The document discusses the pervasive issue of plastic waste and highlights innovative solutions like plastic pavements made from plastic and sand to mitigate environmental impact. It provides an overview of different types of plastics, their properties, and applications, while emphasizing the statistics and challenges associated with plastic production and recycling. Additionally, it outlines the advantages and limitations of plastic as a material in construction and other industries.

1. i
ABSTRACT
Plastic has been most inculcating material in our modern world. Plastic has a major
problem as it cannot be disposed in the environment safely so many ideas has made up to
decrease the pollution caused due to plastic. It has been remoulded into useful products to
decrease its disposal problem. One of the methods of reforming plastic into useful product is our
“PLASTIC PAVEMENTS”.
Plastic pavement has been formed from different plastic. It has only two materials plastic
and sand. Plastic is best in it use for moisture resistant. It is mixed with sand to give good
compressive strength. Plastic pavement is used for light weight traffic. The pavements
manufactured possess the properties such as neat and even finishing

2. ii
CONTENTS
TITLE Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION 1-14
1.1 Plastic 1
1.2 Types of plastics 1-6
1.3 Statistics of plastic 6
1.4 Advantages of plastic 10
1.5 Limitations of plastic 10
1.6 Waste plastic 11
1.7 Statics of waste plastic 11
2. LITERATURE REVIEWS 15-20
3. PAVEMENTS 21-26
3.1 Pavements definition 21
3.2 Types of pavements 21
3.3 Advantages of pavements 24
3.4 Limitations of pavements 25
3.5 Design of pavements 26
4. MOULD 27-29
4.1 Material used 27
4.2 Properties of material 27
4.3 Advantages of this material 28
4.4 Preparation of mould 29

3. iii
5. Methodology 30-34
5.1 Materials used for preparation for pavements 30
5.2 Technical method 31
5.3 Non-technical method 31
6. PLASTIC AS A CONSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL 33
7. PROBLEMS DECREASED 35
8. TESTS AND RESULTS 36-39
8.1 Compression tests 36
8.2 Moisture content 38
9. APPLICATIONS OF BRICKS 40
10. FUTURE SCOPE 41
11. CONCLUSION 42
REFERENCES 43

4. iv
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURES Page No.
1. Statistics of plastic increased from 1950 to 2020 9
2. Increases of different plastics 9
3. Waste plastic production 14
4. Waste plastic management 14
5. Concrete pavements 21
6. Brick pavements 22
7. Coble stone pavements 22
8. Rubber pavements 23
9. Stone pavements 23
10 .Flag stone pavements 24
11. Travertine 24
12. Design of pavements 26
13. Preparation of mould 29
14. Compressive testing 37
15. Moisture content 39

5. 1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PLASTIC:
Plastic is a material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic
organic compounds that are malleable and so can be moulded in to solid objects. Plastics are
typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They
are usually synthetic most commonly derive from petro chemicals but many are made from
renewable materials such as polymathic acid.
It wasn't until 1907, however, that the first fully-synthetic, commercially-successful
plastic was invented by Leo Hedrick Baekeland. ... Bakelite was made by combining phenol with
formaldehyde under heat to create a condensation reaction that produced the polymer resin
Baekeland called Bakelite.
Here is a brief overview of the most widely used plastics. Polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) is a strong, lightweight, transparent plastic. ... Today, both High Density Polyethylene
(HDPE) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) remain among the most commonly-used plastics.
Jan 7, 2016sation reaction that produced the polymer resin Baekeland called Bakelite. Jan 8,
2016.
1.2 TYPES OF PLASTICS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATIONS:
The society of plastics industry (SPI) established a classification system in 1988 to allow
consumers and recyclers to identify different types of plastic. Manufactures place an SPI code, or
number on each plastic product, usually moulded in to the bottom .This guide provides a basic
outline of the different plastic types associated with each other number.
Plastics are usually classified by their chemical structure of the polymer's backbone and
side chains. Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, such as
condensation, poly addition, and cross-linking. There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics
and thermosetting polymers.
Plastic is chemically divided into seven types there are as below:

6. 2
1.2.1 PET: Polyethylene Terephthalate
Sometimes absorbs odour and flavours from food and drinks that are stored in them. Items
made from this plastic are commonly recycled. PET (E) plastic is used to make many common
household items like beverage bottles, medicine jars, rope, clothing and carpet fibres.
1.2.1 (A) General properties
 Good gas and moisture barrier properties.
 High heat resistance.
 Microwave transparency.
 Solvent resistant.
1.2.1 (B) Common house hold uses
 Mineral wastes, fizzy drink and bus bottles.
 Pre-prepared food trays and roasting bags.
 Boil in the bag food pouches.
 Soft drink and water bottles.
 Fiber for clothing and carpets.
1.2.2. HDPE: High Density Polyethylene.
These products are very safe and are not known to transmit any chemicals into foods or
drinks. HDPE include containers for milk, motor oil, shampoos and conditioner, soap bottles,
detergents, and bleaches. It is never safe to reuse an HDPE bottle as a food or drink container if it
didn’t originally contain food or drink.
1.2.2 (A) General Properties:
 Excellent moisture barrier properties.
 Excellent chemical resistance.
 Hard to semi-flexible and strong.
 HDPE films crinkle to the touch.
 Pigmented bottles stress resistant.
1.2.2 (B) Common Household Uses:

7. 3
 Detergent, bleach and fabric conditioner bottles.
 Nack food boxes and cereal box liners.
 Milk and non-carbonated drinks bottles.
 Toys, buckets, rigid pipes, crates, plant pots.
1.2.3. PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride.
PVC is sometimes recycled. PVC is used for all kinds of pipes. This kind of plastic should
not come in contact with food items as it can harmful if ingested.
1.2.3 (A) General Properties:
 Excellent transparency.
 Hard, rigid (flexible when plasticized).
 Good chemical resistance.
 Long term stability.
 Good weathering ability.
 Stable electrical properties.
 Low gas permeability.
1.2.3 (B) Common Household Uses:
 Credit cards.
 Carpet backing and other floor covering.
 Window and door frames, guttering.
 Pipes and fitting, wire and cable sheathing.
 Synthetic leather products.
1.2.4. LDPE: Low Density Polyethylene.
LDPE is sometimes recycled. It is a very healthy plastic that tends to be both durable and
flexible. Items such as cling-film, sandwich bags, squeezable bottles, and plastic grocery bags are
made from LDPE.
1.2.4 (A) General Properties:
 Tough and flexible.
 Waxy surface.

