-2007 in several Indian states using plastic waste shredded and coated onto hot aggregate before being used in road construction. The parameters tested were based on standards from the Central Road Research Institute and Indian Road Congress.
This document summarizes information about plastic materials from four students. It discusses the sourcing and synthesis of raw materials and monomers used to make plastics. It also describes various methods for shaping and finishing plastics, such as injection molding and vacuum forming. Finally, it outlines different types of plastics including thermoplastics and thermosets, and discusses some of their key physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties.
Industrial biomaterials 2009—2012 summarises the key findings and inventions developed during the VTT’s Industrial biomaterials spearhead programme. In the field of bio-economy, the Industrial biomaterial spearhead programme focused on renewing industry by means of emerging technologies of materials and chemicals based on non-food biomass, including food side streams, agricultural leftovers and natural material waste fractions.
This publication focuses on the development of novel biopolymers and production technologies based on lignocellulosics, such as hydrolysed sugars, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The spearhead programme’s main achievements include the development of nanocellulose products, new packaging films and barriers from nanocellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, new production methods for hydroxyacids and their polymers like high performance bio-barrier PGA, the development of novel biocomposites for kitchen furniture, and textile fibres from recycled pulp.
Common Packaging Plastic Variants Made by Plastic Bottle ManufacturersSailor Plastics
Plastic is a highly versatile material that can be molded to any shape and size, and to any hardness and toughness. This makes plastic the perfect material for many uses, mainly manufacture of plastic bottles and plastic packaging containers. Although there are countless plastic variants, only a selected few plastics are used by any plastic bottle company to create plastic containers. For more information visit: https://www.sailorplastics.com/
iMovR Environmental Product Declaration, American Wood Councilworkwhilewalking
The document provides an environmental product declaration for medium density fiberboard (MDF) produced in North America. It summarizes the life cycle assessment results showing the environmental impacts from cradle-to-gate, including forest management, logging, sawmilling, transportation of wood residues to MDF plants, and MDF production. The declaration was developed by the American Wood Council and Canadian Wood Council in accordance with international standards and was verified by an independent third party.
Waste is actually the biggest feed stock available for
processing, to produce useful and usable products. The
increasing amount of waste is a characteristic of the modern
human, though this discloses a more luxury life it presents an
environmental hazard that cannot be ignored. Following this
understanding we decided to impact on method of utilizing waste
and converting it into useful and usable products as well as
reducing the nuisance of waste. The methodology followed comes
in steps; first a random trial to detect the use of unsorted waste
and evaluating the equipment design, secondly improvement of
blending of different components of waste, thirdly improvement
of facilities for uniformity of heat and pressure, finally arriving
at suitable formula regarding the ratio of the different waste
components to give uniformity and better hold of the product.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE). Virgin HDPE was tested, as well as HDPE that was recycled up to three times. The recycling process involved crushing and blending the plastic. Tests measured density, tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation, impact strength, and creep recovery. Results showed that with increased recycling, density and elastic properties generally decreased while tensile strength increased. Mixing recycled and virgin HDPE found that properties remained stable with higher recycled content, except for a drop in impact strength and recovery ability. The study aims to better understand how mechanical properties are affected by repeated recycling and content of recycled plastic.
Manufacturing of Synthetic Resins with Formulae & ProcessesAjjay Kumar Gupta
Synthetic resin is typically manufactured using a chemical polymerization process. This process then results in the creation of polymers that are more stable and homogeneous than naturally occurring resin. Since they are more stable and are cheaper, various forms of synthetic resin are used in a variety of products such as plastics, paints, varnishes, and textiles. There are various kinds of synthetic resins; silicones resins, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gum arabic, epoxy resins, guar gum, carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. Resins are polymeric compound which are available in nature and are also manufactured by synthetic routes. Some resins are also manufactured by partial modification of natural precursor polymer by chemical.
During 2009–2013, consumption of epoxy resins for coatings increased at an average annual rate of 8.3% and for electrical and electronics applications at 6.8%. Epoxy resins for composite applications increased at an average rate of 8.1% per year
In 2013, the largest end use for epoxy resins was coating applications, which accounted for 43% of total consumption, followed by electrical and electronics applications, at 35%. The resin market accounted for USD 7.54 Billion in 2015 and is expected to reach USD 11.22 Billion by 2021, growing at a CAGR of around 6.9% between 2016 and 2021.
In INDIA, epoxy resins consumption will grow at an average annual rate of 4.9% for 2013–2018.
Epoxy resin consumption for composites in the United States is forecast to grow at an average annual rate of nearly 10% during 2013–2018.
The present book contains formulae, processes and other valuable details for various synthetic resins. This is very useful book for those concerned with development, consultants, research scholars, new entrepreneurs existing units, institutional libraries etc.
See more
https://goo.gl/7Gw4xS
https://goo.gl/KmQ0DN
Visit us at:- www.entrepreneurindia.co
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23845886
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #Street View
https://goo.gl/VstWkd
White Paper Biopolymer In Interior Protection Productsdavid1442
This document discusses biopolymers and their use in interior protection products as an alternative to traditional plastics derived from fossil fuels. It begins by introducing biopolymers, which are plastics derived from renewable plant sources, and discusses their advantages over fossil fuel-based plastics in terms of sustainability. It then examines various plastic materials that fall along a continuum from more fossil fuel-intensive to more sustainable sources. These include PVC, PC/ABS, PETG, HDPE, and biopolymers like PLA. The document concludes by discussing the economics and supply of bioplastics compared to traditional plastics, and addresses concerns about bioplastics reducing food crop production land.
This document discusses a biocoating that provides high gas and aroma barrier performance for plastic films as a more sustainable packaging solution. Some key points:
1. The biocoating can be applied to any plastic film to provide excellent oxygen and moisture barrier properties while maintaining transparency.
2. It allows packaging materials to be more easily recycled and composted, replacing multi-material laminates with simpler "mono-material" structures.
3. Examples highlighted include applying the biocoating to PLA films to create compostable food packaging with barrier properties comparable to aluminum foil.
1) The document discusses the numbers and types of plastics used in products and what chemicals can migrate out of each type of plastic into other materials.
2) All plastics are said to migrate toxins over time that can be harmful, including known carcinogens, developmental and endocrine toxins, and neurotoxins. Specific harmful chemicals are linked to each type of plastic number.
