This document discusses various plastic processes used in manufacturing. It begins with an introduction to polymers and thermoplastics versus thermosets. It then provides details on common plastic processing techniques like injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and others. Specific plastic materials used in each process are identified. Secondary processes like welding and fabrication are also discussed. The document serves to outline the major industrial methods for producing plastic goods from raw polymers.
Blow Molding is defined appropriately and also the process compatible materials are listed. Blow Molding is broadly classified as - extrusion type, injection type, Multilayer type. All three processes are explained appropriately with diagrams and their application is also listed. Since every thing has advantages and disadvantages, so is the case with blow molding. References are also cited correctly. I hope you all find it useful
Blow Molding is defined appropriately and also the process compatible materials are listed. Blow Molding is broadly classified as - extrusion type, injection type, Multilayer type. All three processes are explained appropriately with diagrams and their application is also listed. Since every thing has advantages and disadvantages, so is the case with blow molding. References are also cited correctly. I hope you all find it useful
This topic relates to polymer structure and types of plastic. It also explains the usage and mechanical properties of thermo plastic, thermosetting plastic and the process of making plastic products.
it is PDF are typed of myself. study triks & short & sweet (Technical manual) Of Diploma in Plastics technology(DPT-DPMT). All machine knowlage in plastics processing.
Er. Naresh Dhaker
(8890881858)
(CIPET JAIPUR)
Blow Molding Process on Manufacturing Technology .
Tackles about the definition of Blow molding process, its various types , advantages and disadvantages and the application of it on a manufacturing set-up.
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
This topic relates to polymer structure and types of plastic. It also explains the usage and mechanical properties of thermo plastic, thermosetting plastic and the process of making plastic products.
it is PDF are typed of myself. study triks & short & sweet (Technical manual) Of Diploma in Plastics technology(DPT-DPMT). All machine knowlage in plastics processing.
Er. Naresh Dhaker
(8890881858)
(CIPET JAIPUR)
Blow Molding Process on Manufacturing Technology .
Tackles about the definition of Blow molding process, its various types , advantages and disadvantages and the application of it on a manufacturing set-up.
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
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Plastic injection molding continues to advance as new technology emerges, and with its growth comes new opportunities for using parts made with this method in automotive manufacturing. The global industry continues to work a higher percentage of plastic injection molding parts into each new round of vehicle designs, and plastic injection molding is capable of keeping up with demand.
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Plastics are contemporary, synthetic materials. Plastics are oil and gas based, and consumes less than four per cent of our oil and gas reserves. Plastic in fact saves the energy it takes less energy to convert into plastic from raw materials. Throughout their whole life circle one-third less energy needs than making paper bags. Without plastic, whole packaging would take almost double energy by around 160 percent. The better-quality properties of plastics such as sanitized or germ free barrier properties, light weight, and durability contribute appreciably to our health and quality to way of life.
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A review on coating & lamination in textiles processes and applicationsAli Tahir
Coating and lamination are two functional processes which are used make a proper finishing to the textile material. The coating formulation with different textile grade polymer like PVC, PU, acrylic, PTFE are hugely used to make a textile product with multipurpose way like- waterproof protective clothing, tarpaulin, protective clothing, electrical insulation etc. on the other hand lamination process is used to prepare some important textile products with daily uses in our practical life like- blackout curtains and blinds, and c. In this current work is related to details of lamination theory, various processes, formulations, application, recent developments of the coating and lamination in the textile field.
Plastic manufacturing "forming and shaping plastics"Ayush Mathur
how plastic products are manufactured?
what are the processes involved in manufacturing of these products?
what are the various machine tools used?
what are the various types of plastics and what is resin?
what are the diffrent steps in manufacturing?
Get all these answers in this presentation.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
Plastic processes
1. Plastic Processes
Alejandro Corredor – alejandrocorredor@usantotomas.edu.co
Student of Engineer Mechanic in Universidad Santo Tomas
Brayan Casas – brayancasas@usantotomas.edu.co
Student of Engineer Mechanic in Universidad Santo Tomas
Diego Gutiérrez – diegogutierrez@usantotomas.edu.co
Student of Engineer Mechanic in Universidad Santo Tomas
Abstract
The plastic play an important role in industry and everyday life of people, this
because of that these materials are rather used for a lot of tasks, from acting as a
container until be part essential of a machine. The plastic are different depending
on your composition, process of manufacture and use. To develop the article, we
will focus mainly on the different processes that produce these materials.
Key Words
Injection, polymers, plastics, extrusion, Moulding.