8. 4
 Soft-scratches easily.
 Good transparency.
 Low melting point.
 Stable electrical properties.
 Good moisture barrier properties.
1.2.4 (B) Common household uses:
 Films, fertilizer bags, refuse sacks.
 Packaging films, bubble wrap.
 Flexible bottles.
 Irrigation pipes.
 Thick shopping bags (clothes and produce).
 Wire and cable applications.
 Some bottle tops.
1.2.5. PP: Polypropylene.
PP is occasionally recycled .PP is strong and can usually withstand higher temperatures. It
is used to make lunch boxes, margarine containers, yogurt pots, syrup bottles, proscription
bottles. Plastic bottle caps are often made from PP.
1.2.5(A) General properties:
 Excellent chemical resistance.
 High melting point.
 Hard, but flexible.
 Waxy surface.
 Translucent.
 Strong.
1.2.5 (B) Common household uses:
 Most bottle tops.
 Ketchup and syrup bottles.
 Yoghurt and some margarine containers.
 Potato crisp bags, drinking straws.

9. 5
 Hinged lunch boxes, refrigerated containers.
 Fabric/carpet fibres, heavy duty bags/tarpaulins.
1.2.6. PS: Polystyrene
PS is commonly recycled, but is difficult to do. Items such as disposable coffee cups,
Plastic food boxes, Plastic cutlery and packing foam are made from PS.
1.2.6 (A) General properties:
 Clear to opaque.
 Glassy surface.
 Rigid or foamed.
 Hard, brittle, high clarity.
 Affected by fats and solvents.
1.2.6 (B) Common household uses:
 Yoghurt containers, egg boxes.
 Fast food trays.
 Video cases.
 Vending cups and disposable cutlery.
 Seed trays.
 Coat hangers.
 Low cost brittle toys.
1.2.7 Other:
Code 7 is used to designate miscellaneous types of plastic not defined by the other six
codes. Polycarbonate and Polyactide are included in this category. This type in baby bottles,
compact discs, and medical storage containers.
1.2.7 (A) General properties:
There are other polymers that have a wide range of uses, particularly in engineering
sectors. They are identified with the number 7 and other (or a triangle with numbers from 7 to 19.

10. 6
1.2.7(B) Common household uses:
 Nylon (PA).
 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).
 Layered or multi-material mixed polymers.
Two plastics materials, vinyl and fibreglass, are used commonly in the production of
window frames. Fibreglass is extremely strong while vinyl is quite durable and also inexpensive.
Some construction projects use doors made from a stiff polyurethane foam core with a fiber
reinforced plastic (FRP) coating.
1.3 STATISTICS OF PLASTIC:
In developed countries, about third of plastics is used in packaging another third in
buildings such as piping used in plumbing or vinyl sliding other uses include in automobile
furniture and toys. In the developing world, the ratios may be different for example reportedly
42% of India’s consumption is used in packaging.Due to wide range increase on usage of plastic.
Production of plastic with alternatives has risen. The producers of plastic had searched for low
making charges to get of profits. This made the problem for disposal. As the plastic is that kind of
material which does not decompose for many years. Many non-degradable plastics are being
manufactured.
World’s plastic production in 2002 is 204megatons, 2007 is 250megatons, 2009 is
257megatons, 2011 is 279megatons, 2012 is 288megatons, and 2013 is 299megatons. As per
capital per year consumption of plastic in world is 24kgs. As plastic Recycling percentages in
world is 15-20. Plastic in solid waste percentage in world is 7. China was responsible for the
most ocean plastic pollution per year with an estimated 2.5million tons, about 30% of global total
followed by Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Srilanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria &
Bangladesh. The research calculated that 275million tons of plastic waste was generated in the
192 coasted countries that year, with an estimate 8million tons entering the oceans and a possible
range between 4.8million and 12.7million tons. India recycles about 60% of its plastic, compared
to world’s average of 22%. Plastic waste contains the calorific value equal to fuel. Plastic
consumption in India as in 1996 is 61,000 tons, in 2000 are 3, 00,000 tons, in 2001 are 4, 00,000
tons, and in 2007 are 8,500,000 tons. This report was given by the central pollution control board.
As per capital per year consumption of plastic in India is 6.7kgs. As plastic Recycling

11. 7
percentages in India are 60. Plastic in solid waste percentage in India is 9.According to the report
of central pollution control board (CPCB), it is seen that the packaging and polyvinyl-chloride
(PVC) pipe industry grows at 16-18% per year. In the day today practices we use different kind
of plastics goods and this demand of plastic goods is increased rapidly from domestic use to
industrial applications also. It is growing at an annual rate of 22%. The polymer production has
reached to 8.5millions tons in 2007.The contribution of thermoplastics is about 80% and thermo
set constitutes approximately 20% of the total plastic waste generated.
Plastics are used in a wide variety of products and have displaced other materials, such
as wood, metal, and glass. It can be formed into polyesters for use in fabrics and textiles,
polyvinylidene chloride for food packaging, and polycarbonates for eyeglasses and compact
discs, among thousands of other uses. The production of plastic requires four basic steps: the
acquirement of raw material, synthesizing a basic polymer, compounding the polymer into a
usable fraction, and lastly, moulding or shaping the plastic. The production of plastic is quite
energy intensive, requiring 62 to 108 mega joules of energy per kilogram based on U.S.
efficiency averages. Producing silicon can require up to 235 mega joules per kilogram of
material.
In 2016, the global production of plastics reached 335 million metric tons, with 60 million
metric tons produced in Europe alone. China is one of the largest producers of plastics in the
world, accounting for around one quarter of the global production. Plastic imports from China
into the United States are steadily increasing as China’s plastic industry grows. Production of
plastics in China will continue to develop and include more efficient companies that produce
higher quality plastics.
More than 9 billion tons of plastic have been made since the 1950s, and the vast majority
of it has been thrown in the trash, says a new study.
A team of researchers from the University of California, Santa Barbara, the University of
Georgia, and the Sea Education Association, say that although plastic materials such as Bakelite
were in use in the early 20th century, the material's popularity began to rapidly rise after World
War II, making it one of the most commonly used man-made materials.
For example, the researchers estimated that the amount of plastic in use now is 30 percent
of all the plastic ever produced.While that has brought its benefits, such as lower-cost materials

12. 8
or capabilities like water resistance, our love of plastic has also produced a lot of trash. About 7
billion tons of it, by their estimate and as of 2015, only 9 percent of the plastic waste produced
ended up recycled, and another 12 percent was incinerated, the researchers found in their report.
The remaining 79 percent has built up in landfills or ended up elsewhere in the environment. The
team published their results in the journal Science Advances on Wednesday. To make their
estimates, the researchers cobbled together datasets on global plastic production, such as global
annual pure polymer (resin) production data from 1950 to 2015, published by the Plastics Europe
Market Research Group, and global annual plastic fiber production data from 1970 to 2015
published by The Fiber Year and TecnonOrbiChem. Disposal data came from sources such as the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Plastics Europe, the World Bank, and the China
Statistical Yearbook. All three researchers on this study were part of a
team thatestimatedin2015 that between 5 million and 13 million metric tons of plastic end up in
the ocean every year. In this new study, the team said plastics are found in every major ocean
basin in the world.
"The growth of plastics production in the past 65 years has substantially outpaced any
other manufactured material," the paper said. "The same properties that make plastics so versatile
in innumerable applications — durability and resistance to degradation — make these materials
difficult or impossible for nature to assimilate. Thus, without a well-designed and tailor-made
management strategy for end-of-life plastics, humans are conducting a singular uncontrolled
experiment on a global scale, in which billions of metric tons of material will accumulate across
all major terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems on the planet."They recommend carefully considering
the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies for managing plastic, such as reusing or
recycling, substituting other materials, or using waste-to-energy or technologies for converting
the materials into other substances. Growth continues for more than 50 years. Plastic production
ramped up from 1.5 Mio. t in 1950 to ~322 Mio. t.