3) Alternatives to plastics are discussed but recycling is deemed not viable, biodegradable plastics are not a real solution, and burning plastics produces dangerous dioxins. The effects on wildlife are also described as catastrophic.
Plastic is made from raw materials like oil, air, water, and salt. It goes through a processing stage where it is made into resins, powders, and granules before being manufactured into a variety of products. Plastic items like shopping bags have a lifecycle where they are used by consumers before ideally being recycled instead of ending up as waste. Recycling plastic is important to reuse materials and avoid filling landfills, and one example of repurposing plastic is turning shopping bags into key-rings through considering attributes like shape, color, and safety. The overall document discusses where plastic comes from, how it is made and used, the importance of recycling, and provides examples of repurposing plastic materials
Putting a ban on Plastic Bags http://www.interplas.com/ might not be the best answer. Learn 7 facts about why plastic bags are better than paper bags and why recycle, reduce, and reuse is a possible solution to environmental plastic bag concerns.
The document discusses the components and functions of a railway track system. It describes the key elements including rails, sleepers, ballast, and fastenings. It explains how the rails transfer load to the sleepers, which then distribute the load to the ballast and subgrade. The ballast provides stability, drainage, and holds the sleepers in proper position. Various types of rails, sleepers, and ballasting materials are also discussed. Maintaining proper gauge, gradient, drainage and joints is important for track performance.
This document presents a life cycle assessment comparing plastic and paper bags. It includes an introduction outlining the environmental impacts of plastic bag use. The objectives are to evaluate and compare the carrier bags used in India. The methodology involves compiling an inventory of inputs/outputs, evaluating environmental impacts, and interpreting results. The expected outcome is to calculate the pollution generated during each bag's life cycle from extraction to disposal to determine which has a higher environmental impact.
The document discusses the process of obtaining plastics from raw materials through synthesis of monomers and polymers, addition of additives, shaping and finishing. It also covers the properties and classification of plastics, listing common thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics as well as their characteristics and uses.
This document summarizes a presentation about utilizing biopolymers for lightweighting parts in the transportation industry. The presentation discusses Innovative Plastics and Molding, a company that develops biopolymer technologies using wood and cellulose fillers. It identifies potential biopolymer applications in automobiles and discusses challenges with molding complex lightweight parts from reinforced thermoplastics. Requirements for successful biopolymer formulations, processing, and molded part performance are also outlined.
The document discusses polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. It describes PET as a plastic resin made from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid monomers. PET was first synthesized in the 1940s and was later used to create plastic bottles in 1973. The production process for PET bottles involves either extrusion or injection molding to form the bottles, which are then blow molded into shape. PET bottles are commonly used for packaging foods and beverages due to PET's clarity, strength and light weight. Recycled PET can be used to create new products like fiber, carpet, and food/beverage containers.
plastic waste management 226 a perspectiveArvind Kumar
This document summarizes information about plastic waste management and e-waste management. It discusses the types and sources of plastic waste, issues with plastic waste in India like child labor in collection and import of waste without proper technology. It also discusses e-waste including sources and composition of e-waste, partnerships for e-waste management, and the growing e-waste problem in India.
This document provides an overview of polymeric food packaging materials. It discusses the history and evolution of packaging from skins and leaves to modern materials. The key types of polymeric materials used in food packaging are described, including polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyesters, nylons, polystyrene, and polycarbonate. Properties, applications, and testing methods of these materials are summarized. The packaging industry is growing significantly with increasing global demand and consumption.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of roads constructed using polymer-coated bitumen aggregate. It was conducted by Thigarajar College of Engineering in Madurai, India in association with the Central Pollution Control Board. The study evaluated various roads built between 2002-2007 in several Indian states using plastic waste shredded and coated onto hot aggregate before being used in road construction. The parameters tested were based on standards from the Central Road Research Institute and Indian Road Congress.
This document summarizes information about plastic materials from four students. It discusses the sourcing and synthesis of raw materials and monomers used to make plastics. It also describes various methods for shaping and finishing plastics, such as injection molding and vacuum forming. Finally, it outlines different types of plastics including thermoplastics and thermosets, and discusses some of their key physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties.
Industrial biomaterials 2009—2012 summarises the key findings and inventions developed during the VTT’s Industrial biomaterials spearhead programme. In the field of bio-economy, the Industrial biomaterial spearhead programme focused on renewing industry by means of emerging technologies of materials and chemicals based on non-food biomass, including food side streams, agricultural leftovers and natural material waste fractions.
This publication focuses on the development of novel biopolymers and production technologies based on lignocellulosics, such as hydrolysed sugars, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The spearhead programme’s main achievements include the development of nanocellulose products, new packaging films and barriers from nanocellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, new production methods for hydroxyacids and their polymers like high performance bio-barrier PGA, the development of novel biocomposites for kitchen furniture, and textile fibres from recycled pulp.
Common Packaging Plastic Variants Made by Plastic Bottle ManufacturersSailor Plastics
Plastic is a highly versatile material that can be molded to any shape and size, and to any hardness and toughness. This makes plastic the perfect material for many uses, mainly manufacture of plastic bottles and plastic packaging containers. Although there are countless plastic variants, only a selected few plastics are used by any plastic bottle company to create plastic containers. For more information visit: https://www.sailorplastics.com/
iMovR Environmental Product Declaration, American Wood Councilworkwhilewalking
The document provides an environmental product declaration for medium density fiberboard (MDF) produced in North America. It summarizes the life cycle assessment results showing the environmental impacts from cradle-to-gate, including forest management, logging, sawmilling, transportation of wood residues to MDF plants, and MDF production. The declaration was developed by the American Wood Council and Canadian Wood Council in accordance with international standards and was verified by an independent third party.
Waste is actually the biggest feed stock available for
processing, to produce useful and usable products. The
increasing amount of waste is a characteristic of the modern
human, though this discloses a more luxury life it presents an
environmental hazard that cannot be ignored. Following this
understanding we decided to impact on method of utilizing waste
and converting it into useful and usable products as well as
reducing the nuisance of waste. The methodology followed comes
in steps; first a random trial to detect the use of unsorted waste
and evaluating the equipment design, secondly improvement of
blending of different components of waste, thirdly improvement
of facilities for uniformity of heat and pressure, finally arriving
at suitable formula regarding the ratio of the different waste
components to give uniformity and better hold of the product.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE). Virgin HDPE was tested, as well as HDPE that was recycled up to three times. The recycling process involved crushing and blending the plastic. Tests measured density, tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation, impact strength, and creep recovery. Results showed that with increased recycling, density and elastic properties generally decreased while tensile strength increased. Mixing recycled and virgin HDPE found that properties remained stable with higher recycled content, except for a drop in impact strength and recovery ability. The study aims to better understand how mechanical properties are affected by repeated recycling and content of recycled plastic.