Introduction
A polymer is a useful chemical made of many repeating units. A polymer can be a
three dimensional network, two-dimensional network or a one-dimensional
network. Repeating units are often made of carbon and hydrogen and sometimes
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, fluorine, phosphorous, and silicon. Polymers
occur in nature and can be made to serve specific needs. Manufactured polymers
can be three-dimensional networks that do not melt once formed. Such networks
are called thermoset polymers. Epoxy resins used in two-part adhesives are
thermoset plastics. Manufactured polymers can also be one-dimensional chains
that can be melted. These chains are thermoplastic polymers and are also called
linear polymers. Plastic bottles, films, cups, and fibers are thermoplastic plastics.
[1]
2. Some types of plastic or polymers, can you find us in the next table:
Plastic Characteristics / Properties
ABS
(Acrylonitrile-butadiene-
styrene)
Rigid, low-cost thermoplastic, easily machined and thermo-formed.
Acetal Engineering thermoplastic with good strength,wear resistance, and
dimensional stability. More dimensionally stable than nylon under
wet and humid conditions.
Acrylic Clear, transparent,strong,break-resistant thermoplastic with
excellent chemical resistance and weatherability.
CPVC
(Chlorinated PVC)
Thermoplastic with properties similar to PVC, but operated to a 40-
60°F higher temperature.
Fiberglass Thermosetting composite with high strength-to-weight ratio,
excellent dielectric properties and unaffected by corrosion.
Nylon Thermoplastic with excellent impact resistance,ideal for wear
applications such as bearings and gears; Self-lubricating under some
circumstances
PEEK
(Poly-ether-ether-ketone)
Engineering thermoplastic, excellent temperature resistance, suitable
for continuous use above 500°F, excellent flexural and tensile
properties.
PET
(Poly-ethylene-
terephthalate)
Dimensionally stable thermoplastic with superior machining
characteristics compared to acetal.
Phenolic Thermosetting family of plastics with minimal thermal expansion,
high compressive strength,excellent wear and abrasion resistance
and a low coefficient of friction. Used for bearing applications and
molded parts.
Polycarbonate Transparent,tough thermoplastic with high impact strength,excellent
chemical resistance and electrical properties, and good dimensional
stability.
Polypropylene Good chemical resistance combined with low moisture absorption
and excellent electrical properties. Retains strength up to 250°F.
Polysulfone Durable thermoplastic, good electrical properties, operates at
temperatures in excess of 300°F.
Polyurethane Thermoplastic, excellent impact and abrasion resistance,resists
sunlight and weathering.
PTFE
(Poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene)
Thermoplastic with a low coefficient of friction, withstands heat up
to 500°F, inert to chemicals and solvents,self-lubricating with a low
thermal expansion rate.
PVC
(Poly-vinyl-chloride)
Thermoplastic, resists corrosive solutions and gases both acid and
alkaline, good stiffness.
PVDF
(Poly-vinyl-idene-fluoride)
Thermoplastic, outstanding chemical resistance,excellent substitute
for PVC or polypropylene. Good mechanical strength and dielectric
properties.
Table1.Types of Plastic and its characteristics [2]
3. Development [3]
Exist a lot of types of process to manufacturing the plastics and the polymers, then
going to explain some of the most important and most known process of the
industry around the world.
The information about this process are divide in three parts:
Processing Thermoplastics
Processing Thermosets
Secondary Manufacturing Processes
Processing Thermoplastics
Blown Film
The process involves extrusion of a plastic through a circular die, followed by
"bubble-like" expansion.
Materials Used: Mainly Polyethylenes (HDPE, LDPE and LLDPE) but a wide
variety of other materials can be used as blends with these resins or as single
layers in a multi-layer film structure.
Products Produced: Industry packaging, consumer packaging, laminating film,
barrier film, films for the packaging of medical products, agricultural film.
Extrusion Blow Moulding
The blow moulding machine is based on a standard extruder barrel and screw
assembly to plasticise the polymer. The molten polymer is led through a right angle
and through a die to emerge as a hollow (usually circular) pipe section called a
parison.
Materials Used: Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene (PE), Polyethylene -
Terephthalate (PET) and Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Products Produced: Bottles and containers, automotive fuel tanks, venting ducts,
watering cans and boat fenders.
Extrusion Profiles & Sheet
Is a widely used method of forming plastics materials. The plastic raw material is
both melted and traversed along by the action of heated rotary screws. It is a
continuous process and is thus able to manufacture long lengths of a product. This
is ideal for such applications as pipes and gaskets.
4. Materials Used: HDPE, PVC and and PTFE filled PVC
Products Produced: Land drainage tubing, animal feeding troughs, cable harness,
door seals, light diffusers, electrical conduit and cable protector, rainwater pipes
and guttering, dip tubes, gas pipes, water pipes, soil pipes and window, door and
conservatory sections
Injection Blow Moulding
Injection blow moulding is used for the production of hollow objects in large
quantities. The main applications are bottles, jars and other containers. The
injection blow moulding process produces bottles of superior visual and
dimensional quality compared to extrusion blow moulding.