13. 9
Figure 1: Statics of plastic increase from 1950 to 2020
Figure 2: Increase of different plastics

14. 10
1.4 ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC:
 Plastic are light in weight.
 They can be easily molded and have excellent finishing.
 They possess very good strength and toughness. They possess and shock absorption
capacity.
 Plastic are corrosion resistant and chemically inert.
 They have low thermal expansion of co-efficient and possess good thermal and electrical
insulating property.
 Plastic is very good water resistant and possess good adhesiveness.
 Plastic is strong, good and cheap to produce.
 Plastic is a recycling process and it does not decompose.
 Plastic bottles can be reused and restored over again and again.
 Plastic is one of the unbreakable.
 Plastic is an odorless.
 Plastic is used for building, construction, electronics, packaging (glad wrap) and
transportation industries.
 Used to make water bottles, pens, plastic bags, cups, etc.
 Plastic are very cheap to make.
 Durability.
 Strength.
 Chemical resistance.
 Plastic are used to produce another products..
 Used to reduce soil and wind erosion.
1.5 LIMITATONS OF PLASTIC:
 Plastic is a nonrenewable resources.
 Plastic is softness.
 Causes CANCER.
 Plastic are embrittlement at low temperature.
 Plastic are deformation under load.
 Plastics are low heat resistant and poor ductility.
 Plastic are combustibility.

15. 11
 Produces toxic fumes when it is burnt.
 It is a recycle process, but it is very costly.
 Plastic is not a biodegradable product.
1.6 WASTE PLASTIC:
Reprocessing plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic into the
useful products. Since the vast majority of plastic is non-biodegradable, recycling is a part of
global efforts to reduce plastic in the waste stream. Plastic recycling includes taking any type of
plastic, sorting it into different polymers and then chipping it and then melting it down into
pellets. After this stage, it can then be used to make items of any sort such as plastic chairs and
tables. Soft plastics are also recycled such as polyethylene film and bags. This closed-loop
operation has taken place since the 1970s and has made the production of some plastic products
amongst the most efficient operations today.
The quantity of post-consumer plastics recycled has increased every year since at least
1990, but rates lag far behind those of other items, such as newspaper (about 80%)
and corrugated fibreboard (about 70%). Overall, U.S. post-consumer plastic waste for 2008 was
estimated at 33.6 million tons; 2.2 million tons (6.5%) were recycled and 2.6 million tons (7.7%)
were burned for energy; 28.9 million tons, or 85.5%, were discarded in landfills. When different
types of plastics are melted together, they tend to phase-separate, like oil and water, and set in
these layers.
The phase boundaries cause structural weakness in the resulting material, meaning
that polymer blends are useful in only limited applications. The two most widely manufactured
plastics, polypropylene and polyethylene behave this way, which limits their utility for recycling.
Recently, the use of block copolymers as "molecular stitches" or "macromolecular welding flux"
has been proposed to overcome the difficulties associated with phase separation during recycling.
1.7 STATISTICS OF WASTE PLASTIC:
According to statistics in March last year the union environment ministry had stated that
15,000 tons of plastic waste was generated every day. Out of which 9,000tons was collected and
processed but 6,000 tons plastic waste was not being collected.

16. 12
One of our ideologies is to transform this in to pavement industries. Out of which 9,000
tons only 50-60% can be re used for different uses. Such as, they are moulded into various kinds.
Many reforms have come to use the plastic in to many ways. Such as using plastic bottles
as wall, plastic road also developed.
Many cities have this problem with plastic as an initiative step Delhi government had
banned usage of plastic bags with thickness less than 50 microns violators to be fined with
5,000/- while coming to our Hyderabad we visited a dumping yard which works under HMDA
and ramky where daily 300 to 400 trucks of waste is produced. This waste collected has 30-40%
of plastic and other wasted is reformed.
Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the
material into the useful products. Since the vast majority of plastic is non-biodegradable,
recycling is a part of global efforts to reduce plastic in the waste stream. Plastic recycling
includes taking any type of plastic, sorting it into different polymers and then chipping it and then
melting it down into pellets. After this stage, it can then be used to make items of any sort such as
plastic chairs and tables. Soft plastics are also recycled such as polyethylene film and bags. This
closed-loop operation has taken place since the 1970s and has made the production of some
plastic products amongst the most efficient operations today. The quantity of post-consumer
plastics recycled has increased every year since at least 1990, but rates lag far behind those of
other items, such as newspaper (about 80%) and corrugated fibreboard (about 70%). Overall,
U.S. post-consumer plastic waste for 2008 was estimated at 33.6 million tons; 2.2 million tons
(6.5%) were recycled and 2.6 million tons (7.7%) were burned for energy; 28.9 million tons, or
85.5%, were discarded in landfills. When different types of plastics are melted together, they tend
to phase-separate, like oil and water, and set in these layers. The phase boundaries cause
structural weakness in the resulting material, meaning that polymer blends are useful in only
limited applications. The two most widely manufactured plastics, polypropylene and polyethylene
behave this way, which limits their utility for recycling. Recently, the use of block copolymers as
"molecular stitches" or "macromolecular welding flux" has been proposed to overcome the
difficulties associated with phase separation during recycling. The world will have produced a total
of 6.9bn tones of the 11 synthetic polymers I’ve detailed in the above chart between 1978, when our data
begins, and the end of 2017.