Manufacturing of Synthetic Resins with Formulae & ProcessesAjjay Kumar Gupta
Synthetic resin is typically manufactured using a chemical polymerization process. This process then results in the creation of polymers that are more stable and homogeneous than naturally occurring resin. Since they are more stable and are cheaper, various forms of synthetic resin are used in a variety of products such as plastics, paints, varnishes, and textiles. There are various kinds of synthetic resins; silicones resins, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gum arabic, epoxy resins, guar gum, carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. Resins are polymeric compound which are available in nature and are also manufactured by synthetic routes. Some resins are also manufactured by partial modification of natural precursor polymer by chemical.
During 2009–2013, consumption of epoxy resins for coatings increased at an average annual rate of 8.3% and for electrical and electronics applications at 6.8%. Epoxy resins for composite applications increased at an average rate of 8.1% per year
In 2013, the largest end use for epoxy resins was coating applications, which accounted for 43% of total consumption, followed by electrical and electronics applications, at 35%. The resin market accounted for USD 7.54 Billion in 2015 and is expected to reach USD 11.22 Billion by 2021, growing at a CAGR of around 6.9% between 2016 and 2021.
In INDIA, epoxy resins consumption will grow at an average annual rate of 4.9% for 2013–2018.
Epoxy resin consumption for composites in the United States is forecast to grow at an average annual rate of nearly 10% during 2013–2018.
The present book contains formulae, processes and other valuable details for various synthetic resins. This is very useful book for those concerned with development, consultants, research scholars, new entrepreneurs existing units, institutional libraries etc.
See more
https://goo.gl/7Gw4xS
https://goo.gl/KmQ0DN
Visit us at:- www.entrepreneurindia.co
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23845886
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #Street View
https://goo.gl/VstWkd
White Paper Biopolymer In Interior Protection Productsdavid1442
This document discusses biopolymers and their use in interior protection products as an alternative to traditional plastics derived from fossil fuels. It begins by introducing biopolymers, which are plastics derived from renewable plant sources, and discusses their advantages over fossil fuel-based plastics in terms of sustainability. It then examines various plastic materials that fall along a continuum from more fossil fuel-intensive to more sustainable sources. These include PVC, PC/ABS, PETG, HDPE, and biopolymers like PLA. The document concludes by discussing the economics and supply of bioplastics compared to traditional plastics, and addresses concerns about bioplastics reducing food crop production land.
This document discusses a biocoating that provides high gas and aroma barrier performance for plastic films as a more sustainable packaging solution. Some key points:
1. The biocoating can be applied to any plastic film to provide excellent oxygen and moisture barrier properties while maintaining transparency.
2. It allows packaging materials to be more easily recycled and composted, replacing multi-material laminates with simpler "mono-material" structures.
3. Examples highlighted include applying the biocoating to PLA films to create compostable food packaging with barrier properties comparable to aluminum foil.
1) The document discusses the numbers and types of plastics used in products and what chemicals can migrate out of each type of plastic into other materials.
2) All plastics are said to migrate toxins over time that can be harmful, including known carcinogens, developmental and endocrine toxins, and neurotoxins. Specific harmful chemicals are linked to each type of plastic number.
3) Alternatives to plastics are discussed but recycling is deemed not viable, biodegradable plastics are not a real solution, and burning plastics produces dangerous dioxins. The effects on wildlife are also described as catastrophic.
Plastic is made from raw materials like oil, air, water, and salt. It goes through a processing stage where it is made into resins, powders, and granules before being manufactured into a variety of products. Plastic items like shopping bags have a lifecycle where they are used by consumers before ideally being recycled instead of ending up as waste. Recycling plastic is important to reuse materials and avoid filling landfills, and one example of repurposing plastic is turning shopping bags into key-rings through considering attributes like shape, color, and safety. The overall document discusses where plastic comes from, how it is made and used, the importance of recycling, and provides examples of repurposing plastic materials
Putting a ban on Plastic Bags http://www.interplas.com/ might not be the best answer. Learn 7 facts about why plastic bags are better than paper bags and why recycle, reduce, and reuse is a possible solution to environmental plastic bag concerns.
The document discusses the components and functions of a railway track system. It describes the key elements including rails, sleepers, ballast, and fastenings. It explains how the rails transfer load to the sleepers, which then distribute the load to the ballast and subgrade. The ballast provides stability, drainage, and holds the sleepers in proper position. Various types of rails, sleepers, and ballasting materials are also discussed. Maintaining proper gauge, gradient, drainage and joints is important for track performance.
This document presents a life cycle assessment comparing plastic and paper bags. It includes an introduction outlining the environmental impacts of plastic bag use. The objectives are to evaluate and compare the carrier bags used in India. The methodology involves compiling an inventory of inputs/outputs, evaluating environmental impacts, and interpreting results. The expected outcome is to calculate the pollution generated during each bag's life cycle from extraction to disposal to determine which has a higher environmental impact.
The document discusses the analysis and design of pre-stressed concrete sleepers used in railways. It covers the general functions of sleepers in providing support and transferring loads to the ballast bed. The most common types of pre-stressed sleepers are then described, including twin-block, longitudinal, and mono-block sleepers. Finally, the key design considerations for sleepers are outlined, such as loads from static and dynamic wheel forces, distribution of loads to the rail seat and ballast, and moments and stresses experienced by the sleeper.
The document discusses solid waste management and sustainability. It provides definitions of sustainability from the UN and outlines some key principles like being biodegradable, recyclable, and environmentally friendly. It also discusses concepts like life cycle assessment (LCA), which evaluates the environmental impacts of products throughout their life cycle from raw material extraction to disposal. LCA can be used to identify opportunities to reduce environmental impacts and inform product design and policy decisions.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool used to systematically evaluate the environmental impacts of a product throughout its lifecycle from raw material extraction to disposal. An LCA study compares the environmental impacts of plastic (PET) bottles versus aluminum bottles. The LCA considers impacts like global warming potential and solid waste generated for each material from production to consumption to disposal in the US. While LCA provides useful information, results can lack reliability due to inaccurate or unavailable data and differing system boundaries and assumptions between studies.