Materials Used: Polyethylene (Low Density) LDPE, (LLDPE), Polypropylene (PP),
Polyethylene - Terephthalate (PET), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polyethylene (High
Density) HDPE)
Products Produced: Plastic Bottles
Injection Moulding
Injection Moulding, along with extrusion ranks as one of the prime processes for
producing plastics articles. It is a fast process and is used to produce large
numbers of identical items from high precision engineering components to
disposable consumer goods.
Materials Used: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS), Nylon (PA), Polycarbonate
(PC), Polypropylene (PP) and Polystyrene (GPPS)
Products Produced: Power-tool housing, telephone handsets, television cabinets,
electrical switches, dvds, automotive bumpers, automotive dash boards, battery
casings, syringes, drug inhalation units.
Process Cooling
The necessity to cool or chill plastics processing machinery is mainly related to
thermoplastic materials. At room temperature thermoplastic materials are solid. In
order to shape them they must first be heated to their molten temperature. When
molten, they can then be manipulated to a new shape. When formed to their new
shape they must then be cooled to solidify them.
5. Rotational Moulding
Is a process used for producing hollow plastic products. By using additional post-
moulding operations, complex components can be produced enabling the process
to compete effectively with other moulding and extrusion practices.
Rotational moulding differs from other processing methods in that the heating,
melting, shaping, and cooling stages all occur after the polymer is placed in the
mould, therefore no external pressure is applied during forming.
Vacuum Forming
The process involves heating a plastic sheet until soft and then draping it over a
mould. A vacuum is applied sucking the sheet into the mould. The sheet is then
ejected from the mould. In its advanced form, the vacuum forming process utilizes
sophisticated neumatic, hydraulic and heat controls thus enabling higher
production speeds and more detailed vacuum formed applications.
Processing Thermosets
Pultrusion
The pultrusion process starts by pulling/drawing continuous reinforcements through
a resin impregnation system. Each fibre is coated with a specially formulated resin;
the process is controlled to ensure full “wetting out” of the fibre reinforcement.
Excess resin is then removed to expel any trapped air and to compact the fibres.
The coated fibres are passed through preforming guides to align reinforcement and
preform the part to the desired shape before entering the heated die. The shape
and dimensions of the end product are ultimately determined by the die cross
section. The temperature of the die is carefully controlled to ensure that the
composite is fully cured, the rate of reaction is controlled by heating and cooling
zones in the die.
Resin Transfer Moulding
RTM is a low pressure moulding process, where a mixed resin and catalyst are
injected into a closed mould containing a fibre pack or preform. When the resin has
cured the mould can be opened and the finished component removed.
6. A wide range of resin systems can be used including polyester, vinylester, epoxy,
phenolic and methyl methacylates etc, combined with pigments and fillers including
aluminium trihydrates and calcium carbonates if required.
SMC / DMC Moulding
Manufactures of DMC/BMC compounds is a batch process. The ingredients,
chopped glass fibres, resin, mineral fillers, catalysts and a mould release DMC
Conduit Box agent are loaded into a special mixer. Output from the mixer is in a
flock form which is subsequently extruded in a rope type extrusion.
Manufacture of SMC is a continuous in-line process. The material is sheathed both
top and bottom with a plastic film. A paste is prepared comprising resin, styrene,
heat activating catalysts, inert fillers, release agents and thickeners. The paste is
spread uniformly into an SMC Junction Box the bottom film. Chopped glass fibres
are randomly deposited onto the paste. The top film is introduced and the
sandwich is rolled into a pre-determined thickness. The sheet is allowed to mature
for 48 hours.
Secondary Manufacturing Processing
Welding
Plastic products cannot always be made in one piece. Design and tooling
constraints sometimes make it more economical and/or advantageous to tool the
product as two or more pieces. The choice of which method of joining ultimately
depends on the parts material, geometry and size, process capability, volume and
cycle time desired. Other considerations such as capital costs will have a bearing
on the choice.
Applications: Design and tooling constraints sometimes make it more economical
and/or advantageous to tool the product as two or more pieces. Post moulding
joining of the parts provides a means of achieving an end solution.
Thermoplastic Fabrication
Is a secondary manufacturing process which can be defined as the use and further
modification of primary manufactured sheet, pipe, lining and moulded or formed
profiles using compatible materials and welding methods to produce a final product
or system which can be used in conjunction with or in isolation from non-
thermoplastic materials in the provision of a service, facility, system or process in a
diverse range of Industrial applications.
7. References
[1] American Chemistry Council, Plastic, The Basics: Polymer Definition and
Properties. https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Education-
Resources/Plastics-101/The-Basics-Polymer-Definition-and-Properties.html
[2] Engineering Hand Book, Types of Plastics
http://www.engineershandbook.com/Tables/plasticprops.htm
[3] British Plastics Federation, Processes to produce plastic
http://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/processes/default.aspx#secondaryprocessi
ngfinishing