17. 13
Using the assumptions behind an important new study that was launched in July this year,
let’s assume that 76% of what has been produced ends up as plastic waste.
And again on the basis of the study – which was published in the peer-reviewed journal
science advance – let’s estimate that 79% of this waste ends up in landfills or the natural
environment (the remainder of the waste would be incinerated or recycled). That would amount
to eye-watering 4.2bn tones of the production of just these 11 polymers. As plastics take some
400 years to biodegrade, this 4.2bn tones is still hanging around.
“If current production and waste management trends continue, roughly 12,000m tones
[12BN] of [all] plastic waste will be in landfills or in the natural environment by 2050,” write the
authors of the study. One of the study’s authors adds: “We weren’t aware of the implications for
plastic ending up in our environment until it was already there. Now we have a situation where
we have to come from behind to catch up.”We are in effect carrying out an experiment with our
eco-system, the final results of which are completely unknown to us. What, for example, will be
the effect on fish populations and on human health as fish ingest more and more of our plastic
rubbish? Another very worrying forecast is that by 2050 there will be more plastic in our oceans
than seas than fish, according to the World Economic Forum.
But this is exactly the same as the debate over whether or not human activity is
responsible for climate change. Some people in our industry are saying, “We don’t have the data
to prove man-made global warming”, or even, “Look at this data I’ve found – it proves that the
scientific consensus is wrong. Climate change has nothing to do with carbon dioxide and other
‘greenhouse gas’ emissions”. In countering the views of the climate-change consensus, these
same industry executives also point to all the good things that the oil, gas and petrochemicals
industries have undoubtedly done for humanity.

18. 14
Figure 3: Waste plastic production
Figure 4: Waste plastic management

19. 15
Chapter 2
LITERATURE
Sithanandanvanitha, Natarajan Venugopal, Prabaomprakaash in their research article
“Utilization of waste plastic waste in flexible pavements” which was published on: Indian journal
of science and technology – July 2015. ISSN (print): 0974-6846; ISSN (online): 0974-5645.
This paper deals with the reuse of waste plastic as partial replacement of coarse aggregate
in M20 concrete. Usually M20 concrete is used for most construction works. Volume of garbage
collected at over 4,500 tons a day, with each resident generating about 700grams on average.
Waste plastic were incrementally added in 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% to replace the same
amount of aggregates. Tests were conducted on coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement and
waste plastics to determine their physical properties. Pavement blocks and solid blocks of size
200mm*150*60mm*200mm*100mm*65mm were casted and tested for 7, 14, 28 days strength.
Physical properties of aggregate is specific gravity in coarse – 2.6 and in fine – 2.7. Water
absorption in coarse is – 0.50% and in fine is – 1.0%. Free moisture in course is – nil and in fine
is -2.0%. Aggregate impact value is – 18.57% in course. Aggregate crushing value is – 17.88% in
course. Los-Angeles abrasion value is – 23.60% in course. Physical properties of cement: specific
gravity – 3.5, initial setting time – 36min, final setting time is 10hrs and soundness – 0.6.
physical properties of plastic is specific gravity – 1.04, density (g/cc) – 0.945-0.962, melting
point (centigrade) : 75-100, softening point (centigrade) – 110, elongation at break (%) > 500,
fineness < 2.36mm. These results shown that the compressive strength of M20 concrete is with
waste plastic is 4% for pavement blocks and 2% for solid blocks.
Nivetha C, Rubiya M and Etall their research paper named “Production of plastic
pavement block from the solid waste (quarry dust, fly ash & pet)” in the Vol. 11, no. 2, January
2016, published in ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences used some plastic
pavement which decreased the use of cement. They used plastic, mainly polyethylene .There
phthalate % , fly ash -25% and quarry dust 40 – 50 % in weight. They found that at PET -30%,
fly –ash 25 % , quarry dust 45%gives more strength. When comparing with all other
proportions.
B.Shanmugavalli, K.Goutham and etall gave their paper “Reuse of Plastic Waste in
Pavement Blocks” about reuse of plastic waste in pavement blocks was published in International

20. 16
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-018Vol. 6 Issue 02,
February-2017. They used plastic, quarry dust and aggregate to cast plastic pavement block. In
their project DPE was the main type of plastic considered. The cost of pavement is reduced and
can be used as non-traffic and light traffic road etc. They also conducted given test which gave
good results (i.e., block method at about 150degree centigrade).
S. Dinesh, Dinesh. A in their research article “Utilization of waste plastic inmanufacturing
of bricks and pavement blocks” which was published on: International journal of applied
engineering research-2016. ISSN (0973-4562).
This paper deals with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene (PE) bags are
cleaned and added with sand and aggregate at various percentages to obtain high strength bricks
that possess thermal and sound insulation properties to control pollution and to reduce the overall
cost of construction. U.S. Department of energy estimates that use of plastic foam insulation in
homes and buildings each year will ultimately save close to 60million barriers of oil versus other
kinds of insulation. The same principles are used for the refrigerators and air conditioners.
Material used in manufacturing of bricks in waste plastics, river sand, red oxide (ferric oxide).
They used the plastic polyethylene in there manufacturing of bricks they got the experiment
results of density at 23decgree centigrade is 0.958, thermal conductivity is zero, elongation at
break (%) is less than 600. The mix proportion were in the ratio of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6 which
represent the plastic, river sand respectively. They conducted the tests of compressive-test, water
absorption test, efflorescence test, fire resistance test, hardness test. This method is suitable for
the countries which has the difficult to dispose the plastic waste. Further the replacement of river
sand with fly ash / quarry dust or other waste products.
Noel Deepak shiri, P.Varunkajara, et all in their research article “Processing of waste
plastic into building materials using a plastic extruder and compression testing of plastic bricks”
which was Published on: Journal of mechanical engineering and automation – 2015. DOI:
10.5923/c.jmea.201502.08.
This paper deals with the work uses waste plastics and converts them in to building
materials with the help of an extruder, thereby reducing the plastic waste which is a key factor for
environmental pollution. Presently waste plastics are effectively converted into useful building
materials like bricks, interlocks, roof tiles, railway sleepers, paving slabs, retaining blocks, etc.
using either single origin plastic waste material or a mixture of different plastic wastes along with

21. 17
waste rudder as filler. Equipment’s are taken is 3phase, 2HP, induction motor, 1:10 worm gear
reduction box, tapered and ball bearing, ceramic band heaters, thermocouples, temperature
control box other such as mainframe is cut into sizes using oxyacetylene gas welding, grinding
and welding operation on mould box, drilling, milling. Drilling operation components are mould,
barrel, flanges, supporting frame. Plastic are generally categorized as thermoplastics and thermo
set plastics. Thermoplastic can be heated up to form products and then if these end products are
reheated, the plastic will soften and melt again. These include PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP, PVC, PS,
etc. Thermo set plastics can be melted and formed, but once they take shape solid and unlike
thermoplastics cannot be re-melted. After conducting several trids with the variety of plastic
wastes processed into composite brick, it was observed that the max compressive load sustained
by the polypropylene / rubber composite brick is 17.05 tons followed by LDPE / rubber
composite brick with 16.55 tons which is much higher than the clay brick which sustained.
Shikharshrimali in their research article “Bricks from waste plastic” which was
published on: International journal of advanced research (IJAR). Received on: 03 November –
2016; Final accepted on: 28 December – 2016. Published on: January – 2017.
This paper developed an effective way of utilizing the soft plastic waste and recycling it
in to plastic bricks which are very light in weight and can with stand high amount of pressure as
compared to standard modular bricks. However due to some physical and chemical properties of
plastic which can be disadvantageous to the bricks created from it, some changes in its design and
manufacturing processes can be made. Materials used are plastic waste such as crisp bags,
polythene bags, and standard brick mold for preparing bricks of dimension 19*9*9cms. A solar
grill oven or a electric oven of heating capacity 100 to 500 degree centigrade. A metal cover plate
and a compressing/tamping rod are used. A water jet sprinkler is used. Compressive strength is
equal to max load at failure (N) by average area of bed face (mm2).
 Compressive strength of bricks (A): P/A= 5000/55.06= 90.86kg/cm.sq.
 Compressive strength of brick (B): P/A= 7000/54.30=128.91kg/cm.sq.
 Compressive strength of brick (C): P/A=10000/50.39= 198.45kg/cm.sq.
Final compressive strength: After testing the three samples the plastic brick the average
compressive strength comes out to be follows:
 Average compressive strength of plastic brick is 139.40kg/sq.cm.