Presentation on bag project web post 6.6.14cityofevanston
The document summarizes a community meeting presentation about reducing shopping bag use in Evanston, Illinois. It discusses the history of discussions on the issue, different types of bags, costs associated with bags, bag initiatives that have been implemented in other cities, impacts of bag regulations, and considerations for actions Evanston could take. It provides data on shopping bags used in Evanston stores to inform the local discussion.
The document discusses life cycle analysis (LCA), which examines the environmental impacts of a product throughout its life, including raw material acquisition, production, use, and disposal. It outlines the four main steps of LCA: goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. Key challenges include defining system boundaries, collecting comprehensive data, quantifying environmental impacts, and selecting impact categories and normalization methods. LCA aims to identify opportunities to reduce a product's environmental footprint across its entire lifespan.
Plastic is a material made from oil that can be molded into various shapes and sizes by heating or pressing. It is lightweight, strong, and cheap but also non-biodegradable. While plastic has benefits like durability and versatility, it has negative environmental impacts as most plastic ends up in landfills or oceans, where it harms wildlife, and its production and disposal deplete resources and pollute the environment. The first plastics were invented in the 1850s but mass plastic production began in the early 1900s.
Plastic bottles have several disadvantages, including that they take an extremely long time (500 years) to decompose in landfills. Additionally, plastic is difficult to recycle effectively as most plastic cannot be recycled and recycled plastic is often downcycled into lower quality products. A further disadvantage is that plastic production relies on non-renewable resources like oil and natural gas. Large quantities of discarded plastic end up polluting the environment and harming wildlife through ingestion and entanglement.
Plastics are polymers made of repeating monomer units chemically bonded together. There are two main types of plastics: thermoplastics which can be remolded and thermosetting plastics which cannot. Plastics have advantages like durability, safety and low cost but disadvantages include taking hundreds of years to decompose in landfills, releasing pollutants during production and disposal, and threatening wildlife when littered. Efforts to reduce plastic waste focus on recycling, developing biodegradable alternatives, and converting waste plastics into fuel.
Care Plastics Pvt. Ltd. is starting a plastic bottle manufacturing business in Nepal. Their main products will be PET bottles that they will sell primarily to industrial customers for packaging purposes. They plan to have their factory located in Dhulikhel and their administrative office in Kathmandu. Their target markets are companies that produce drinks and other liquids. They aim to establish themselves as a reliable supplier of quality plastic bottles at competitive prices. Their long term goals include expanding their product lines and growing their production capacity over time.
The document discusses plastic waste management in India. It outlines that plastic waste has increased significantly due to population growth and urbanization. It then describes various strategies for plastic waste management, including recycling, landfilling, incineration, using plastic in road construction, co-processing plastic in cement kilns, plasma pyrolysis technology, and converting plastic into liquid fuels. The document emphasizes that plastic waste management is important due to urbanization and that both technological and behavioral challenges still exist.
"Beat Plastic Pollution" is a presentation by Dr. Amrit Krishna Mitra, Assistant Professor, Department Of Chemistry, Singur Government College, West Bengal, India. In this presentation he discusses the chemistry & history of Plastics, its benefits etc., as well as the detrimental effects of plastic on the environment, and finally ways towards the resolution.
https://www.sciencesg.com/scientificity/beat-plastic-pollution/
Production of Conventional Fuel from Plastic Waste and Biomass by PyrolysisIRJET Journal
The document discusses the production of fuel from plastic waste and biomass via pyrolysis. It begins with background information on plastics and biomass. The methodology section describes the experimental setup for pyrolyzing plastic alone or with biomass. Various plastic types and biomass were pyrolyzed alone and in combination. The liquid fuel yield was highest for mixtures containing biomass, ranging from 64-69.6% yield. The quality of the obtained fuels was analyzed and found to be similar to diesel. Residual solids from biomass pyrolysis were converted to nano-silica. Thus, pyrolysis can convert waste plastic and biomass into useful fuels and materials while addressing environmental issues.
Synthetic plastics are primarily derived from crude oil and natural gas. Crude oil is refined to produce monomers like ethylene and propylene, which are linked together through polymerization to form polymers like polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene. Thermoplastics, like polyethylene, can be softened with heat and reshaped multiple times, while thermosetting plastics, like polyurethane and melamine formaldehyde, permanently harden after heating and shaping. Plastics and rubbers have a wide variety of applications due to their lightweight, durable, and moldable properties.
Plastics and Rubbers-Introduction, Types, Uses and ExamplesAnsh Agarwal
This document provides information on plastics and rubbers, including their composition, classification, and common types. It discusses thermoplastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, and ABS, as well as thermosetting plastics like phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, and polyurethane. Common rubbers like natural rubber and synthetic rubbers are also outlined. The document aims to inform the reader about the basic properties and applications of important plastic and rubber materials.
This document provides information on different types of plastics, including their composition, methods of polymerization, and common examples. It discusses the two main types of plastics - thermoplastics and thermosets. For thermoplastics, it describes how they are formed and provides examples like ABS, PMMA, polyesters, polyethylene, and polystyrene. It also discusses specific polymer materials like polycarbonates, polyamide-imides, polyoxymethylene, and polyphenylene oxide, highlighting their properties and applications.
This document provides information about plastic and specifically polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or acrylic plastic. It discusses that plastics are polymers made from petroleum that can be molded into various shapes. It then describes the two main types of plastics - thermoplastics and thermoset plastics - and provides examples of each. The document also outlines various properties and uses of plastics in general and PMMA specifically, including in construction, lighting, automotive, electronics, furniture and more. However, it notes that PMMA has limitations such as poor impact resistance and chemical resistance and may cause side effects if used in medical applications.
This document discusses various plastic processes used in manufacturing. It begins with an introduction to polymers and thermoplastics versus thermosets. It then provides details on common plastic processing techniques like injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and others. Specific plastic materials used in each process are identified. Secondary processes like welding and fabrication are also discussed. The document serves to outline the major industrial methods for producing plastic goods from raw polymers.
The document discusses plastic waste management in India. It provides definitions related to plastic waste and plastic waste management. It outlines the responsibilities of producers, importers, brand owners, retailers, and street vendors in plastic waste management. It discusses the need for plastic waste management due to threats to the environment, health, animals, and aesthetics. It also discusses options for plastic waste management including reuse, recycling, incineration, and use in road construction.