22. 18
Lairenlakpambilly Graham Singh, Loukhamgerion Singhet all in their research article
“Manufacturing bricks from sand and waste plastics” which was published on: 2days national
conference on innovations in science and technology (NCIST-17), sponsored by AICTE –
NEQIP is on 20th and 21st march 2017.
The present work is performed to manufacture bricks or building blocks form sand and
waste plastics. The bricks are produced by mixing waste plastic and sand after heating at 200
degree centigrade. Two specimens of bricks, one with sand and waste compact disc (CDs), and
another with sand and waste water bottles are produced and tested for some physical and
mechanical properties. The sand plastic bricks are light weight and present a waxy surface.
Material used is the plastics used in the experimental program are waste compact disc (CDs) and
waste water bottles. River sand was sourced from local supplier. The sand has specific gravity of
2.61 and fineness modulus of 3.71. The preparation of specimen in plastic pieces and sand are
taken in a proportion of 1:1.5 (1-plastic: 1.5-sand) by weight and are heated in separated
containers at approximately 200 degree centigrade. Results and discussion are taken of bulk
density, water absorption, apparent porosity, compressive strength are taken for results. The
results of sand plastic bricks are compared with those of traditional local bricks. It is observed
that sand plastic bricks have low water absorption, low apparent porosity and high compressive
strength.
Neha mumtaz, Nitin singh, Tabishizhar in their research article named as “Utilization of
wastematerials in preparation of eco-friendly brick” which was published on: International
journal for scientific research and development- 2017. ISSN (online): 2321-0613.
This paper presents an experimental study on the utilization of waste materials. Fly ash
and waste plastic are meant to produce eco-friendly bricks. An attempt has been made to be
manufacture the eco-friendly brick by using 60% liquefied waste plastic and 40% fly ash.
Compressive strength and absorption of eco-friendly brick was 9.7N/mm2 and 2.75% which was
much better the same size (22*12*4cm) clay brick. But the unlimited use of clay is harmful to
society. Clay is available from agriculture fields and presuming a weight of 3kgs per brick. Total
clay that was taken out from the agriculture field per day is 300million tones for 10,000 crore
bricks. India has production capacities of over 10,000 crore bricks through around 45,000 local
kilns in the unorganized sector. The dried clay bricks were used for the first time in 8000 B.C.
and the fired clay bricks were used in 4500 B.C. The worldwide annual production of brick is

23. 19
currently about 1391billion units and the demand for brick is expected to be continuously rising.
The fineness of fly ash was around 1.17mm. The bulk density and water content of fly ash was
around 9.99gram/Cc and 1.01%. Compressive strength and absorption test result of eco-friendly
brick is more efficient than same size red stone brick. So, it can be better alternative building
material. Cost of one eco-friendly brick was estimated around 0.1813/- per brick. Cost of plastic
waste (PET) is taken nil.
PuttrajMallikarjun ,hiremanth and Etall have manufactured a plastic soil brick using
plastic (70%) , soil (30%) & bitumen (2%) by weight of soil. They compared with the laterite.
When bitumen is added 5% maximum compressive strength is obtained by adding 2% it is
advisable to get good bending strength using bitumen adsorption of water also almost minimized
by using bitumen.
Ms. S. Prathini, Ms.C. chella gifta, in their research article “experimental investigation on
cost effective blocks” which was published on: International journal of advanced research trends
in engineering and technology (IJARTET) – March 2016. ISSN (Online): 2394-3785, ISSN
(Print): 2394-3777.
This paper deals with the individual concrete pavement blocks (CPBs) that fit next to one
another on a suitable sub base leaving a specific joint space among them to be filled with jointing
sand. The main aim of this study is to produce interlocking concrete pavement blocks by using
manufacturing sand without curing. Various mixes with different proportions of these
manufacturing sands were casted and tested as per the standard gives in the Indian standards for
per cast concrete blocks for paving. If we use manufacturing sand and aggregate for
manufacturing pavement blocks, cost will be less. When we use chemical admixture in concrete
mix to make the pavement block so that we can avoid curing. Concrete block pavements (CBPs)
are formed individual solid blocks that fit closely next to one another to form a pavement surface.
The performance of pavement depends on mechanical properties of concrete blocks and
structural design of the pavement, for a serviceable pavement, both factors has to be studied. To
reduce the cost of the pavement block, the maximum admixture will maintain in their standard
strength. Strength will be occurring without curing i.e. less water consumption. Material is added
is cement and chemical admixtures, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates. Results are alone in this
experiment is tensile splitting strength, flexural strength test, water absorption test, compression
strength test. Main aim of the experiment was to produce interlocking pavement blocks from

24. 20
manufacturing sand there by avoiding land filling and reduction in the use of naturally available
resources. The test results were computed and the best among the trail mixes was selected. On
comparing it was found that the designed pavement block was on par to the conventional
pavement blocks for all the tests specified in the Indian standards for precast concrete blocks for
paving.
Ganesh tapkire, Satish parihar, pramod patil, in their research article “recycled plastic
used inconcrete pavement block” which was published on: International journal of research in
engineering and technology – 2014. EISSN: 2319-1163, PISSN: 2321-7308.
This paper deals with recycled plastic aggregate used in various proportion in concrete
mix and check there stability. If plastic wastes can be mixed with the concrete mass in some
quantity or in some form, without affecting the fundamental and other properties or slight
negotiation in strength the of concrete. Industrial waste from polypropylene (PP) and
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were studied as alternative replacements of a part of the
conventional aggregates of concrete. There is having three replacement levels. 10%, 20%, 30%
by weight of aggregates were used for the preparation of the concrete. Polymers have a number
of vital properties, which exploited alone or together make a significant and expanding
contribution to constructional needs. Durable and corrosion resistant. Good insulation for cold,
heat and sound saving energy. It is economical and has a longer life. Maintenance free. Hygienic
and clean. Ease of processing / installation. Light weight. Material are used is cement, coarse
aggregate, fine aggregate (sand), recycled plastic aggregate size less than 10mm, water. The
concrete consist of cement, sand, aggregate and water. Out of which the aggregate percentage is
60%, 70% in concrete and from the above observation, it is computed to use the 20% recycled
plastic aggregate in concrete which doesn’t affect the properties of concrete. The above
observation it is possible to use the plastic in concrete mix up to 20% weight of coarse aggregate.
By using the plastic in concrete mix to reduce the weight of cube up to 15%. From the above
observation it is possible to use the plastic in concrete and bonding admixture in concrete and
also increases the percentage of plastic in concrete. Lastly we strongly conclude the use of
recycled plastic aggregate in concrete which is the best option for the disposal of plastic and
ultimately reduces the plastic pollution in the

25. 21
Chapter 3
PAVEMENTS
3.1 DEFINITION OF PAVEMENTS:
Brick paving is a commonly used decorative method of creating a pavement or hard
sanding. The main benefit of bricks over other materials is that individual bricks can later lifted
up and replaced. Calculate the total depth of excavation needed. Do this by adding together the
inches required for the base (4 to 6 inches) the sand bedding (1 inch) and the pavement’s
thickness. This gives you the total depth needed to excavate. Dig out to the indicated depth, level
and compact the ground with a compacting machine.
3.2 TYPES OF PAVEMENTS:
Building a paved patio or walkway on your property is a great way to add some structure
and class to an otherwise plain yard. However, before deciding anything. It’s important to know
your options when installing a paved patio or walkway. So here is a collection of commonly used
pavements.
3.2.1 Concrete:
Pavements can be split into main types: manufactured and natural pavements. The first
type of manufactured pavement is concrete. These are generally durable, weather proof and
versatile.
Figure 3: Concrete pavements

26. 22
3.2.2 Brick:
The second type of manufactures stone is brick. Known for its classic look, brick is
extremely strong, durable and will last a long time.
Figure 4: Brick pavements
3.2.3 Cobblestone:
There are also several natural stone pavements. Cobblestone gives an old-world feel
because it’s what streets were made of at one point.
Figure 5: Coble stone pavements
3.2.4 Rubber:
Usually made from recycled tires, rubber pavements give a completely different feel to a
patio or walkway. Not only are they non-slip, but they also need little to no maintenance.

27. 23
Figure 6: Rubber pavements
3.2.5 Bluestone:
Bluestone is also a natural stone that’s a mixture of sand and other particles. It has a
bluish gray hue that gives it its name.
Figure 7: Blue stone pavements
3.2.6 Flagstone:
Cut from a stone quarry, flagstone pavements are durable, safe and will stay cool because
they don’t absorb heat. This is perfect for a yard that’s in direct sunlight.

28. 24
Figure 8: Flag stone pavements
3.2.7 Travertine:
Travertine pavements are usually more textured and filled with little holes or grooves. It’s
also very durable.
Figure 9: Travertine
3.3 ADVANTAGES OF PAVEMENTS:
 There is a wide range of system, types, colors and sizes of block pavements hence there
are also many design possibilities.
 Block paving is considered to be more attractive than basic, plain tarmacadam surface for
driveways.

29. 25
 Block paving can be relatively inexpensive if you choose the basic rectangular block.
 Easy installation for concrete block.
 One major block paving manufacturer estimates the cost as being split 20% blocks, 80%
labor, hard core and sand.
 Individual blocks can be lifted and replaced if they are damaged, or stained with oil,
diesel or petrol spillages.
 Pavements are a flexible system and allow for movement.
 Because paving blocks are manufactured rather than cut from natural stone, block sizes
tend to be very accurate and uniform.
 No specialist machinery is requires hence small areas should not be proportionally more
expensive per square meter, as when there are high set- up costs.
 Concrete block paving is cost effective when compared to clay pavements or natural stone
blocks such as granite setts.
 50 years + life expectancy.
 Superior physical characteristics durability.
 4 times stronger than poured concrete.
3.4 LIMITATIONS OF PAVEMENTS:
 Concrete block paving can be expensive if specialist blocks such as tumbles or those
imitating natural stone sets are chosen.
 Inadequate and poorly prepared sub-bases can result in block paving surfaces sinking in
high use areas such as those which regularity take the weight of cars.
 Areas without properly installed edging restraints or Krebs to picture frame the driveway
and provide integrity to the surface can cause the blocks move, opening up gaps.
 Weed and mass growth can occur between the blocks as airborne seeds settle into the
sand. This can look unsightly and needs to be cleaned out regularly.
 The color of some less expensive block pavements can fade over time due to exposure to
ultra violet light.
 Because no expensive machinery is required to lay block paving, many block pavements
tend to be individuals working from home rather than established businesses which can
provide a professional service backed up by credible warranties.

30. 26
 Low machinery set up costs can invite inexperienced paving installers into the industry.
 Unless permeable block paving is used, which allows surface water to drain through
drainage systems need to be installed at additional cost to the surfacing materials.
3.5 DESIGNS OF PAVEMENTS:
Granite sett, riven surface 240mm*120mm Multi-size cobble stones
Tumbled sets, 240mm*160mm Square and rectangular blocks
Rectangular blocks, 200mm*100mm
Figure 12: Designs of pavements

31. 27
Chapter 4
MOULD
4.1 MATERIAL USED
Stainless steel:
Stainless steel is an appropriately named, as it is a type of steel that has a unique ability to
resist stains and corrosion. Ten percent or more of stainless steel comes from the addition of
chromium, which is what given the steel its unique properties. The steel that is used to create
stainless steel is low carbon steel.
One of the most unique abilities of stainless steel is its ability to heal itself. The chromium
content allows for the formation of an invisible chromium oxide film on the surface of the steel.
If the damaged stainless steel is exposed to oxygen even is small amounts it will become self-
heating, even with mechanical and chemical damage.
When other elements, such as nickel, nitrogen and molybdenum are added during the
manufacturing process, this corrosion resistant manufacturing process, these corrosion resistant
properties are increased. While there are currently over 60 different grades of stainless steel
available to choose from, they all fall neatly into five distinct classes that are identified by alloy
elements that are added to enhance or strengthen their properties.
4.2 PROPERTIES OF MOULD MATERIAL
 The properties of structural steel result from both its chemical composition and its method
of manufacture, including processing during fabrication. Product standards define the
limits for composition, quality and performance and these limits are used or presumed by
structural designers.
 Different types of steel are produced according to the mechanical and physical properties
required for their application.
 Various grading systems are used to distinguish steels based on these properties, which
include density, elasticity, melting point, thermal conductivity, strength and hardness.