The document discusses polymers and their uses in everyday life. It provides information on different types of polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride) and discusses their structures, properties and applications. The document also discusses the synthesis and uses of important polymers.
This document discusses plastics recycling and uses of plastics in construction. It provides information on the following:
1. Plastics are polymers formed from linking monomers through polymerization. They have properties like color, lightweight, and resistance to degradation that make them useful materials.
2. Common plastics include thermoplastics that can be reshaped when heated and thermosetting plastics that set permanently when heated.
3. Plastics recycling reprocesses plastic materials into new products. It involves sorting, washing, shredding, testing plastic pellets, and extruding melted plastic to form new items.
4. Plastics have various uses in construction for flooring, roofing
This document provides an overview of thermoplastics, including their properties, types, applications, and market rates. Thermoplastics are plastics that can be remolded and reused, as they soften when heated but do not undergo chemical changes. Common thermoplastics include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene, polyethylene, and methacrylate. Thermoplastics have a variety of applications in construction, including use in roofing, windows, flooring, and temporary structures. The document concludes by listing market rates for thermoplastic pipes from different manufacturers.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers and their importance as an alternative to conventional plastics. It provides background on biodegradable polymers, describing how they are defined and how they differ from conventional plastics in being able to break down from the action of microorganisms. The document outlines the main types of biodegradable polymers, their applications in packaging, agriculture, and medical sectors, and how some automakers are starting to use biodegradable composites in vehicles.
This document discusses different types of plastics, including thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. It describes why plastics are commonly used in design for their corrosion resistance, ease of forming, and wide range of properties. Additives are discussed to improve plastic characteristics. Facts are presented on large amounts of annual plastic waste generated. Methods of co-processing plastics include collection, segregation, and recovery for material or energy. Applications like plastic roads and clothes are mentioned. While plastics have disadvantages like low strength, they can be used beneficially with proper manufacturing, regulation, and recycling.
Plastics are polymers that can be molded into various shapes. There are two main types: thermoplastics, which can be reshaped upon heating, and thermosetting plastics, which permanently harden during molding. Common thermoplastics include polyethylene, PVC, and nylon, while popular thermosetting plastics include bakelite, melamine, and epoxy. Plastics are used in a wide range of applications from piping to electronics due to their lightweight, corrosion resistance, and low cost compared to other materials. Fiber reinforced plastics combine polymers with fibers for increased strength.
The document describes several innovative materials that utilize recycled or waste-based inputs in a closed-loop manner. These include paper bottles made from recycled cardboard and newspaper; durable sheets made from banana fibers; unique ceramic tiles made from leftover porcelain pieces; and a woven bag made from 100% recycled PET bottles. The materials cover a wide range of applications from packaging to furniture to textiles.
This document is a term paper submitted by Swami Mrityunjay for his course MEC-208 at Lovely Professional University. The paper acknowledges the support and guidance of his guide Mr. Anuj and the LPU staff. The paper discusses plastics and their importance in engineering products. It provides examples of engineering plastics such as ABS, polycarbonate, and nylons. It explains how plastics are important in manufacturing due to properties like durability, light weight and low cost. Plastics have various applications in industries like automotive, food packaging and construction. The paper also mentions challenges of plastic waste and efforts towards recycling.
This is study to assess the potential of using “WASTE PLASTIC RECYCLING MACHINE”. We are working together to find ways to work with plastic waste, Plastic pollution is a huge problem regarding all of us. We want to find a solution and fix this. now plastic has become a warning to entire ecosystems and societies. we want to show the world the incredible opportunities of plastic waste in order to eliminate plastic pollution, we are made from basic materials are very affordable and easy to build. Their simplicity allows effective maintenance and easy repair. The machines are also modular so they can be adapted to different contexts and needs. This resource (plastic) locate around everywhere can become a source of income or an educational tool for your community.
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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1. Plastics &
Environmental
Impacts
Ecozuri Inc. promotes reusable shopping bags made from 100% recycled plastics. To
learn more about our products and offerings, please visit www.ecozuri.com
www.ecozuri.com
2. Part One: Plastics 101
Ecozuri Inc. promotes reusable shopping bags made from 100% recycled plastics. To
learn more about our products and offerings, please visit www.ecozuri.com
www.ecozuri.com
3. ----- PLASTIC 101------
Definition:
Any of various complex organic compounds produced by polymerization, capable of being molded, extruded, cast into
various shapes and films, or drawn into filaments, and then used as textile fibers.
History:
Alexander Parkes unveiled the first man-made plastic at the 1862 Great International Exhibition in London. This material --
which was dubbed Parkesine, now called celluloid -- was an organic material derived from cellulose that, once heated, could
be molded but retained its shape when cooled.
In 1907, chemist Leo Hendrik Baekland, while striving to produce a synthetic varnish, stumbled upon the formula for a new
synthetic polymer originating from coal tar. He subsequently named the new substance "Bakelite." Bakelite, once formed,
could not be melted. Because of its properties as an electrical insulator, Bakelite was used in the production of high-tech
objects including cameras and telephones. It was also used in the production of ashtrays, and as a substitute for jade,
marble, and amber. By 1909, Baekland had coined "plastics" as the term to describe this completely new category of
materials.
The first patent for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a substance now used widely in vinyl siding and water pipes, was registered in
1914. Cellophane was also discovered during this period.
Plastics did not really take off until after the First World War with the use of petroleum, a substance easier to process than
coal into raw materials. Plastics served as substitutes for wood, glass, and metal during the hardship times of World War's I
& II. After World War II, newer plastics, such as polyurethane, polyester, silicones, polypropylene, and polycarbonate joined
polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene and PVC in widespread applications. Many more would follow and, by the 1960s,
plastics were within everyone's reach due to their inexpensive cost. Plastics had thus come to be considered “common,” a
symbol of our consumer society.
Since the 1970s, we have witnessed the advent of 'high-tech' plastics used in demanding fields such as health and
technology. New types and forms of plastics, with new or improved performance characteristics, continue to be developed.
Source: American Chemical Council, Literature research
www.ecozuri.com
4. ----- PLASTIC 101------
Types: Characteristics
Plastics are divided into three distinct groups: thermoplastics , thermosets and bio-plastics.
• Can be very resistant to
Thermoplastics soften when heated and harden on cooling. More than 80 percent of chemicals
plastics are thermoplastics, examples of which include: • Can be both thermal
• High density polyethylene (HDPE) - used for bottles for detergents, food products and and electrical
toys insulators
• Low density polyethylene (LDPE) - for products such as (bin liners, and flexible • Are generally very light
containers in weight with varying
• Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - used in bottles, carpets & food packaging degrees of strength
• Polypropylene (PP) - used in yogurt and margarine pots, automotive parts, fibers, and • Can be processed in
milk crates various ways to
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - is made from oil and salt and is used for window frames, produce thin fibers or
flooring, wallpaper, bottles, and medical products very intricate parts
• Are materials with a
Thermosets are hardened by a curing process and cannot be re-melted or re-molded. seemingly limitless
Examples of thermosets include: range of characteristics
• Polyurethane (PU) - used in coatings, finishes, mattresses, vehicle seating, and building • Are usually made from
insulation petroleum, but not
• Epoxy - adhesives, boats, sporting equipment, electrical and automotive components always
• Phenolics - used in ovens and circuit boards
• Unsaturated polyesters – used for windmills, car body parts, and boats
Bio-plastics, which are bio-degradable, are developed from plant materials and bacteria.
There are three techniques used to produce bio-plastics:
• Converting plant sugars into plastic
• Producing plastics inside micro-organisms
• Growing plastics in corn and other crops
Source: American Chemical Council, Literature research www.ecozuri.com
5. ----- PLASTIC INDUSTRY OVERVIEW----
Plastics Plastics
materials
Downstream using industries
materials
and resins Plastic and product
NAICS products wholesaling
End users, including consumers,
NAICS
Upstream goods and services
325211
Gov’t docu- 424610
business and government
mented
plastics
Plastics products
machinery NAICS
NAICS 3261&
3332201 325991
agencies
Captive
Molds for plastic
plastics products
NAICS
33351105
U.S. Plastics industry:
Plastic manufacturing industry plus $374B shipment in
captive plastics products 2007
Plastics industry
Full impact of plastics
Source: SPI
www.ecozuri.com
6. ----- PLASTIC USAGE ----
Total sales & captive use of selected thermoplastic resins* by major market, 2003-2007
(millions of pounds, dry weight basis)
CAGR
(2003-2007)
80,270 86,101 83,231 83,970 82,354 0.5%
6.5%
-0.3%
-0.4%
1.9%
* Include LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, PP, Nylon, PVC, PS, Engineering Resins, ABS, SAN, Other Styrene Butadiene Latexes, Styrene Butadiene Latexes
Source: American Chemical Council www.ecozuri.com
7. ----- PLASTIC INDUSTRY OVERVIEW----
Plastics Plastics
materials
Downstream using industries
materials
and resins Plastic and product
NAICS products wholesaling
End users, including consumers,
NAICS
Upstream goods and services
325211
Gov’t docu- 424610
business and government
mented
plastics
Plastics products
machinery NAICS
NAICS 3261&
3332201 325991
agencies
Captive
Molds for plastic
plastics products
NAICS
33351105
U.S. Plastics industry:
Plastic manufacturing industry plus $374B shipment in
captive plastics products 2007
Plastics industry
Full impact of plastics
Source: SPI
www.ecozuri.com
8. ----- PLASTIC LIFE CYCLE-----
(Part 1: Resin production, product manufacturing stage)
Environmental
concerns
Biogeochemically Manufacturing
Cracking manipulated
Extrusion
Petroleum Example products: Plastic
films and bags
Natural gas Monomers Polymers
Coal
Injection
molding
Example products: Yogurt
Additives containers, closures
Energy issues Pollution and toxic
Plastics consume 4% materials
molding
of the world’s oil Industrial practices in Example products: Soft drink
Blow
stock as feedstock. plastic manufacture can bottles
Although, in many lead to polluting
cases, the use of effluents. The exposure
plastics actually saves to toxic intermediates
more oil than used can be hazardous. Rotational
alternatives, Significant process molding Example products: Toys or
opportunities for improvements are
energy preservation employed to avoid the kayaks
do exit. above.
www.ecozuri.com
9. ----- PLASTIC LIFE CYCLE-----
(Part 2: Waste, landfill , incineration and recycle stage)
Environmental
concerns
Discarding Processing
Mechanical recycling Recycled plastic
(collection, sorting, flakes for new end
Consumer Recycling
reclamation) product
plastic
waste
Feedstock recycling Monomers for new
(heating, polymers
gasification,
chemical)
Plastic waste in Capacity issues
Land filling Majority of the plastic waste ends up
landfill
Industrial in landfill, where they take more than
plastic 1,000 years to decompose.
waste
Not recycling
Oceans and wild life
Over a billion seabirds and mammals
die annually from ingestion of
plastics
Toxic emission
Reduced volume
Incineration Burning plastic releases dioxin, a
waste in landfill cancer-causing chemical
www.ecozuri.com
10. ----- PLASTIC POLLUTION----
HAWAII
Canada
Canada England UK
England,
England Sweden
Sweden
United States
Japan
Japan
Hawaii
China
Philippines
Litter left by tourists
Venezuela Antarctica Tanzania bag
Floating plastic
Philippines New Zealand Beach cleanup
Venezuela Antarctica New Zealand
Tanzania
www.ecozuri.com
14. ----- PLASTIC USAGE ----
Total sales & captive use of selected thermoplastic resins* by major market, 2003-2007
(millions of pounds, dry weight basis)
CAGR
(2003-2007)
80,270 86,101 83,231 83,970 82,354 0.5%
6.5%
-0.3%
-0.4%
1.9%
* Include LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, PP, Nylon, PVC, PS, Engineering Resins, ABS, SAN, Other Styrene Butadiene Latexes, Styrene Butadiene Latexes
Source: American Chemical Council www.ecozuri.com
15. ----- PLASTIC SALES VOLUME BY TYPE ----
Total sales & captive use of selected thermoplastic resins* by resin type, 2006-2007
(millions of pounds, dry weight basis)
92,347
94,350
CAGR
(2003-2007) 4.0% 4.6% -1.8% 2.5% 2.2%
(1) Except Phenolic resins, (2) Sales & Captive Use Data Include Imports, (3) Canadian production and sales data included, (4) Canadian and Mexican production
and sales data included, (5) Includes: engineering resins, polyurethanes (TDI, MDI and polyols), unsaturated (thermoset) polyester, and other resins.