32. 28
 Alloy steels contain alloying elements in varying properties, such as its harden ability,
corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weld ability or ductility.
 According to the world steel association, there are over 3,500 different grades of steel,
encompassing unique physical, chemical and environmental properties.
 The carbon content in steel can range from 0.1-1.5%, but the most widely used grades of
steel contain only 0.1-0.25% carbon.
 Low carbon steels/mild steels contain up to 0.3% carbon.
 Medium carbon steels contain 0.3-0.6% carbon.
 Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying
element and are valued for high corrosion resistance.
 With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more resistant to corrosion than
mild steel.
4.3 ADVANTAGES OF THIS MATERIAL
 Ease of fabrication: The majority of stainless steels can be cut, welded, formed,
machined and fabricated readily.
 High and low temperature resistance: some grades will resist scaling and maintain
high strength at very temperatures, while others show exceptional toughness at cryogenic
temperatures.
 Strength: The cold work hardening properties of many stainless steels can be used in
design to reduce material thickness and reduce weight and costs. Other stainless steels
may be heat treated to make very high strength components.
 Corrosion resistance: All stainless steels have a high resistance to corrosion.
 Aesthetic appeal: stainless steel is an available in many surface finishes. It is easily and
simply maintained resulting in a high quality, pleasing appearance.
 Hygienic properties: The clean ability of stainless steel makes it the first choice in
hospitals, kitchen, food and pharmaceutical processing facilities.
 Life cycle characteristics: stainless steel is a durable, low maintenance material and it
often the least expensive choice in a life cycle cost comparison.

33. 29
4.4 PREPARATION OF MOULD
The mould is prepared using stainless steel. The brick mould is prepared based on hydra
form brick.
Figure 13: Preparation of mould

34. 30
Chapter 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 MATERIALS USED FOR PREPARATION OF BRICK
The materials used for the brick are plastic and robo sand. We are using plastic called
ploy ethylene terephthalate (PET). The brick is formed based on hydra form interlocking bricks.
5.1.1 Polyethylene terephthaleta (PET, PETE):
Post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) containers are sorted into
different colour fractions, and baled for onward sale. PET recyclers further sort the baled bottles
and they are washed and flaked (or flaked and then washed). Non-PET fractions such as caps and
labels are removed during this process. The clean flake is dried. Further treatment can take place
e.g. melt filtering and pelletizing or various treatments to produce food-contact-approved
recycled PET (RPET).
RPET has been widely used to produce polyester fibers. This sorted post-consumer PET
waste is crushed, chopped into flakes, pressed into bales, and offered for sale.
One use for this recycled PET is to create fabrics to be used in the clothing industry. The
fabrics are created by spinning the PET flakes into thread and yarn. This is done just as easily as
creating polyester from brand new PET. The recycled PET thread or yarn can be used either
alone or together with other fibers to create a very wide variety of fabrics. Traditionally these
fabrics are used to create strong, durable, rough, products, such as jackets, coats, shoes, bags,
hats, and accessories since they are usually too rough for direct skin contact and can cause
irritation. However, these types of fabrics have become more popular as a result of the public's
growing awareness of environmental issues. Numerous fabric and clothing manufacturers have
capitalized on this trend.
Other major outlets for RPET are new containers (food-contact or non-food-contact)
produced either by (injection stretch blow) moulding into bottles and jar or by thermoforming
APET sheet to produce clam shells, blister packs and collation trays. These applications used
46% of all RPET produced in Europe in 2010. Other applications, such as strapping tape,
injection-moulded engineering components and building materials, account for 13% of the 2010
RPET production.

35. 31
In the United States the recycling rate for PET packaging was 31.2% in 2013, according
to a report from The National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR) and The
Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers (APR). A total of 1,798 million pounds was
collected and 475 million pounds of recycled PET used out of a total of 5,764 million pounds of
PET bottles.
5.2TECHNICAL METHODS
Technical method is the method of preparing brick using all suitable environment. The
process of doing the brick is as follows
1) Firstly plastic should be collected from different sources like dumping yards, dustbins
near street corners etc.
2) The collected plastic should be cleaned and dried such that the particles sticked to it
removed
3) The river sand collected should be oven dried under a temperature range of 105 c to 110
c.
4) Then the sand is sieved for desired size ( our project requires sand passed over 300
microns is sieve).
5) The plastic that is cleaned is now weighed and batched accordingly to the requirement
along with sand.
6) The plastic is placed in the heating bowl and heated with huge amount of heat (as we are
using all kinds of plastic no particular temperature couldn’t be mentioned).
7) After some time plastic turns to molten state (not completely liquid but as semi liquid).
8) Now the sand is added with require amount of sand according to the proportion required.
9) As it is heated generally it is black colour so it is advisable to add pigment to the required
quantity and mix it well.
10) Then place the material in the required mould to get attractive shapes.
11) Allow it to settle for 15 minutes to compact well and remove it.
5.3NONTECHNICAL METHOD
Non-technical method is the method followed by us to manufacture brick. This method
may not meet all technical specifications but the brick produced in an environment where the
human life has not been disturbed. The preparation method goes in the following steps

36. 32
1. First we collected plastic from a nearby factory.
2. Then batching had taken place after the transporting of plastic took place.
3. We used oil tins for heating the plastic such that they bear high heat.
4. First we plastic by placing them in oil tins and mixed the robo sand.
5. The mixing process is done until they are mixed well.
6. Then we placed the molten material in moulds.
7. The bricks we removed from their respective moulds next day only.

37. 33
Chapter 6
PLASTIC AS CONSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
6.1 LIGHT WEIGHT
Consider the range of applications, from toys to the frame structure of space stations, or
from delicate nylon fibre in pantyhose to Kevlar®, which is used in bulletproof vests. Some
polymers float in water while others sink. But, compared to the density of stone, concrete, steel,
copper, or aluminium, all plastics are lightweight materials.
6.2 RESISTANT TO CHEMICALS
Consider all the cleaning fluids in your home that are packaged in plastic. The warning
labels describing what happens when the chemical comes- into contact with skin or eyes or is
ingested, emphasizes the chemical resistance of these materials. While solvents easily dissolve
some plastics, other plastics provide safe, non-breakable packages for aggressive solvents.
6.3 GOOD FOR THERMAL RESISTANCE
A walk through your house will reinforce this concept. Consider all the electrical
appliances, cords, outlets and wiring that are made or covered with plastics. Thermal resistance is
evident in the kitchen with plastic pot and pan handles, coffee pot handles, the foam core of
refrigerators and freezers, insulated cups, coolers and microwave cookware. The thermal
underwear that many skiers wear is made of polypropylene and the fiberfill in many winter
jackets is acrylic or polyester.
6.4 LONG LIFESPAN
The plastic has long life span. The plastic major problem is its bio degradability.It can be
turned into an advantage. The life span of different plastics is as follows
Plastic water bottle – 450 years
Disposable diapers -500 years
Plastic 6- pack collar -450 years
Extruded polystyrene foam – over 5,000 years