Source: American Chemical Council www.ecozuri.com
16. Part Two: Plastic Bags
Ecozuri Inc. promotes reusable shopping bags made from 100% recycled plastics. To
learn more about our products and offerings, please visit www.ecozuri.com
www.ecozuri.com
17. ----- PLASTIC BAG 101 ---
Definition:
Bags that are made out of "film", or thin flexible sheets of plastic. Plastic film is typically defined as any plastic less than 10
mm thick. The majority of plastic films are made from polyethylene resin and are readily recyclable if the material is clean, dry,
and not pigmented black.
History:
1957 The first baggies and sandwich bags on rolls are introduced.
1958 Poly dry cleaning bags compete with traditional brown paper.
1966 Between 25 and 30 percent of packaging for bread is plastic.
1966 Plastic produce bags on rolls are introduced in grocery stores.
1969 The New York City Sanitation Department's "New York City Experiment" demonstrates that using plastic bags for
refuse curbside pickup is cleaner, safer, and quieter than metal trash can pick-up. This began a shift to plastic can liners
among consumers.
1974/75 Retailing giants such as Sears, J.C. Penney, Montgomery Ward, Jordan Marsh, Allied, Federated, and Hills make the
switch to plastic merchandise bags.
1973 The first commercial system for manufacturing plastic grocery bags becomes operational
1977 The plastic grocery bag is introduced to the supermarket industry as an alternative to paper sacks.
1982 Kroger and Safeway start to replace traditional craft sacks with polyethylene "t-shirt" bags.
1990 The first blue bag recycling program begins with curbside collection.
1990 Consumer plastic bag recycling begins through a supermarket collection-site network.
1992 Nearly half of U.S. supermarkets have recycling available for plastic bags.
1994 Denmark creates first plastic bag tax.
1996 Over 80% grocery bags used are plastic.
2002 Ireland introduces the worlds first consumer paid plastic bag tax.
www.ecozuri.com
18. ----- PLASTIC BAG 101------
Types:
Resin type Characteristics Usages Examples
Bags (e.g., thicker
newspaper bags, bread
Films with high clarity,
LDPE - Low Density bags)
moderate stretch &
Polyethylene Bubble wrap (may also
strength characteristics
contain nylon
Bags (e.g. clear, thin
newspaper bags)
films have moderate clarity,
LLDPE - Linear Low Dry cleaning film
slightly tacky feel to the
Density Polyethylene
touch
Consumer paper packaging
(i.e. toilet paper, paper
films have moderate clarity,
MDPE - Medium towel)
poor stretch and strength
Density Polyethylene
characteristics
films have some opacity, Most grocery bags
HDPE - High Density crinkle to the touch, low T-shirt bags
Polyethylene stretch, can tear easily, high Bags with sealed air for
strength packaging (e.g., air cushion)
www.ecozuri.com
19. ----- THE ALTERNATIVES FOR PLASTIC BAGS----
Paper bags Biodegradable bags Reusable bags
• Degradable in well-run • Light and convenient like • Reduce energy usage, landfill,
landfill plastic bags and pollution due to its
• Hold more stuff • Biodegradable in certain reusable nature
• Higher percentage of conditions
Pros
recycling (10% -15% versus
1%-3% for plastics)
• Consume forests • Highly confusing definition of • If the bags are not reused a
• Take 4 times as much energy bio-plastics. Many bio-based sufficient number of times,
as needed to produce products are not necessarily more energies are wasted as
• Generate 70% more air biodegradable most reusable bags are made
pollution and 50 times more • Many biodegradable bags from materials that require
Cons
water pollution in production require special processing and more energy to produce
• Take 90% more energy to facilities. There are limited • Difficult to remember as it
recycle when recycling rate is collection and processing requires living habit changes
low platforms • Inconvenient since most
• 7 times heavier than plastic • When mingled with traditional products are bulky to carry
to transport plastics, this causes
• Take up more space in landfill contamination and make the
product unrecyclable
NOT THE RIGHT ANSWER NOT AS GOOD AN ANSWER AS THE RIGHT ANSWER – BUT
IT SOUNDS NEED INDIVIDUAL EFFORTS
Source: Literature research www.ecozuri.com
20. ----- THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PLASTIC BAGS ----
Energy The energy used to make one high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic bag is 0.48 megajoules (MJ).
consumptions To give this figure perspective, a car driving one kilometre is the equivalent of manufacturing 8.7
plastic bags (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2004).
Production and distribution
Health Toxic emissions are produced during the extraction of materials for the production of plastic grocery
impacts bags. The manufacturing and transportation of such materials contribute to acid rain, smog, and
numerous other harmful effects.
Air and Water Without enhanced processes, the manufacturing of two plastic bags produces 1.1 kg of atmospheric
Pollution pollution, which contributes to acid rain and smog, and 0.1 g of waterborne waste, which has the
capability of disrupting associated ecosystems, such as waterways and the life that they support.
Following manufacturing, the plastic grocery bags are subsequently shipped all over the world.
Container ships used to transport these bags to each consumer country use fuels which produce high
levels of pollutants, such as sulfur.
Land Pollution Lightweight plastic grocery bags are additionally harmful due to their propensity to be carried away
on a breeze and become attached to tree branches, fill roadside ditches, or end up in public
waterways, rivers, or oceans. In one instance, Cape Town, South Africa, had more than 3000 plastic
grocery bags that covered each kilometer of road.
Impact on Most distressing, over a billion seabirds and mammals die annually from ingestion of plastics (Baker,
wildlife 2002). In Newfoundland, 100,000 marine mammals are killed each year by ingesting plastic (Brown,
2003). However, the impact of plastic bags does not end with the death of one animal. When a bird
Disposal
or mammal dies in such a manner and subsequently decomposes, the plastic bag will again be
released into the environment to be ingested by another animal.
Marine The North Pacific Tropical Gyre, also known as the Garbage Patch, is seven million tons of floating
Pollution plastic waste spanning an area twice the size of Texas. There is six times as much plastic in the gyre
than there is plankton. Plankton is the area’s most abundant food source. Animals mistake this waste
for food, dying either from plastic poisoning or blockage of their digestive system. This plastic absorbs,
transports, and releases hydrophobic pollutants (PCB,DDE,DDT) not only harming the oceans food
chain, but us as well. www.ecozuri.com
Source: Literature research
21. ----- PLASTIC SHOPPING BAG LIFE CYCLE-----
Only 2% recycled, still
Production Distribution Destination Disposal
a very expensive
process
of natural gas or oil
Use large amount
500-1,000 bags
to produce and
Supermarket Home recycled Recycling
used per
household per
transport
year
Up to 3-4 trillion a year worldwide, 100 billion in US alone
Average usage
time: 12 minutes 96% goes to Landfill
Other foods or Take >1,000 yrs to
liquid breakdown
Home Home garbage
Natural gas or oil extraction
Ethylene Polymerization
Ethylene manufacturing
Bag production
General Landfill
merchandise and Reuse disposal/waste
apparels treatment
Maximally 1-2 times
Pollute land
Fast food Garbage and oceans
convenient stores
& service stations
Public areas
Litter
Other retails Litter
Source: Nolan-ITU, Literature research
www.ecozuri.com
22. Part Two: Plastic Bottles
Ecozuri Inc. promotes reusable shopping bags made from 100% recycled plastics. To
learn more about our products and offerings, please visit www.ecozuri.com
www.ecozuri.com
23. ----- PLASTIC BOTTLE 101 ---
Definition:
A plastic bottle is a container constructed of plastic with a neck that is narrower than its body and an opening at the top. The
mouth of the bottle is normally sealed with a plastic bottle cap. Plastic bottles are typically used to store liquids such as water,
soft drinks, cooking oil, medicine, shampoo, milk, and ink.
History:
Plastic bottles were first used commercially in 1947, but remained relatively expensive until the early 1960's when high-
density polyethylene was introduced. They quickly became popular with both manufacturers and customers due to their
lightweight nature, and relatively low production costs compared with glass bottles . The food industry has almost
completely replaced glass in many cases with plastic bottles, but wine and beer are still commonly sold in glass bottles.
Types
Materials Characteristics Usage
High-density Naturally translucent and flexible. The addition of color Shampoo and detergent bottles, milk
polyethylene (HDPE) will make HDPE bottles opaque although not glossy. jugs, cosmetics, motor oil
Low Density Less chemically resistant than HDPE, but is more
For squeeze application
Polyethylene (LDPE) translucent
Polyethylene Very good alcohol and essential oil barrier properties,
Carbonated beverage bottles
Terephthalate (PET) generally good chemical resistance
Polyvinyl Chloride Naturally clear, have extremely good resistance to oils, Salad oil, mineral oil, and vinegar,
(PVC) and have very low oxygen transmission shampoos, and cosmetic products
Polypropylene (PP)
Excellent moisture barrier, stability at high temperatures Hot fill products such as pancake syrup
Dry products including vitamins,
Polystyrene (PS) Excellent clarity and stiffness at an economical cost
petroleum jellies, and spices
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24. ----- THE INCONVENIENT FACTS OF BOTTLED WATER -----
US bottled water market (1997 – 2008)
Million gallon/ billion bottles
- 18 million barrels of crude oil are requires to produce the 900,000 tons of plastics
(PET) that bottle the water
- Only 24% of the plastic bottles are recycled – 76% end up as either garbage or liter
- The total amount of energy required to make the bottle, fill the bottle with water,
transport, refrigerate the bottled water, and recover, recycle, or throw away the
empty bottle is equivalent, on average, to filling a plastic bottle ¼ full with oil. 31 billion
bottles
15 billion
bottles
6 billion
3 billion bottles
bottles
Source: NY State Department of Environmental Conservation, Beverage Marketing Corporation, Literature Research
www.ecozuri.com
25. ----- PET BOTTLE LIFE CYCLE -----
Natural gas and
petroleum are The bottled water
converted into PET pellets are A beverage is distributed to A consumer buys
polyethylene melted and company fills gas stations, the water, drinks
terephalate, a blown into and caps the vending machines, it and then
chemical bottle molds bottles grocery and big chooses to
compound box stores
known as PET
Toss the bottle
… or tossing the bottle in a recycling bin
into the trash…
(76%)
At a mill, the plastic is
In the US, 76% of
ground into shreds and At recycling centers, the
plastic bottles –
melted. Used RPET is bottles are sorted,
about 7.1 billion
typically recycled into washed, and stacked,
pounds of them,
other products, often then finally crushed,
wound up burned in
polyester fleece jackets, baled and sold (for 38-
incinerators or buried
carpets, or plastic 66 cents per pound)
in landfills in 2006
decking
Sources: The American Chemical Counsel, The Boston Globe Magazine
www.ecozuri.com
26. center
Sources: CWC, WRAP
bottles
bottles
recycled
Drop-off
recycling
Curbside
returned
Buy-back
Redemption
programs for
collections of
Debale
Sorting (manual or automated to separate PVC and color bottles)
Grind
Air classification to remove labels
Scrubber to remove drink residue, glue and dirt
Float/sink or hydrocyclone classification to remove cap and ring
made from HDPE or PP
www.ecozuri.com
Metal detector to remove metal
Other decontamination process
Clean flake packer, storage and shipping
Repelletizing
----- PET BOTTLE RECYCLING PROCESS -----
Fiber
resins
Strapping
Packaging
Engineered
applications
applications
applications
applications
Sheet and film
27. ----- US PET BOTTLE RECYCLING STATISTICS -----
Gross recycle statistics for US PET bottles
(mmlbs, %)
24.6%
31.7% 27.1% 24.8% 23.7% 22.3% 22.1% 19.9% 19.6% 21.6% 23.1% 23.5%
Sources: NAPCOR
www.ecozuri.com
28. ----- RYCYCLED PET MARKET STATISTICS -----
Market for US post consumer PET bottles
(mmlbs)
Top buyers:
China
Canada
Sources: NAPCOR
www.ecozuri.com
29. ----- RECYCLED PET UTILIZATION TREND -----
RPET PRODUCT CATEGORIES IN US MARKET
(mmlbs)
Sources: NAPCOR
www.ecozuri.com
30. “Zuri” means “good and beautiful” in Swahili, a
beautiful language spoken in East Africa. Ecozuri, Inc.
offers environmentally conscious, habit changing
products to help people embrace an more eco-
friendly lifestyle. We also contribute up to 10% of our
revenue to support education for children living in
poverty in rural Africa.
“Ecozuri” is a registered trademark of California based Ecozuri Inc. The
company promotes Ecozuri line of reusable bags made from 100% recycled
plastics and offers green custom-made promotional products OEM services
for corporate clients.
To learn about Ecozuri’s products and offerings, please visit
www. ecozuri.com or email info@ecozuri.com
www.ecozuri.com