38. 34
6.5 GOOD WATER RESISTANCE
Plastics are good enough to stop water absorptions. Plasticdo not absorb water to almost
0%. This is used as advantage in the preparation of brick.
6.6 GOOD STRENGTH
Consider the range of applications, from toys to the frame structure of space stations, or
from delicate nylon fibre in pantyhose to Kevlar®, which is used in bulletproof vests. Some
polymers float in water while others sink. But, compared to the density of stone, concrete, steel,
copper, or aluminium, all plastics are lightweight materials.
6.7 ABUNDANT MATERIAL
Plastic has become common material such that every item is prepared with the plastic.
The plastic is abundantly available everywhere. There is tones and tones of plastic is being
dumped into landfills. The plastic is can be used as a raw material.
6.8 LOW COST MATERIAL
As abundantly available material it is rather cheap in cost. The plastic almost cost nil. The
robo sand is also low in cost wise

39. 35
Chapter 7
PROBLEMS DECREASED BY PLASTIC
7.1 DISPOSAL
Plastics major problem is s its disposal. This can be decreased transforming it into another
form. The disposal problem can also be decreased by recycling. But only 40% is recycled. If this
problem is decreased then some of the other problems like landfills problem, animal life aquatic
life.
7.2 BIODEGRADABILITY
Another major disadvantage is its biodegradability. The plastic does not degrade for many
years (for example: Plastic water bottle – 450 years). This makes earth compositional disturbance
such that it may arise landslides. This can be decreased to some extent.
7.3 MASS BURNING:
Mass burning is the problem caused due to uneducated people. By mass burning many of
greenhouses gases release which is decreased. Mass burning causes a lot of nuisances issues
which can be decreased
7.4 WATER RESOURCES POLLUTION
The water is also getting polluted by dumping the plastic. The another way is that
underground water is also getting polluted by plastic which is harmful to human health. This
problem can be reduced by transforming plastic into useful product.

40. 36
Chapter 8
TESTS AND RESULTS
We shall consider some tests to be performed on the prepared bricks. With the accordance
to the results of the test performed on the bricks we can judge whether the bricks are good
enough to use. There some tests to be performed on the bricks. Some of them are;
1. Compressive strength.
2. Moisture content.
3. Grain size analysis.
4. Specific gravity.
8.1 COMPRESSION TEST
Compressive strength or compression strength is the capacity of a material or structure to
with stand loads tending to reduce size, as opposed to tensile strength which withstands loads
tending to elongate.
Compressive strength is often measured on a universal testing machine.
Compressive strength = load/c-s area.
8.1 (A) Procedure:
According to IS codes the procedure is defined.
1. Place the sample with at least 3mm plates below, above the sample for testing.
2. Start the machine and maintain the pressure
3. Before starting the machine release all the levels.
4. After a break point the needle indicates tends to stop or reverse.
5. Note the values of the indicators and repeat the procedure for at least 3bricks.
Calculations:
1. Area of cross section:
2. Load calculations:

41. 37
S.
No
Load (KN) Cross section
area(mm2)
Compressive
strength(N/mm2)
ratio Sample
1
Sample
2
Sample
3
Area
1
Area2 Area
3
1 2 3 Average
1 1:0 55 80 65 9072 9072 9072 6.06 8.81 7.16 7.34
2 2:1 25 20 25 9072 9072 9072 2.75 2.20 2.75 2.56
Table 1 calculations of compressive load
Figure 14: Compressive testing

42. 38
8.2 MOISTURE CONTENT
The sample shall be immersed in water at room temperature for 24hrs. The specimen than
shall be removed from the water and allowed to drain for 1min by placing them on a 10mm or
coarser wire mesh. Visible water can be removed with damp cloth (Ww).
The specimens shall be dried in a ventilated oven at 107 conscious for not less than 24hrs
(WD).
8.2 (A) Definition:
The natural water content also called the natural moisture content is the ratio of the weight
of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This ratio is usually expressed as
percentage.
8.2 (B) Apparatus Required:
A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1% of the mass of the specimen and
ventilated oven
Specimen
Three numbers of whole bricks from samples collected for testing should be taken.
Procedure of Water Absorption Test
1. Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 °C to 115°C till it attains
substantially constant mass.
2. Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight (M1) specimen too warm to touch
shall not be used for this purpose.
3. Immerse completely dried specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27+2°C for 24 hours.
4. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with damp cloth and weigh the specimen
after it has been removed from water (M2).

43. 39
Calculation of Water Absorption of Bricks
Table 2: Water absorption table
Water absorption, % by mass, after 24 hours immersion in cold water in given by the formula,
W= {(M2- M1)/M1}*100
When tested as above, the average water absorption shall not be more than 20% by weight
up to class 12.5 and 15% by weight for higher class.
Figure 105: Moisture content
s. no Ratio Dry weight(kg) Wet weight(kg) Water absorption (%)
1 1:0 0.700 0.706 0.85
2 2:1 1.019 1.068 4.8

44. 40
Chapter 9
APPLICATIONS OF PLASTIC PAVEMENT
The applications of plastic pavement are now limited to some extent as for concerned.
The following are the areas of applications of the interlocking plastic brick.
1. Light traffic areas
2. Pavements
3. Road medians
4. Wash rooms
5. Sewer lines
6. Temporary constructions

45. 41
Chapter 10
FUTURE SCOPE
The future of interlocking brick is increasing day by day. The interlocking plastic brick
has a lot of scope for development of the brick. The strength of the interlocking brick can be
increased. The application of interlocking plastic brick can extend its applications to areas where
huge load is applied. The plastic can extend its applications in various fields such as liners for
embankment, poles, rcc rings, sewer lines etc

46. 42
Chapter 11
CONCLUSION
The plastic pavement is the equal in all of its applications when compared to the normal
pavement. Plastic pavement is applicable in the areas where light traffic areas are available.
When water absorption test is conducted the results are far better than normal pavement. Plastic
pavement also has large life span which is most suitable for the pavements. When economical
investigations are conducted the cost of pavements are much economical than normal pavements.
Plastic pavements also are helpful in many as they reduce the problem of disposal, they decrees
the pollution caused by the plastic. Plastic pavements are much lighter in weight as compared to
normal pavement. Plastic pavement is a small idea to convert waste material into useful products.
This may extend into various fields like bricks, sewer lines, and RCC rings.

47. 43
REFERENCES
1. Vasudevan, R. et al. (2012). A technique to dispose waste plastics in an ecofriendly way -
Application in construction of flexible pavements. Construction and Building Materials,
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